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Ayin

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This article is about the Semitic letter. For other uses, see Ayin (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Ain or 0.

Ayin (also ayn or ain; transliterated ⟨ʿ⟩) is the sixteenth letter of the Semitic scripts, including Arabic ʿayn ع‎, Aramaic ʿē 𐡏, Hebrew ʿayin ע‎, Phoenician ʿayin 𐤏, and Syriac ʿē ܥ (where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only).[note 1]

Ayin
Phoenician
𐤏‎
Hebrew
ע‎
Aramaic
𐡏‎
Syriac
ܥ‎
Arabic
ع‎
Phonemic representationʕ, (ʔ)
Position in alphabet16
Numerical value70
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
GreekΟ, Ω
LatinO
CyrillicО, Ѡ

The letter represents a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/) or a similarly articulated consonant. In some Semitic languages and dialects, the phonetic value of the letter has changed, or the phoneme has been lost altogether (thus, in the revived Modern Hebrew it is reduced to a glottal stop or is omitted entirely in part due to European influence).

The Phoenician letter is the origin of the Greek, Latin and Cyrillic letters O, O and O.

The Arabic character is the origin of the Latin-script letter Ƹ.

Origins

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The letter name is derived from Proto-Semitic *ʿayn- "eye", and the Phoenician letter had the shape of a circle or oval, clearly representing an eye, perhaps ultimately (via Proto-Sinaitic) derived from the ı͗r hieroglyph 𓁹 (Gardiner D4).[1]

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Ο, Latin O, and Cyrillic О, all representing vowels. It is also gave rise to the Greek letter omega as well as its Cyrillic counterpart.

The sound represented by ayin is common to much of the Afroasiatic language family, such as in the Egyptian language, the Cushitic languages and the Semitic languages.

Arabic ʿayn

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Not to be confused with ء (hamzah) looking similar to, and derived from, initial عـ
ʿayn عين
ع
Usage
Writing systemArabic script
TypeAbjad
Language of originArabic language
Sound valuesʕ
Alphabetical position18
History
Development
Other
Writing directionRight-to-left
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Arabic letter ﻉ ﻋَﻴْﻦْ ʿayn /ʕajn/ is the eighteenth letter of the alphabet. It is written in one of several ways depending on its position in the word:

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ع‎ ـع‎ ـعـ‎ عـ‎

Pronunciation

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Arabic ʿayn is one of the most common letters in Arabic. Depending on the region, it ranges from a pharyngeal [ʕ] to an epiglottal [ʢ].[2] It is voiced, its voiceless counterpart being ح. Due to its position as the innermost letter to emerge from the throat, al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, who wrote the first Arabic dictionary, actually started writing his Kitab al-'Ayn ('The Book of ʿAyn') with ʿayn as the first letter instead of the eighteenth; he viewed its origins deep down in the throat as a sign that it was the first sound, the essential sound, the voice and a representation of the self.[3]

In the Persian language and other languages using the Persian alphabet, this letter has a different function and is pronounced as /ʔ/ (glottal stop), and rarely as /ʁ/ in some languages.

As in Hebrew, the letter originally stood for two sounds, /ʕ/ and /ʁ/. When pointing was developed, the sound /ʁ/ was distinguished with a dot on top (غ), to give the letter ghayn. In Maltese, which is written with the Latin alphabet, the digraph għ, called għajn, is used to write what was originally the same sound.

Because the sound is difficult for most non-Arabs to pronounce, it is often used as a shibboleth by Arabic speakers; other sounds, such as Ḥā and Ḍād are also used.[citation needed] It is typically represented with a 3 in the Arabic chat alphabet.

Southeast Asian nga

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In some languages of Southeast Asia, the letter nga is used. The letter is derived from the letter ʿayn, which latter is derived from the letter ghayn, and it is thus written as:

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ڠ‎ ـڠ‎ ـڠـ‎ ڠـ‎

This letter, derived from ghayn (غ‎), is used to represent /ŋ/ in:

Wolof ngōn

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In the Wolofal alphabet, for writing Wolof in Arabic script, the letter ngōn is used, and it is thus written as:

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ݝ‎ ـݝ‎ ـݝـ‎ ݝـ‎

This letter also derived from the letter ʿayn, which latter is derived from the letter ghayn. This leter is to represent /ŋ/ in the Wolof language, a Niger-Congo language.

