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Innaba

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'Innaba (Arabic: عنابة), also spelled 'Annaba, was a Palestinian village in the Ramle Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on July 10, 1948 by the Yiftach and Eighth Brigades of Operation Dani. It was located 7 km east of Ramla.

Innaba
عنابة
Innaba, before 1948
Innaba, before 1948
Etymology: Jujube[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Innaba (click the buttons)
Innaba is located in Mandatory Palestine
Innaba
Innaba
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°54′08″N 34°56′52″E / 31.90222°N 34.94778°E / 31.90222; 34.94778
Palestine grid145/145
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictRamle
Date of depopulationJuly 10, 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total12,857 dunams (12.857 km2 or 4.964 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total1,420[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesKefar Shemu'el[5]

Etymology

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In Roman times, the village was called "Betoannaba" (Bετοάνναβα),[6] meaning "House of the Grape".[7]

History

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Ceramics from the Roman and Byzantine periods have been found here.[8]

Al-Muqaddasi (c. 945/946 - 991), in his description of Ramla, noted that it had a gate called "The gate of the Innaba Mosque".[9]

Ottoman era

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'Innaba, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517.

In 1552, 'Innaba was an inhabited village. Haseki Hürrem Sultan, the favourite wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, endowed the tax revenues of 'Annaba to its Haseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem. Administratively, the village belonged to the Sub-district of Ramla in the District of Gaza.[10]

During that time, the villagers drank from an arthesian well called Bayyarat 'Annaba.[11]

In the tax records of 1596 it was a village in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla, part of Gaza Sanjak, with a population of 30 households; an estimated 165 people, all Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, sesame, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 4,200 akçe. All of the revenues went to a waqf.[12][6]

In 1838, it was noted as a Muslim village, 'Anabeh, in the District of Lydda.[13][14]

In 1863, Victor Guérin found that it had 900 inhabitants,[15] while an Ottoman village list from about 1870 noted it as having a population of 250, in 79 houses, though the population count included men, only.[16][17]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as "A village of moderate size, on high ground, surrounded with olives, with a well to the south. The houses are of mud. It is mentioned by Jerome [.. ] as 4 Roman miles east of Lydda, and as called Betho Annaba. The distance fits almost exactly."[18]

British Mandate era

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In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Ennabeh had a population of 863; 862 Muslims,[19] and one Orthodox Christian.[20] In the 1931 census Innaba was counted with Al-Kunayyisa, together they had 1135 Muslim inhabitants, in 288 houses.[21] An elementary school for boys was founded in 1920 and in 1945, it had an enrollment of 168 students. Innaba also had a mosque, which was dedicated to al-Shaykh 'Abd Allah and had a shrine for him.[6]

In the 1945 statistics it had population of 1,420 Muslims,[2] while the total land area was 12,857 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, a total of 111 dunams were uses for citrus and bananas, 511 were plantations and irrigable land, 10,626 were used for cereals,[22] while 54 dunams were classified as built-up public areas.[23]

During the British Mandate period, 'Innaba was one of the key areas of Lime production for the developing urban centers along Palestine's coastal plain.[24]

1948 war and destruction

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Further information: 1948 Palestine war

The village was depopulated on July 10, 1948, after a military assault by the Israeli army.[4][25] On the same day, Operation Danny head quarter ordered the Yiftach Brigade to blow up most of Innaba and Al-Tira, leaving only houses enough for a small garrison.[26]

  •  
    Innaba 1942 1:20,000
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    Innaba. 1945. Survey of Palestine. Scale 1:250,000
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    Innaba "after being shelled and abandoned"
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    Operation Dani, Yiftach Brigade in Innaba. 1948
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    Yiftach Brigade in Innaba during Operation Danny
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    Palestinian villages depopulated in the area around Lydda and Ramla (coloured in green)

The Israeli settlement of Kefar Shemu'el was established on Innaba land in 1950.[5]

Innaba was described in 1992: "The site, which overlooks the Jerusalem-Tel Aviv highway a few km from al-Latrun and its abbey, is fenced off and is difficult to enter. It is covered with heaps of rubble and overgrown with vegetation, including cactuses and stunted olive and Christ's-thorn trees from the pre-1948 period. In addition to the rubble of houses, the debris from the school and the local headquarters of the Arab Palestine Party are visible. In the cemetery, the tombs of Hasan Badwan and Ayish Badwan are prominent because of their stone super structures. A Christ's-thorn tree rises amidst the rubble of the former house of Muhammad Tummalay, and a denuded mulberry tree stands amid the rubble of Muhammad 'Abd Allah's house. The surrounding land is cultivated but remnants of the old agriculture remain, such as the groves of 'Ali al-Kasji, with their olive and pomegranate trees and cactus clusters, and the olive trees on the land of Abu Rummana. A deserted well with a heap of stones around its mouth lies in the section of the village formerly referred to as al-'Attan."[5]

References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 284
  2. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 29
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 66
  4. ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #244. Also gives cause of depopulation
  5. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 384
  6. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 383
  7. ^ Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
  8. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 837
  9. ^ Muqaddasi,1886, p. 33
  10. ^ Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis. 1: 8.
  11. ^ Marom, Roy (2023-10-01). "Mamluk and Ottoman Endowment Deeds as a Source for Geographical-Historical Research: The Waqfiyya of Haseki Sultan (1552 CE)". Horizons in Geography. 103–104: 8.
  12. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155
  13. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 121
  14. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 30
  15. ^ Guérin, 1868, pp. 314-317
  16. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 154
  17. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 138, also noted 79 houses
  18. ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP III, p. 14
  19. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 21
  20. ^ Barron, 1923, Table xiv, p. 46
  21. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 20
  22. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 115
  23. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 165
  24. ^ Marom, Roy (2023-05-13). "The Arab Lime Industry around Modi'in during the British Mandate from the Craftsmen's Perspective". Diospolis. 9: 70–83 – via eScholership.
  25. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 435, note #119, p. 456
  26. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 355, note #86, p. 400

Bibliography

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