Shqiptar (Albanian definite form: Shqip(ë)tari; Gheg Albanian: Shqyptar/-i;[1] plural: Shqiptarë/-t, Shqyptarë/-t) is an Albanian ethnonym (endonym), by which Albanians call themselves.[2][3] They call their country Shqipëria (Gheg Albanian: Shqypnia, Shqipnia).[2]
Etymology
edit
The first documentation of the adverb/adjective shqip can already be found in the Meshari, the oldest Albanian language book published in 1555 by Gjon Buzuku.[4][5] Johann Georg von Hahn (1854) was the first to derive the term Shqiptar from the Albanian verbs shqipoj ("to speak clearly") and shqiptoj ("to speak out, pronounce"),[6] while Gustav Meyer (1891) was the first to derive shqipoj from the Latin verb excipere, denoting people who speak the same language,[6] similar to the ethno-linguistic dichotomies Sloven—Nemac and Deutsch—Wälsch.[3] This etymology is widely accepted by modern Albanologists.[7][8][9][10][11] Demetrio Camarda (1864),[12] on the other hand, was the first to derive Shqiptar from the Albanian noun shqipe or shqiponjë (eagle). This theory, now considered a folk etymology, is based mainly on the symbolic meaning of the eagle for the Albanian people, as it is their national bird, a totem associated with freedom and heroism in Albanian folklore. It has been used as a national symbol since their earliest records, and was a common heraldic symbol for many Albanian dynasties in the Late Middle Ages; an example is the flag of Skanderbeg, whose family symbol was the black double-headed eagle, which is displayed on the Albanian flag.[13][14][15][16]
History
editDuring the Middle Ages, the Albanians called their country Arbëria (Gheg: Arbënia) and referred to themselves as Arbëresh (Gheg: Arbënesh) while known through derivative terms by neighbouring peoples as Arbanasi, Arbanenses / Albaneses, Arvanites (Arbanites), Arnaut, Arbineş and so on.[2][17][18] The words Shqipëri and Shqiptar are attested from 14th century onward,[19] but it was only at the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries that the placename Shqipëria and the ethnic demonym Shqiptarë gradually replaced Arbëria and Arbëreshë amongst Albanian speakers.[2][19] This was due to socio-political, cultural, economic and religious complexities that Albanians experienced during the Ottoman era.[2][20] The usage of the old endonym Arbënesh/Arbëresh, however, persisted and was retained by Albanian communities which had migrated from Albania and adjacent areas centuries before the change of the self-designation, namely the Arbëreshë of Italy, the Arvanites of Greece as well as Arbanasi in Croatia.[21][22][23][24][25][26] As such, the medieval migrants to Greece and later migrants to Italy during the 15th-century are not aware of the term Shqiptar.[27]
Non-Albanian usage
editUse in Western Europe
editSkipetar/s is a historical rendering or exonym of the term Shqiptar by some Western European authors in use from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.[28]
Use in South Slavic languages
edit
The term Shiptar (Serbo-Croatian Latin and Slovene: Šiptar; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic and Macedonian: Шиптар) used in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian is an ethnic slur, and it is also considered derogatory by Albanians when used by South Slavic peoples, due to its negative connotations.[29][30][31][32][33]
After 1945, in pursuit of a policy of national equality, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia designated the Albanian community as Shiptars, however with increasing autonomy during the 1960s for Kosovo Albanians, their leadership requested, and attained in 1974, the term Albanians be officially used stressing a national over an only ethnic, self-identification.
These developments resulted in the word Šiptar in Serbian usage acquiring pejorative connotations that implied Albanian racial and cultural inferiority. It continued to be used by some Yugoslav and Serb politicians to relegate the status of Albanians to simply one of the minority ethnic groups.
The official (and often neutral) terms for Albanians in South Slavic languages are Albanac (in Serbo-Croatian Latin), Албанац (in Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic), Albanec (in Slovene) and Албанец (in Macedonian).[34][35][36][37]
Dušan Spasojević, a Serbian gangster, was nicknamed "Šiptar".[38][39] In 2018, the Supreme Court in Belgrade defined the word as racist and discriminatory against Albanians.[40] In 2019, the Serbian Defense Minister, Aleksandar Vulin, sparked controversy by using the pejorative for Albanians.[41]
During a game between Austria and North Macedonia at the UEFA Euro 2020, immediately after scoring a goal, Austrian forward Marko Arnautović—who is of paternal Serb descent—shouted to Macedonian players Ezgjan Alioski and Egzon Bejtulai—both Macedonian Albanians—"Jeb'o sam ti majku šiptarsku" (Serbian for 'I fucked your Shiptar mother').[42][43][44] He was punished with suspension for the next game against Netherlands.[45]
See also
editSources
editCitations
edit- ^ Fialuur i voghel Sccyp e ltinisct [Small Dictionary of Albanian and Latin, 1895, Shkodër.