Tamil nga

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Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ࢳ‎ ـࢳ‎ ـࢳـ‎ ࢳـ‎

This letter also derived from the letter ʿayn, which latter is derived from the letter ghayn, with three dots inside the descender, to represent /ŋ/ in the Arwi script used for Tamil.

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For the related characters, see ng (Arabic letter) and ghayn.

Hebrew ayin

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Orthographic variants
Various print fonts Cursive
Hebrew 		Rashi
script
Serif Sans-serif Monospaced
ע ע ע    

Hebrew spelling: עַיִן‎

Phonetic representation

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ʿayin has traditionally been described as a voiced pharyngeal fricative ([ʕ]). However, this may be imprecise. Although a pharyngeal fricative has occasionally been observed for ʿayin in Arabic and so may occur in Hebrew as well, the sound is more commonly epiglottal ([ʢ]),[2] and may also be a pharyngealized glottal stop ([ʔˤ]).

In some historical Sephardi and Ashkenazi pronunciations, ʿayin represented a velar nasal ([ŋ]).[5] Remnants can be found in the Yiddish pronunciations of some words such as /ˈjaŋkəv/ and /ˈmansə/ from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב‎ (yaʿăqōḇ, "Jacob") and מַעֲשֶׂה‎ (maʿăse, "story"), but in other cases, the nasal has disappeared and been replaced by /j/, such as /ˈmajsə/ and /ˈmajrəv/ from Hebrew מַעֲשֶׂה‎ and מַעֲרָב‎ (maʿărāḇ, "west"). In Israeli Hebrew (except for Mizrahi pronunciations), it represents a glottal stop in certain cases but is usually silent (it behaves the same as aleph). However, changes in adjoining vowels often testify to the former presence of a pharyngeal or epiglottal articulation. Additionally, it may be used as a shibboleth to identify the ethnolinguistic background of a Hebrew-speaker, as most Israeli Arab and some of Israel's Mizrahi Jews (mainly Yemenite Jews) use the more traditional pronunciation, while other Hebrew-speakers pronounce it similar to Aleph.

Ayin is also one of the three letters that can take a furtive patach (patach ganuv).

In Hebrew loanwords in Greek and Latin, ʿayin is sometimes reflected as /g/, since the biblical phonemes /ʕ/ (or "ʿ") and /ʁ/ (represented by "g") were both represented in Hebrew writing by the letter ʿayin (see Ġain). Gomorrah is from the original /ʁamora/ (modern ʿAmora) and Gaza from the original /ʁazza/ (ʿaza) (cf. Arabic غزة Ġazzah, IPA: [ˈɣazza].)

In Yiddish, the ʿayin is used to write the vowel e when it is not part of the diphthong ey.

Significance

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In gematria, ʿayin represents the number 70.

ʿayin is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns (called tagin) when written in a sefer Torah.

Transliteration

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Further information: Semitic romanization

In Semitic philology, there is a long-standing tradition of rendering Semitic ayin with the Greek rough breathing mark ⟨῾⟩ (e.g. [῾arab] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (help) عَرَب Arabs). Depending on typography, this could look similar to either an articulate single opening quotation mark ⟨ʻ⟩ (e.g. ʻarab عَرَب). or as a raised semi-circle open to the right ⟨ʿ⟩ (e.g. ʿarab عَرَب).[note 2]

This is by analogy to the transliteration of alef (glottal stop, hamza) by the Greek smooth breathing mark ⟨᾽⟩, rendered as single closing quotation mark or as raised semi-circle open to the left. This convention has been adopted by DIN in 1982 and by ISO in 1984 for Arabic (DIN 31635, ISO 233) and Hebrew (DIN 31636, ISO 259).

