Mbandaka (pronounced [mbaˈnda.ka], formerly known as Coquilhatville in French, or Coquilhatstad in Dutch) is a city in the Democratic Republic of Congo located near the confluence of the Congo and Ruki rivers. It is the capital of Équateur Province.
Mbandaka | |
|---|---|
Provincial capital and city | |
| Ville de Mbandaka | |
 Commercial center of Mbandaka, 2008 | |
  Mbandaka Location in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
| Coordinates: 0°02′52″N 18°15′21″E / 0.04778°N 18.25583°E | |
| Country |  DR Congo |
| Province | Équateur Province |
| Founded | 1883 |
| City status | 1958 |
| Communes | Mbandaka, Wangata |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Yves Balo |
| Area | |
• City | 460 km2 (180 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 370 m (1,210 ft) |
| Population (2015)[2] | |
• City | 1,187,837 |
| • Density | 2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 376,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (West Africa Time) |
The city was founded in 1883 by British explorer Henry Morton Stanley under the name Équateurville.
The headquarters of the Fourth Naval Region of the Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are located in the city.
Geography
editMbandaka lies on the east bank of the Congo River below the mouth of the Ruki River, a tributary of the Congo. South of the Ngiri Reserve, a large area of swamp forest on the opposite bank of the Congo, it is located at the center of the Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe Ramsar wetland.[4]
Description
editMbandaka is the capital of Équateur province, and located only a few kilometers from the equator. It is home to Mbandaka airport and is linked by a four to seven day trip by river barge journey to Kinshasa and Boende. Kinshasa is an hour's plane ride away.
Mbandaka is largely populated by people of the Mongo ethnic group, although people from many different tribes and regions live in the city. The main languages spoken in Mbandaka are Lingala, French, and Mongo.
Years of war and neglect have caused deterioration of the city infrastructure; large areas of the city are without electricity or running water. Most of the streets and avenues of the city are unpaved dirt roads.
History
edit
Mbandaka was founded in 1883 by British explorer Henry Morton Stanley, who named it "Équateurville". (At the time the territory was under the personal rule of King Leopold II, king of the Belgians and the official language was French.)
The town hall is about 4 km (2.5 miles) north of the equator. Mbandaka is one of the closest to the equator of any substantial city in the world. Stanley placed a large "Equator Stone" near the riverbank south of the city to mark the point where he believed the equator crossed the river. It remains there today. Due to its symbolic location close to the equator and the Congo River, there were early plans to locate the capital of the Congo Free State in Coquilhatville, as the city was then called, but they never came off the drawing board. These plans included infrastructure for an estimated population of 100,000 people, a train station, a Catholic cathedral, a governor's residence, and a palace for future visits of King Leopold II of the Belgians.[5]
In 1886, at the beginning of colonial rule, the Belgians changed the city's name to "Coquilhatville" naming it after Camille-Aimé Coquilhat.
In 1938, work began on a bridge over the Congo River connecting Coquilhatville with the French Congo (now the Republic of Congo). Work was abandoned on the outbreak of the Second World War, and only the foundations of the bridge pillars remain. In the 1930s, the Government of the Belgian Congo began several projects, including factories and a new city hall.
The city hall was completed in 1947, just after the end of the Second World War. At that time, with a height of 39 m (128 feet), it was the tallest building in the Belgian Congo. A statue of Leopold II was installed on its roof. The city hall was destroyed by a fire in 1963.[6]
After the Belgian Congo gained its independence as the Republic of the Congo, the new government changed the name of this city in 1966 to "Mbandaka" to honour a prominent local leader.
Massacre of Hutus
editNear the end of the First Congo War in the late 20th century, hundreds of people (mainly Hutu refugees, women, and children) were massacred here on May 13, 1997.[7][8] Congolese soldiers said the order came from Col. Wilson, head of a brigade of Kabila's troops, and Col. Richard, the brigade's operations chief, both Rwandans. Gen. Gaston Muyango (Congolese) held the title of military commander but had no real power, they said.[9]
Ebola outbreak
editOn 16 May 2018, a case of Ebola occurred in the city, the disease having spread there from an outbreak in the countryside.[10][11] A new outbreak was reported on 1 June 2020.[12] Three cases were confirmed by the WHO and three cases are probable, of whom four people had died as of June 2, 2020.