- ^ a b c d e Lloshi 1999, p. 277.
- ^ a b Mirdita 1969, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Matzinger 2013, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Frashëri, Kristo (2013). Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik.
- ^ a b Demiraj 2010, p. 548.
- ^ Elsie 2001, p. 79.
- ^ Orel 1998, p. 119.
- ^ Demiraj 2010, pp. 533–565.
- ^ Frashëri, Kristo (2013). Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik.
- ^ Matzinger 2013, pp. 103–122.
- ^ Demetrio Camarda, Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese, vol. 2 (Livorno: Successore di Egisto Vignozzi, 1864), 152.
- ^ Elsie 2001, p. 78.
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 140.
- ^ The Flag Bulletin. Flag Research Center. 1987-01-01.
- ^ Hodgkison 2005.
- ^ Malcolm 1998, p. 29:
"The name used in all these references is, allowing for linguistic variations, the same: 'Albanenses' or 'Arbanenses' in Latin, 'Albanoi' or 'Arbanitai' in Byzantine Greek. (The last of these, with an internal switching of consonants, gave rise to the Turkish form 'Arnavud', from which 'Arnaut' was later derived.)"
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. liii:
"Their traditional designation, based on a root *alban- and its rhotacized variants *arban-, *albar-, and *arbar-, appears from the 11th century onwards in Byzantine chronicles as Albanoi, Arbanitai, Arbanites, and from the 14th century onwards in Latin and other Western documents as Albanenses and Arbanenses."
- ^ a b Matasović 2019, p. 39.
- ^ Kristo Frasheri (1964). History of Albania (A Brief Overview). Tirana.
- ^ Rusakov 2017, pp. 554–555:
"The name with the root arb- is mentioned in old Albanian documents, but it went out of use in the main part of Albanian-speaking area and remains in use only in diaspora dialects (It.-Alb. arbëresh, Gr.-Alb. arvanitas). In other areas, it has been replaced by the term with the root shqip-."
- ^ Demiraj 2010, pp. 534, 536:
"The ethnic name shqiptar has always been discussed together with the ethnic complex: (tosk) arbëresh, arbëror, arbër — (gheg) arbënesh, arbënu(e)r, arbën; i.e. [arbën/r(—)]. [...] Among the neighbouring peoples and elsewhere the denomination of the Albanians is based upon the root arb/alb, cp. Greek 'Αλβανός, 'Αρβανός "Albanian", 'Αρβανίτης "Arbëresh of Greece", Serbian Albanac, Arbanas, Bulg., Mac. албанец, Arom. arbinés (Papahagi 1963 135), Turk. arnaut, Ital. albanese, German Albaner etc. This basis is in use among the Arbëreshs of Italy and Greece as well."
- ^ Lloshi 1999, p. 277:
"They called themselves arbënesh, arbëresh, the country Arbëni, Arbëri, and the language arbëneshe, arbëreshe. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by shqiptarë, Shqipëri and shqipe... Shqip spread out from the north to the south, and Shqipni/Shqipëri is probably a collective noun, following the common pattern of Arbëni, Arbëri."
- ^ Skutsch 2013, p. 138.
- ^ Cole 2011, p. 15:
"Arbëreshë was the term self-designiation of Albanians before the Ottoman invasion of the 15 century; similar terms are used for Albanian origins populations living in Greece ("Arvanitika," the Greek rendering of Arbëreshë) and Turkey ("Arnaut," Turkish for the Greek term Arvanitika)".
- ^ Malcolm 1998, pp. 22–40:
"The Albanians who use the 'Alb-' root are the ones who emigrated to Italy in the fifteenth century, who call themselves 'Arberesh'."
- ^ Bartl 2001, p. 20:
"Today, the common name for Albanians, i.e. Albania, shqiptar, Shqiperia, is more recent. Albanians who settled in Greece in the Middle Ages and those who emigrated to Italy in the 15th century and later do not actually know about this name. The origin of the name Shqiptar is not clearly established. Until recently, the favorite interpretation was that it was derived from the Albanian shqipe "lord, nobility", thus "lord's sons". It is more likely, however, that the modern name given by the Albanians to themselves is derived from shqipon "to speak clearly" or from shqipton "to pronounce" (compared to the Slavic name nemci "dumb; those who do not speak intelligibly")."
- ^ Demiraj 2010, pp. 534–535.
- ^ Mojzes 2011, p. 202.
- ^ Wilmer 2014, p. 437.