The shape of the "raised semi-circle" for ayin ⟨ʿ⟩ and alef ⟨ʾ⟩ was adopted by the Encyclopedia of Islam (edited 1913–1938, 1954–2005, and from 2007), and from there by the International Journal of Middle East Studies.[6] This convention has since also been followed by ISO (ISO 233-2 and ISO 259-2, 1993/4) and by DIN[year needed]. A notable exception remains, ALA-LC (1991), the system used by the Library of Congress, continues to recommend modifier letter turned comma ⟨ʻ⟩ (for Hebrew) or left single quotation mark ⟨‘⟩ (for Arabic).[7]

The symbols for the corresponding phonemes in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨ʕ⟩ for pharyngeal fricative (ayin) and ⟨ʔ⟩ for glottal stop (alef) were adopted in the 1928 revision.

In anglicized Arabic or Hebrew names or in loanwords, ayin is often omitted entirely: Iraq ʿirāq عراق, Arab ʿarab عرب, Saudi suʿūdī سعودي , etc.; Afula ʿăfūlā עֲפוּלָה, Arad ʿărād עֲרָד, etc.

Maltese, which uses a Latin alphabet, the only Semitic language to do so in its standard form, writes the ayin as ⟨għ⟩. It is usually unvocalized in speech. The Somali Latin alphabet represents the ayin with the letter ⟨c⟩. The informal way to represent it in Arabic chat alphabet uses the digit ⟨3⟩ as transliteration.

Unicode

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See also: Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian § Unicode

In Unicode, the recommended character for the transliteration of ayin is U+02BF ʿ MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING (a character in the Spacing Modifier Letters range, even though it is here not used as a modifier letter but as a full grapheme).[note 3][clarification needed] This convention has been adopted by ISO 233-2 (1993) for Arabic and ISO 259-2 (1994) for Hebrew.

There are a number of alternative Unicode characters in use, some of which are easily confused or even considered equivalent in practice:[8]

  • U+1FFE ῾ GREEK DASIA, the character used to represent Greek rough breathing,
  • U+02BD ʽ MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA,
  • U+2018 ‘ LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK,[note 4]
  • U+02BB ʻ MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA,
  • U+0060 ` GRAVE ACCENT, from its use as single opening quotation mark in ASCII environments, used for ayin in ArabTeX.

Letters used to represent ayin:

  • a superscript "c" (U+1D9C ᶜ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL C),
  • the IPA symbol for pharyngealization (U+02C1 ˁ MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP or U+02E4 ˤ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP)[note 5] or ʕ, a superscript U+0295 ʕ LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE, the IPA symbol for voiced pharyngeal fricative,

It is worth noting that the phonemes corresponding to alef and ayin in Ancient Egyptian are by convention transliterated by more distinctive signs: Egyptian alef is rendered by two semi-circles open to the left, stacked vertically, and Egyptian ayin is rendered by a single full-width semi-circle open to the right. These characters were introduced in Unicode in version 5.1 (2008, Latin Extended-D range), U+A723 ꜣ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF and U+A725 ꜥ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN.

Character encodings

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Character information
Preview ע ﬠ ܥ ࠏ
Unicode name HEBREW LETTER AYIN HEBREW LETTER
ALTERNATIVE AYIN 		SYRIAC LETTER E SAMARITAN LETTER IN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 1506 U+05E2 64288 U+FB20 1829 U+0725 2063 U+080F
UTF-8 215 162 D7 A2 239 172 160 EF AC A0 220 165 DC A5 224 160 143 E0 A0 8F
Numeric character reference ע ע ﬠ ﬠ ܥ ܥ ࠏ ࠏ


