The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʉ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is }. The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of its symbol, "barred u".
| Close central rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʉ | |||
| IPA number | 318 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʉ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0289 | ||
| X-SAMPA | } | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
.png)
The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant [ẅ].[2]
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).
Some languages feature the near-close central rounded vowel (), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ̞⟩, ⟨ʊ̈⟩ and ⟨ʊ̟⟩, but ⟨ɵ̝⟩ is also a possible transcription. The symbol ⟨ᵿ⟩, a conflation of ⟨ʊ⟩ and ⟨ʉ⟩, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵿ⟩ represents free variation between /ʊ/ and /ə/.
Close central protruded vowel
editThe close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʉ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʉ̫⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʉʷ⟩ or ⟨ɨʷ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
edit- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
editBecause central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angami | Khonoma[3] | su | [sʉ˦] | 'deep' | Allophone of /u/ after /s/.[3] |
| Armenian | Some Eastern dialects[4] | յուղ/yowġ | [jʉʁ] | 'oil' | Allophone of /u/ after /j/. |
| Berber | Ayt Seghrouchen[5] | ⵍⵍⴰⵢⴳⴳⵓⵔ/llayggur | [lːæjˈɡːʉɾ] | 'he goes' | Allophone of /u/ after velar consonants. |
| Dutch | Standard Northern[6] | nu | [nʉ] | 'now' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩; also described as close front [y][7] and near-close front [y˕].[8] See Dutch phonology |
| Randstad[9] | hut | [ɦɵ̝t] | 'hut' | Found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Lower [ɵ] in Standard Dutch.[9] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Australian[10] | goose | [ɡʉːs] | 'goose' | See Australian English phonology |
| New Zealand[11] | See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| Modern Received Pronunciation[12] | Realized as back [uː] in the conservative variety.[12] | ||||
| Scouse[13] | May (less commonly) be fully front [yː] instead.[13] | ||||
| South African[14] | Realized as back [uː] in the conservative variety and in many Black and Indian varieties.[14] See South African English phonology | ||||
| General American[15] | [ɡʉs] | Can be back [u] instead.[15] | |||
| Estuary[16] | foot | [fʉ̞ʔt] | 'foot' | The exact height, backness and roundedness is variable.[16] | |
| Cockney[17] | good | [ɡʊ̈d] | 'good' | Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back [ʊ].[17] | |
| Rural white Southern American[18] | Can be front [ʏ] instead.[18] | ||||
| Southeastern English[19] | May be unrounded [ɪ̈] instead;[19] it corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
| Ulster[20] | Short allophone of /u/.[20] | ||||
| Shetland[21] | strut | [stɹʊ̈t] | 'strut' | Can be [ɔ̟] or [ʌ] instead.[21] | |
| German | Upper Saxon[22] | Buden | [ˈb̥ʉːd̥n̩] | 'booths' | The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect. |
| Hausa[23] | [example needed] | Allophone of /u/.[23] | |||
| Ibibio | Dialect of the Uruan area and Uyo[24] | fuuk | [fʉ́ʉk] | 'cover many things/times' | Allophone of /u/ between consonants.[24] |
| Some dialects[24] | [example needed] | Phonemic; contrasts with /u/.[24] | |||
| Irish | Munster[25] | ciúin | [cʉːnʲ] | 'quiet' | Allophone of /u/ between slender consonants.[25] See Irish phonology |
| Ulster[26] | úllaí | [ˈʉ̜l̪ˠi] | 'apples' | Often only weakly rounded;[26] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩. | |
| Irula[27] | [mʉːj] | "to surround" | Has other centralized vowels. | ||
| Kurdish | Southern[28] | müçig | [mʉːˈt͡ʃɯɡ] | 'dust' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Limburgish | Some dialects[29][30] | bruudsje | [ˈbʀ̝ʉtʃə] | 'breadroll' | Close [ʉ][29] or near-close [ʉ̞],[30] depending on the dialect. Close front [y] in other dialects.[31] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is close. |
| Lüsu[32] | [lʉ˥zʉ˥˧] | 'Lüsu' | |||
| Russian[33] | кюрий/kyuriy/kjurij | [ˈkʲʉrʲɪj] | 'curium' | Allophone of /u/ between palatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed.[33] See Russian phonology | |
| Scots[34] | buit | [bʉt] | 'boot' | May be more front [ʏ] instead.[34] | |
| Scottish Gaelic | older Lewis speakers[35] | co-dhiù | [kʰɔˈjʉː] | 'anyway' | Normal allophone of [uː]. Fronted as [yː] among younger speakers. |
| Wester Ross[36] | Normal allophone of [uː]. | ||||
| Swedish | Bohuslän[37] | yla | [²ʉᶻːlä] | 'howl' | A fricated vowel that corresponds to [y̫ː] in Central Standard Swedish.[37] See Swedish phonology |
| Närke[37] | |||||
| Tamil[38] | வால் | [väːlʉ] | 'tail' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded [ɨ] instead.[38] See Tamil phonology | |
Close central compressed vowel
edit| Close central compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| ÿ | |
| ɨ͡β̞ | |
| ɨᵝ |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [y], which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɨ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɨ] and labial compression) and ⟨ɨᵝ⟩ ([ɨ] modified with labial compression[39]).