- ^ Guzina 2003, p. 30.
- ^ Neofotistos 2010a, p. 288.
- ^ Neofotistos 2010b, pp. 884–891.
- ^ Guzina 2003, pp. 32
"There is similar terminological confusion over the name for the inhabitants of the region. After 1945, in pursuit of a policy of national equality, the Communist Party designated the Albanian community as 'Šiptari' (Shqiptare, in Albanian), the term used by Albanians themselves to mark the ethnic identity of any member of the Albanian nation, whether living in Albania or elsewhere.… However, with the increased territorial autonomy of Kosovo in the late 1960s, the Albanian leadership requested that the term 'Albanians' be used instead—thus stressing national, rather than ethnic, self-identification of the Kosovar population. The term 'Albanians' was accepted and included in the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution. In the process, however, the Serbian version of the Albanian term for ethnic Albanians—'Šiptari'—had acquired an openly pejorative flavor, implying cultural and racial inferiority. Nowadays, even though in the documents of post- socialist Serbia the term 'Albanians' is accepted as official, many state and opposition party leaders use the term 'Šiptari' indiscriminately in an effort to relegate the Kosovo Albanians to the status of one among many minority groups in Serbia. Thus the quarrel over the terms used to identify the region and its inhabitants has acquired a powerful emotional and political significance for both communities."
- ^ "Serbian Defense Minister Sparks Controversy by Using Pejorative for Albanians".
- ^ "Croatia Museum Upsets Albanians by Using Insulting Term". 31 August 2018.
- ^ Garde, Paul (2009) [2004]. Balkanske rasprave [Le discours balkanique] (in Croatian). Translated by Rilović, Nikica. Zagreb: Ceres. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-953-267-027-1.
- ^ "Glavni ortak zemljak". Novosti.rs (in Serbian). Večernje novosti. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
- ^ "Banditi pod šapkom zemljaka". Novosti.rs (in Serbian). Večernje novosti. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
- ^ "Serbia: l'Alta corte emette sentenza storica. "Šiptar", un termine offensivo". 22 October 2018.
- ^ "Serbian Defense Minister Sparks Controversy by Using Pejorative for Albanians".
- ^ "Arnautovic says he is 'not a racist' and apologises after North Macedonia clash".
- ^ "'I'm f***ing your Albanian mother' - Marko Arnautovic apologises for Euro 2020 outburst". 15 June 2021.
- ^ "Arnautović apologises and denies being a racist after outburst at Alioski".
- ^ "AB: Austria v North Macedonia". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
Bibliography
edit- Bartl, Peter (2001) [1995]. Albanci: od srednjeg veka do danas (in Serbian). Translated by Milenković, Ljubinka. Belgrade: Clio. ISBN 9788671020176. OCLC 51036121.
- Cole, Jeffrey E. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598843026.
- Demiraj, Bardhyl (2010). "Shqiptar–The generalization of this ethnic name in the XVIII century". In Demiraj, Bardhyl (ed.). Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925-1992) gewidmet. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 533–565. ISBN 9783447062213.
- Elsie, Robert (2001). A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 1-85065-570-7.
- Elsie, Robert (2010), Historical Dictionary of Albania, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, vol. 75 (2 ed.), Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810861886
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- Guzina, Dejan (2003). "Kosovo or Kosova – Could it be both? The Case of Interlocking Serbian and Albanian Nationalisms". In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.). Understanding the war in Kosovo. London: Psychology Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780714653914.
- Hodgkison, Harry (2005). Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 1-85043-941-9.
- Rusakov, Alexander (2017). "Albanian". In Mate Kapović (ed.). The Indo-European Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-67855-9.
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- Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. ISBN 978-0-3304-1224-7.
- Matasović, Ranko (2019). A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European (PDF). Zagreb: [self-published].
- Matzinger, Joachim (2013). "Shqip bei den altalbanischen Autoren vom 16. bis zum frühen 18. Jahrhundert [Shqip within Old Albanian authors from the 16th to the early 18th century]". Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. pp. 103–122.
- Mirdita, Zef (1969). "Iliri i etnogeneza Albanaca". Iz istorije Albanaca. Zbornik predavanja. Priručnik za nastavnike. Beograd: Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika Socijalističke Republike Srbije.
- Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-0663-2.
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- Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2010b). "Postsocialism, Social Value, and Identity Politics among Albanians in Macedonia". Slavic Review. 69 (4): 882–902. doi:10.1017/S003767790000989X. S2CID 165104213.
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- Skutsch, C. (2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135193881. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
- Wilmer, Franke (2014). The Social Construction of Man, the State and War: Identity, Conflict, and Violence in Former Yugoslavia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95621-9.