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Shakuntala

(Redirected from Śakuntalā)
For other uses, see Shakuntala (disambiguation).

Shakuntala (Sanskrit: शकुन्तला, romanized: Śakuntalā) is a celebrated heroine in Indian literature, best known for her portrayal in the ancient Sanskrit play Abhijnanashakuntalam (The Recognition of Shakuntala), written by the classical poet Kalidasa in the 4th or 5th century CE. Her story, however, originates in the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE), where she appears in the Adi Parva ("The Book of Beginnings"). In both narratives, Shakuntala was the daughter of the renowned sage Vishwamitra and the celestial nymph Menaka. Abandoned at birth, she was raised by the sage Kanva in a forest hermitage. Years later, she fell in love with King Dushyanta and married him. After a series of misfortunes, she became the mother of Bharata, a celebrated emperor of India[1]

Shakuntala
Shakuntala's story has inspired numerous artworks, with the most famous being Shakuntala looking for Dushyanta by Raja Ravi Varma, c. 1898.
Information
FamilyVishvamitra (father)
Menaka (mother)
Kanva (adoptive father)
SpouseDushyanta
ChildrenBharata
Priyamvada brings a tray of cosmetics to adorn Shakuntalaa. Nalagarh, 1840–1850. National Museum, New Delhi.

Versions

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There are two different stories of Shakuntala's life. The first version is the one described in Mahabharata, one of the two major Hindu epics traditionally attributed to the sage Vyasa. This story had been adapted as the play by the 4th–5th century CE poet Kalidasa.

Birth

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Once, Vishvamitra started to meditate to earn the status of a Brahmarshi. The intensity of his penance frightened Indra. He feared that Vishvamitra might want his throne. To end his penance, Indra sent Menaka, an apsara, to lure him and bring him out of his penance. Menaka reached Vishwamitra's meditating spot and started to seduce him. Vishvamitra could not control his lust and desire and his penance was broken. Vishvamitra and Menaka lived together for a few years and a daughter was born to them. Later, Vishvamitra realized that all those things were Indra's tricks. He realized that he needed to control his emotions. Vishvamitra left Menaka and Menaka left the baby near Rishi Kanva's hermitage before returning to heaven.[2]

Upbringing

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Rishi Kanva found the beautiful baby in his hermitage surrounded by Shakunta birds (Peacocks) (Sanskrit: शकुन्त, śakunta). Therefore, he named the baby girl Shakuntala (Sanskrit: शकुन्तला), meaning Shakunta-protected.[3][4]

In the Adi Parva of Mahabharata, Kanva says:

She was surrounded in the solitude of the wilderness by śakuntas,
therefore, hath she been named by me Shakuntala (Shakunta-protected).

Marriage with Dushyanta

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King Dushyanta was once travelling through the forest with his army. He falls in love with Shakuntala, who is one of three girls that he sees gardening and watering plants at a hermitage. The other two are her companions Anasuya and Priyamvada. The king goes forth at a suitable place in their talk, and addresses them. In the course of the general conversation that ensues, he learns that Shakuntala is Kanva's adopted daughter, being born of the Apsara Menaka by the sage Visvamitra, and deserted by her natural parents. He thus discovers that she is of Kshatriya parentage, and therefore a suitable bride for him. Shakuntala and Dushyanta falls in love with each other and after some time they got married as per the Gandharva marriage system. Before returning to his kingdom, Dushyanta gave his personal royal ring to Shakuntala as a sign of their love.[5] [6]

Durvasa's curse

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Sage Durvasa curses Shakuntala, painting by B.P. Banerjee

Shakuntala spent much time dreaming of her new husband and was often distracted by her daydreams. One day, a powerful rishi, Durvasa, came to the ashrama but, lost in her thoughts about Dushyanta, Shakuntala failed to greet him properly. Incensed by this slight, the rishi cursed Shakuntala, saying that the person she was dreaming of would forget about her altogether. As he departed in a rage, one of Shakuntala's friends quickly explained to him the reason for her friend's distraction. The rishi, realizing that his extreme wrath was not justified, modified his curse saying that the person who had forgotten Shakuntala would remember everything again if she showed him a personal token that had been given to her.[1]

Journey to Palace

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Time passed, and Shakuntala, wondering why Dushyanta did not return for her, finally set out for the capital city with her foster father and some of her companions. On the way, they had to cross a river by a canoe ferry and, seduced by the deep blue waters of the river, Shakuntala ran her fingers through the water. Her ring (Dushyanta's ring) slipped off her finger without her realizing it.