Main sights
editCatholic Mission station and Central African history research centre of Bamanya
edit
A large research centre for Central African history, originally set up by Fathers Gustaaf Hulstaert and Honoré Vinck, is at the Catholic mission station of Bamanya (Missionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC)), 10 km (6.2 miles) east of Mbandaka.[13]
Eala Botanical Garden
editOne of the finest botanical gardens of central Africa is at nearby Eala, about 7 km (4.3 miles) east of the town centre. The Eala Botanical Garden, founded in 1900, contains between 4,000 and 5,000 species. It covers approximately 370 hectares (910 acres) with special collections (125 ha or 310 acres), forest (190 ha or 470 acres), marsh (50 ha or 120 acres) and savanna "Euobe" (7 ha or 17 acres). Because of warfare and social disruption, the garden has been neglected. It is unfenced and subject to illegal logging. The last catalogue of its holdings was published in 1924.
First Habitat for Humanity International housing project
editMbandaka is the home of the world's first project of Habitat for Humanity International. Founder Millard Fuller served as missionary with the Disciples of Christ Church in Mbandaka from 1973 to 1976. The housing project Fuller started in Mbandaka in 1973 became known as the first project of Habitat for Humanity when Fuller founded Habitat upon his return to the United States.
Climate
editMbandaka has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) under the Köppen climate classification. Although precipitation in the city does vary considerably, it does not have a dry season; the driest month is January, averaging around 3.2 inches or 81.3 millimetres of precipitation. The wettest is October with 8.4 inches or 213.4 millimetres. Temperatures are relatively constant throughout the course of the year, with median temperatures ranging from 74.0 to 79.0 °F (23.3 to 26.1 °C).[14]
| Climate data for Mbandaka (Eala Botanical Garden), elevation 350 m (1,150 ft), (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.5 (86.9) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.4 (86.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.8 (69.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 68.0 (2.68) |
94.0 (3.70) |
168.0 (6.61) |
137.0 (5.39) |
111.0 (4.37) |
90.0 (3.54) |
104.0 (4.09) |
166.0 (6.54) |
201.0 (7.91) |
186.0 (7.32) |
134.0 (5.28) |
96.0 (3.78) |
1,555 (61.21) |
| Source: FAO[15] | |||||||||||||
People
edit- Guy Loando Mboyo, lawyer and politician
- Roger Hitoto, footballer
- Frédéric Boyenga-Bofala, politician
- José Bosingwa, footballer
- Adam Bombolé, politician
- Issama Mpeko, footballer
- Banza Mukalay, politician
- Jules Fontaine Sambwa, economist and politician
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Equateur : le nouveau maire de la ville de Mbandaka prend ses fonctions" (in French). Agence Congolaise de Presse (ACP). 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-mbandaka/?domaine=fiche
- ^ PopulationStat.com
- ^ "CD003 Ngiri". Birdlife International. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ Le Congo: de la colonisation belge à l'indépendance, Auguste Maurel, page 94-95
- ^ Le Congo : de la colonisation belge à l'indépendance, Auguste Maurel, pp. 153-155
- ^ Jason Stearn (August 26, 2010). "Bombshell UN report leaked: 'Crimes of genocide' against Hutus in Congo". Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ James C. McKinley Jr; Howard W. French (November 14, 1997). "Hidden Horrors: Special Report: Tracing the Guilty Footsteps Along Zaire's Long Trail of Death". New York Times.
- ^ John Pomfret (June 11, 1997). "MASSACRES WERE A WEAPON IN CONGO'S CIVIL WAR". Washington Post.
- ^ Bearak, Max (2018-05-17). "First confirmed urban Ebola case is a 'game changer' in Congo outbreak". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
- ^ "DR Congo Ebola outbreak: WHO in emergency talks as cases spread". BBC.
- ^ "Second Ebola outbreak confirmed in DRC after four people die". Telegraph.
- ^ See: www.aequatoria.be
- ^ "Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Weather→Climate Summary)". weatherbase. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "CLIMWAT climatic database". Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
External links
edit- The Botanical Gardens of Zaire and the Present State of Biodiversity in Zaire
- "Villes de RD Congo - Mbandaka" (in French). MONUC. 2006-05-29. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-09-16.