Character information
Preview ع ࣖ ݝ ݟ ڠ ݞ ࢳ
Unicode name ARABIC LETTER AIN ARABIC SMALL HIGH AIN ARABIC LETTER AIN
WITH TWO DOTS
ABOVE 		ARABIC LETTER AIN
WITH TWO DOTS
VERTICALLY ABOVE 		ARABIC LETTER AIN
WITH THREE DOTS
ABOVE 		ARABIC LETTER AIN
WITH THREE DOTS
POINTING DOWNWARDS ABOVE 		ARABIC LETTER AIN
WITH THREE DOTS
BELOW
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 1593 U+0639 2262 U+08D6 1885 U+075D 1887 U+075F 1696 U+06A0 1886 U+075E 2227 U+08B3
UTF-8 216 185 D8 B9 224 163 150 E0 A3 96 221 157 DD 9D 221 159 DD 9F 218 160 DA A0 221 158 DD 9E 224 162 179 E0 A2 B3
Numeric character reference ع ع ࣖ ࣖ ݝ ݝ ݟ ݟ ڠ ڠ ݞ ݞ ࢳ ࢳ


Character information
Preview ᴥ ᵜ Ꜥ ꜥ
Unicode name LATIN LETTER AIN MODIFIER LETTER SMALL AIN LATIN CAPITAL LETTER
EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN 		LATIN SMALL LETTER
EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 7461 U+1D25 7516 U+1D5C 42788 U+A724 42789 U+A725
UTF-8 225 180 165 E1 B4 A5 225 181 156 E1 B5 9C 234 156 164 EA 9C A4 234 156 165 EA 9C A5
Numeric character reference ᴥ ᴥ ᵜ ᵜ Ꜥ Ꜥ ꜥ ꜥ


Character information
Preview 𐎓 𐡏 𐤏 Ⲵ ⲵ
Unicode name UGARITIC
LETTER AIN 		IMPERIAL ARAMAIC
LETTER AYIN 		PHOENICIAN
LETTER AIN 		COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER
OLD COPTIC AIN 		COPTIC SMALL LETTER
OLD COPTIC AIN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 66451 U+10393 67663 U+1084F 67855 U+1090F 11444 U+2CB4 11445 U+2CB5
UTF-8 240 144 142 147 F0 90 8E 93 240 144 161 143 F0 90 A1 8F 240 144 164 143 F0 90 A4 8F 226 178 180 E2 B2 B4 226 178 181 E2 B2 B5
UTF-16 55296 57235 D800 DF93 55298 56399 D802 DC4F 55298 56591 D802 DD0F 11444 2CB4 11445 2CB5
Numeric character reference 𐎓 𐎓 𐡏 𐡏 𐤏 𐤏 Ⲵ Ⲵ ⲵ ⲵ


Character information
Preview 𐭏 𐭥 𐮅 ჺ Ჺ
Unicode name INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN
LETTER AYIN 		INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI
LETTER WAW-AYIN-RESH 		PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER
WAW-AYIN-RESH 		GEORGIAN LETTER AIN GEORGIAN MTAVRULI
CAPITAL LETTER AIN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 68431 U+10B4F 68453 U+10B65 68485 U+10B85 4346 U+10FA 7354 U+1CBA
UTF-8 240 144 173 143 F0 90 AD 8F 240 144 173 165 F0 90 AD A5 240 144 174 133 F0 90 AE 85 225 131 186 E1 83 BA 225 178 186 E1 B2 BA
UTF-16 55298 57167 D802 DF4F 55298 57189 D802 DF65 55298 57221 D802 DF85 4346 10FA 7354 1CBA
Numeric character reference 𐭏 𐭏 𐭥 𐭥 𐮅 𐮅 ჺ ჺ Ჺ Ჺ


Character information
Preview 𐫙 ࡘ 𐢗 𐪒 𐡰
Unicode name MANICHAEAN LETTER AYIN MANDAIC LETTER AIN NABATAEAN LETTER AYIN OLD NORTH ARABIAN LETTER AIN PALMYRENE LETTER AYIN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 68313 U+10AD9 2136 U+0858 67735 U+10897 68242 U+10A92 67696 U+10870
UTF-8 240 144 171 153 F0 90 AB 99 224 161 152 E0 A1 98 240 144 162 151 F0 90 A2 97 240 144 170 146 F0 90 AA 92 240 144 161 176 F0 90 A1 B0
UTF-16 55298 57049 D802 DED9 2136 0858 55298 56471 D802 DC97 55298 56978 D802 DE92 55298 56432 D802 DC70
Numeric character reference 𐫙 𐫙 ࡘ ࡘ 𐢗 𐢗 𐪒 𐪒 𐡰 𐡰