Features
edit- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
editThis vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. It also occurs in Japanese as an allophone. Medumba has a compressed central vowel [ɨᵝ] where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.[40]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese | Some younger speakers[41] | 空気 / kūki | [kÿːki] | 'air' | Near-back [u̟] for other speakers.[41] |
| Standard Tokyo pronunciation | 寿司 / sushi | [sÿɕi] | 'sushi' | Allophone of /u/ after /s, z, t/ and palatalized consonants.[42] See Japanese phonology | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[43][44] | hus | [hÿːs] | 'house' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉː⟩. Also described as front [yː].[45] See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish | Some dialects | ful | [fÿːl] | 'ugly' | More front [yː ~ ʏː] in Central Standard Swedish; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʉː⟩. See Swedish phonology |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
- ^ a b Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 14.
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971), p. 20.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:128, 131). The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central [ɵ̟], but more sources (e.g. van Heuven & Genet (2002) and Verhoeven (2005)) describe it as central [ɵ]. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
- ^ Schneider et al. (2004), p. 582.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 133.
- ^ a b Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 116.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 476, 487.
- ^ a b Schneider et al. (2004), pp. 188, 191–192.
- ^ a b Mott (2011), p. 75.
- ^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 174.
- ^ a b Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ a b Melchers (2004), p. 42.
- ^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
- ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.
- ^ a b c d Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
- ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
- ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 50.
- ^ Fattah (2000), pp. 110–122.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2007), pp. 221, 223.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 75.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 38, 67–68.
- ^ a b Schneider et al. (2004), p. 54.
- ^ Nance (2013).
- ^ "Aspiration". Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
- ^ a b c Riad (2014), p. 21.
- ^ a b Keane (2004), p. 114.
- ^ e.g. in Flemming (2002) Auditory representations in phonology, p. 83.
- ^ Olson, Kenneth; Meynadier, Yohann (2015). "ON MEDUMBA BILABIAL TRILLS AND VOWELS". 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: USBkey#0522. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ a b Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ Labrune, Laurence (2012). The Phonology of Japanese. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4.
- ^ Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 21.
- ^ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 29.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 18.
References
edit- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971), A Reference Grammar of Tamazight, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
- Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys). Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77111-0.[permanent dead link]
- Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (1993), "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 127–141
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Lizu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007), Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands? (PDF) (in Dutch), Nijmegen: Radboud University, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2017
- Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels" (PDF), Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Fattah, Ismaïl Kamandâr (2000), Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux, Acta Iranica, ISBN 9042909188
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Melchers, Gunnel (2004), "English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 35–46, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Mott, Brian (2011), "Traditional Cockney and Popular London Speech" (PDF), Dialectologia, 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
- Nance, Claire (2013), Phonetic variation, sound change, and identity in Scottish Gaelic (PhD), University of Glasgow
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, eds. (2004), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
- Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern white accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
- van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de u van put?. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht. A summary of the presentation can be found here Archived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128541-0.