 
Shakuntala leaving for her husband king Dushyanta's palace

Arriving at Dushyanta's court, Shakuntala was hurt and surprised when her husband did not recognize her, nor recollected anything about her.[7] She tried to remind him that she was his wife but without the ring, Dushyanta did not recognize her. Humiliated, she returned to the forests and, collecting her son, settled in a wild part of the forest by herself. Here she spent her days while Bharata, her son, grew older. Surrounded only by wild animals, Bharata grew to be a strong youth and made a sport of opening the mouths of tigers and lions and counting their teeth.[8][9]

Reunion with Dushyanta

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Dushyanta finds Bharata playing with lion cubs.

Meanwhile, a fisherman was surprised to find a royal ring in the belly of a fish he had caught. Recognizing the royal seal, he took the ring to the palace and, upon seeing his ring, Dushyanta's memories of his lovely bride came rushing back to him. He immediately set out to find her and, arriving at her father's ashram, discovered that she was no longer there. He continued deeper into the forest to find his wife and came upon a surprising scene in the forest: a young boy had pried open the mouth of a lion and was busy counting its teeth. The king greeted the boy, amazed by his boldness and strength, and asked his name. He was surprised when the boy answered that he was Bharata, the son of King Dushyanta. The boy took him to Shakuntala, and thus the family was reunited.[1]

Variants

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An alternate narrative is that after Dushyanta failed to recognize Shakuntala, her mother Menaka took Shakuntala to Heaven where she gave birth to Bharata. Dushyanta was required to fight at the side of the devas, from which he emerged victoriously; his reward was to be reunited with his wife and son. He had a vision in which he saw a young boy counting the teeth of a lion. His kavacha (armband/armour) had fallen off his arm. Dushyanta was informed by the devas that only Bharata's mother or father could tie it back on his arm. Dushyanta successfully tied it on his arm. The confused Bharata took the king to his mother Shakuntala and told her that this man claimed to be his father. Upon which Shakuntala told Bharata that the king was indeed his father. Thus the family was reunited in Heaven, and they returned to earth to rule for many years before the birth of the Pandava.[citation needed]

Ancient renditions of the myth of Shakuntala (2nd century BCE, Shunga period)
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1963 postal stamp - Shakuntala writing a letter to Dushyanta

Theatre, literature and music

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Kalidasa

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Main article: Shakuntala (play)

The Recognition of Sakuntala is a Sanskrit play written by Kalidasa.[10]

On the Marathi stage, there was a musical drama titled Shakuntal based on the same story.

Opera

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See also: Sakuntala (opera) and Sakùntala

Sakuntala is an incomplete opera by Franz Schubert, which was started in October 1820.[11] In 1884 the first Opera of the 21-year-old Austrian composer Felix Weingartner had its debut performance in Weimar and was supported by Franz Liszt to bring it to stage. Italian Franco Alfano composed an opera named La leggenda di Sakùntala (The legend of Shakuntala) in its first version (1921) [12] and simply Sakùntala in its second version (1952).[13]

Ballet

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  • Ernest Reyer (1823–1909) composed a ballet Sacountala on a work by Théophile Gautier in 1838.[14][15]
  • The Soviet composer Sergey Balasanian (1902–1982) composed a ballet named Shakuntala (premiere 28 December 1963, Riga).[16]

Other literature

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Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar created a novel in Sadhu bhasha, Bengali.[citation needed] It was among the first translations from Bengali.[citation needed] Abanindranath Tagore later wrote in the Chalit Bhasa (which is a simpler literary variation of Bengali) mainly for children and preteens.[citation needed]

By the 18th century, Western poets were beginning to get acquainted with works of Indian literature and philosophy. [citation needed] The German poet Goethe read Kalidasa's play and has expressed his admiration for the work[original research?] in the following verses:

In 1808 Friedrich Schlegel published a German translation of the Shakuntala story from the Mahabharata.[19]

Film and TV

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A significant number of Indian films have been made on the story of Shakuntala. These include: Shakuntala (1920) by Suchet Singh, Shakuntala (1920) by S. N. Patankar, Shakuntala (1929) by Fatma Begum, Shakuntala (1931) by Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani, Shakuntala (1931) by J.J. Madan, Sakunthala (1932) by Sarvottam Badami, Shakuntala (1932), Shakuntala (1940) by Ellis Dungan, Shakuntala (1941) by Jyotish Bannerjee, Shakuntala (1943) by V. Shantaram, Shakuntala (1961) by Bhupen Hazarika, Shakuntala (1965) by Kunchacko, Sakunthala (1966) by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao, Stree by V. Shantaram.[20]

The 2009 Indian television show, Shakuntala, was an adaptation of the play by Kalidasa.