Character information
Preview 𐼒 𐼓 𐼘 𐼽 𐽀
Unicode name OLD SOGDIAN LETTER AYIN OLD SOGDIAN LETTER
ALTERNATE AYIN 		OLD SOGDIAN LETTER
RESH-AYIN-DALETH 		SOGDIAN LETTER AYIN SOGDIAN LETTER RESH-AYIN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69394 U+10F12 69395 U+10F13 69400 U+10F18 69437 U+10F3D 69440 U+10F40
UTF-8 240 144 188 146 F0 90 BC 92 240 144 188 147 F0 90 BC 93 240 144 188 152 F0 90 BC 98 240 144 188 189 F0 90 BC BD 240 144 189 128 F0 90 BD 80
UTF-16 55299 57106 D803 DF12 55299 57107 D803 DF13 55299 57112 D803 DF18 55299 57149 D803 DF3D 55299 57152 D803 DF40
Numeric character reference 𐼒 𐼒 𐼓 𐼓 𐼘 𐼘 𐼽 𐼽 𐽀 𐽀


Character information
Preview 𐿯 𐿀
Unicode name ELYMAIC LETTER AYIN CHORASMIAN LETTER AYIN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 69615 U+10FEF 69568 U+10FC0
UTF-8 240 144 191 175 F0 90 BF AF 240 144 191 128 F0 90 BF 80
UTF-16 55299 57327 D803 DFEF 55299 57280 D803 DFC0
Numeric character reference 𐿯 𐿯 𐿀 𐿀

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ ﻉ comes eighteenth in the hijaʾi order of Arabic and twenty-first in the Persian alphabet.
  2. ^ Sometimes rendered as the Greek diacritic in a serif font (as ⟨ ̔ ⟩), e.g. Carl Brockelmann's Grundriss Der Vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, 1908; Friedrich Delitzsch, Paul Haupt (eds.), Beiträge zur assyriologie und semitischen sprachwissenschaft (1890) (1968 reprint); sometimes rendered as a semi-circle open to the right with constant line thickness (as ⟨ʿ⟩), e.g. Theodor Nöldeke, Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (1904).
  3. ^ Both characters U+02BE ʾ MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING and U+02BF ʿ MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING have been present since Unicode version 1.0.0 (1991). The relevant code chart specifies the purpose of U+02BF as "transliteration of Arabic ain (voiced pharyngeal fricative); transliteration of Hebrew ayin".
  4. ^ recommended by the Library of Congress (loc.gov); deprecated by The European Register of Microform Masters
  5. ^ deprecated by The European Register of Microform Masters.

References

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  1. ^ Simons, F., "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" Rosetta 9 (2011), 16–40 (here: 38–40) Archived 2022-07-09 at the Wayback Machine. See also: Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". Biblical Archaeology Review. Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. 36 (1), following William F. Albright, The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment (1966), "Schematic Table of Proto-Sinaitic Characters" (fig. 1 Archived 2016-07-03 at the Wayback Machine).
  2. ^ a b Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwells. ISBN 0-631-19814-8
  3. ^ Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych, The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, pg. 178. Cornell Studies in Political Economy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1993. ISBN 9780801427640
  4. ^ Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.
  5. ^ Shabath, Heskel (1973). Romanization of the Hebrew alphabet (Thesis). p. 179. doi:10.20381/ruor-17884. hdl:10393/22146. ProQuest 873832382.
  6. ^ "IJMES Translation and Transliteration guide". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022.
  7. ^ "ALA-LC Romanization Tables". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  8. ^ "Various small, raised hook- or comma-shaped characters are often substituted for a glottal stop—for instance, U+02BC ʼ MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE, U+02BB ʻ MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA, U+02C0 ˀ MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP, or U+02BE ʾ MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING. U+02BB, in particular, is used in Hawaiian orthography as the ʻokina." The Unicode Standard Version 7.0: chapter 7.1 "Latin", p. 294.
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