Films and Television Shows depicting Shakuntala
Year Films and Television Shows Portrayed by Directed by
1920 Shakuntala Dorothy Kingdom Suchet Singh
1920 Shakuntala Shree Nath Patankar
1929 Shakuntala Fatma Begum
1931 Shakuntala Khurshid Begum Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani
1931 Shakuntala J.J. Madan
1932 Sakunthala Surabhi Kamalabai Sarvottam Badami
1940 Sakuntalai M. S. Subbulakshmi Ellis R. Dungan
1941 Shakuntala Jyotsna Gupta Jyotish Bannerjee
1943 Shakuntala Jayashree V. Shantaram
1961 Shakuntala Amala Katarki Bhupen Hazarika
1961 Stree Sandhya Shantaram V. Shantaram
1965 Sakunthala K. R. Vijaya Kunchacko
1966 Shakuntala K. R. Vijaya Kamalakara Kameswara Rao
1985 Anantyatra Anuradha Patel Jayoo Patwardhan, Nachiket Patwardhan
1985 Raja Rishi Nalini K. Shankar
1988 Bharat Ek Khoj Pallavi Joshi Shyam Benegal
1991 Brahmarshi Viswamitra Madhumita N. T. Rama Rao
2000 Gaja Gamini Madhuri Dixit M. F. Husain
2009 Shakuntala Neha Mehta Various
2021 Sakuntalam † Payal Shetty Dushyanth Sridhar
2023 Shaakuntalam Samantha Gunasekhar

Art

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Camille Claudel created a sculpture Shakuntala.[21]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Shakuntala - the Epitome of Beauty, Patience and Virtue". Dolls of India. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  2. ^ Sattar, Arshia (22 June 2017). "The ultimate male fantasy". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  3. ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section LXXII". www.sacred-texts.com.
  4. ^ "The Mahabharata in Sanskrit: Book 1: Chapter 66". www.sacred-texts.com.
  5. ^ Miller, Barbara Stoler (1984). Theater of Memory: The Plays of Kalidasa. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 122.
  6. ^ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=N5eTQewvteg&t=110s
  7. ^ Glass, Andrew (June 2010). "Vasudeva, Somadeva (Ed. and Tr.), The Recognition of Shakúntala by Kālidāsa Olivelle, Patrick (Ed. and Tr.), The Five Discourses on Worldly Wisdom by Visnuśarman Mallinson, Sir James (Ed. and Tr.), The Emperor of the Sorcerers..." Indo-Iranian Journal. doi:10.1163/001972409X12645171001532.
  8. ^ Kalidasa (2000). Shakuntala Recognized. Translated by G.N. Reddy. Victoria, BC, Canada: iUniverse. ISBN 0595139809.
  9. ^ Yousaf, Ghulam-Sarwar (2005). "RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL VALUES IN KALIDASA'S SHAKUNTALA". Katha. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  10. ^ Kālidāsa; dasa, Kali (November 2006). The Recognition of Shakntala. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8815-8.
  11. ^ Badura-Skoda, For Royalties and Contract Only Eva (23 September 1982). Schubert Studies: Problems of Style and Chronology. CUP Archive. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-521-22606-6. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  12. ^ Grout, Donald J.; Williams, Hermine Weigel (18 July 2003). A Short History of Opera. Columbia University Press. p. 605. ISBN 978-0-231-50772-1. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  13. ^ Bagnoli, Giorgio (1993). The La Scala Encyclopedia of the Opera. Simon and Schuster. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-671-87042-3.
  14. ^ Grove, George (1883). A Dictionary of Music and Musicians: (A.D. 1450-1880). Macmillan. p. 122.
  15. ^ Thapar, Romila (12 April 2011). Sakuntala: Texts, Readings, Histories. Columbia University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-231-52702-6.
  16. ^ Hakobian, Levon (25 November 2016). Music of the Soviet Era: 1917–1991. Taylor & Francis. p. 387. ISBN 9781317091875. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  17. ^ "Goethe - Gedichte: Sakontala". www.textlog.de.
  18. ^ Pratap, Alka (2 February 2016). "Hinduism's Influence on Indian Poetry". HuffPost.
  19. ^ Figueira 1991, pp. 19–20
  20. ^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Film Institute. ISBN 9780851706696. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  21. ^ "CAMILLE CLAUDEL FROM 1 OCTOBER TO 5 JANUARY CAMILLE CLAUDEL COMES OUT OF THE RESERVE COLLECTIONS". Musée Rodin. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

Sources

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