Arebica

Arebica
Arebica;
Script type	Alphabet, based upon the Perso-Arabic script
Time period	15th–20th century
Languages	Serbo-Croatian

Arebica (عربٖىڄا ,آرەبـٖٮڄآ; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Аребица) is a variant of the Arabic script used to write the Serbo-Croatian language. It was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries and is frequently categorized as part of Aljamiado literature. During Austro-Hungarian rule, there were unsuccessful efforts by Bosnian Muslims to grant Arebica equal status alongside Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.^[1] Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts.

Origin

Arebica was based on the Perso-Arabic script of the Ottoman Empire, with added letters for /t͡s/, /ʎ/ and /ɲ/, which are not found in Arabic, Persian or Turkish. Full letters were eventually introduced for all vowels (as with Kurdish Arabic script), making Arebica a true alphabet, unlike its Perso-Arabic base.^{[citation needed]}

Arebica was used by the Slavic Muslims in Central Bosnia during the Ottoman rule and continued usage during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[2] During that period, they requested that Arebica be given equal status with the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, but the request wasn't granted.^[1] The usage of the script, however, continued sporadically even after.^[2]

The final version of Arebica was devised by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević at the end of the 19th century. His version is called Matufovica, Matufovača or Mektebica.

Contemporary use

The first literary work to be published in Arebica since 1941 was the comic book "Hadži Šefko i hadži Mefko" in 2005, by authors Amir Al-Zubi and Meliha Čičak-Al-Zubi. The authors made slight modifications to Arebica.

The first book in Arebica with an ISBN was "Epohe fonetske misli kod Arapa i arebica" ("The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica")^[3] in April 2013 in Belgrade by Aldin Mustafić, MSc. This book represents the completion of the standardization of Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević's version, and is also a textbook for higher education.

Alphabet

The final version of Arebica alphabet was devised at the end of the 19th century by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević. The alphabet listed here is a new version made by Aldin Mustafić.

Latin	Cyrillic	Arebica
		Contextual forms			Isolated
		Final	Medial	Initial	Isolated
A a	А а	ـآ		آ
B b	Б б	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	ب
C c	Ц ц	ـڄ	ـڄـ	ڄـ	ڄ
Č č	Ч ч	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	چ
Ć ć	Ћ ћ
D d	Д д	ـد		د
Dž dž	Џ џ	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	ج ^[c]
Đ đ	Ђ ђ
E e	Е е	ـە		ە
F f	Ф ф	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	ف
G g	Г г	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	غ
H h	Х х	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	ح
I i	И и	ـاى ـى	ـاٮـ ـىـ	اٮـ ٮـ	اى ^[a] ى
J j	Ј ј	ـي	ـيـ	يـ	ي
K k	К к	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	ق
L l	Л л	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	ل
Lj lj	Љ љ	ـڵ	ـڵـ	ڵـ	ڵ
M m	М м	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	م
N n	Н н	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	ن
Nj nj	Њ њ	ـںٛ	ـٮٛـ	ٮٛـ	ںٛ ^[b]
O o	О о	ـۉ		ۉ
P p	П п	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	پ
R r	Р р	ـر		ر
S s	С с	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	س
Š š	Ш ш	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	ش
T t	Т т	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	ت
U u	У у	ـۆ		ۆ
V v	В в	ـو		و
Z z	З з	ـز		ز
Ž ž	Ж ж	ـژ		ژ

Notes

^a The diacritic beneath the ا appears on the letter preceding the ى.
^b Mustafić uses ڃ and ݩ instead of and ںٛ for Ć ć/Ћ ћ and Nj nj/Њ њ .
^c Mustafić uses ݗ and Al-Zubi and Čičak-Al-Zubi use ڠ instead of for Đ đ/Ђ ђ.

Ligatures

Like the standard Arabic alphabet, when ا connects to either ل or ڵ a special ligature is used instead.

Latin	Cyrillic	Arebica
		Contextual forms			Isolated
		Final	Medial	Initial	Isolated
la	ла	ـلا		لا
lja	ља	ـڵا		ڵا

Prior to standardization, the most widespread Arebica conventions were based on Ottoman Turkish conventions, and similar to contemporary aljamiado conventions adopted for Albanian and Greek. Vowels are often written using matres lectionis, with the exception of /e/, which is only represented word-finally, as ⟨ە⟩. /o/ and /u/ are not distinguished. /ɲ/, /ʎ/ and /ts/ were not distinguished from /n/, /l/ and /tʃ/, respectively spelt as ⟨ل⟩, ⟨ن⟩ and ⟨چ⟩. Palatal affricates /tɕ/ and /dʑ/ are both typically spelt as ⟨ك⟩, due to the Persian letter ⟨گ⟩ not having been widely adopted yet, while velar stops /k/ and /g/ are represented with ⟨ق⟩ and ⟨غ⟩.^[4]

Text examples

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

Serbo-Croatian (Arebica):	سوا ڵۆدسقا بیچا راجايۆ سە سلۉبۉدنا ای يەدناقا ۆ دۉستۉيانستوۆ ای پراویما. ۉنا سۆ ۉبدارەنا رازۆمۉم ای سویيەشڃۆ ای ترەبا دا يەدنۉ پرەما درۆغۉمە پۉستۆپايۆ ۆ دۆحۆ براتستوا.‎
Serbo-Croatian (Latin):	Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva.
Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic):	Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свијешћу и треба да једно према другоме поступају у духу братства.
English:	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tehran

Serbo-Croatian (Arebica):	تەهەران يە غلاونی ای نايوەڃی غراد ایرانا، سيەدیشتە تەهەرانسقە پۉقرايینە ای يەدان ۉد نايوەڃیح غرادۉوا سویيەتا.‎
Serbo-Croatian (Latin):	Teheran je glavni i najveći grad Irana, sjedište Teheranske pokrajine i jedan od najvećih gradova svijeta.
Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic):	Техеран је главни и највећи град Ирана, сједиште Техеранске покрајине и један од највећих градова свијета.
English:	Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran, capital of Tehran Province and one of the largest cities in the world.

External links

Ottoman Turkish / Arabic keyboard (including Bosnian characters)
UDHR in Arebica (Bosnian)
Adnan Tufekčić, Arebica in Bosnia – Short Notes and One Review: From the Treasury of Bosnian Authentic Syncretism, Spirit of Bosnia No 15 (04), 2020

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Fidahić 2020, p. 29.
^ ^a ^b Mønnesland 2012, p. 137.
^ Foreword to "The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica" by Aldin Mustafić
^ Selvelli, Giustina (2015). "Caratteri arabi per la lingua bosniaca. Esempi di scrittura fra influssi ottomani e riappropriazioni locali" [Arabic Characters for the Bosnian Language. Writing Examples Between Ottoman Influences and Local Reappropriations]. In Baglioni, Daniele; Tribulato, Olga (eds.). Contatti di lingue - Contatti di scritture [Language contact - writing contact] (in Italian). Venezia: Fondazione Università Ca' Foscari. ISBN 9788869690617.

Bibliography

Fidahić, Besmir (2020). Linguistic Justice at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781527562691.
Mønnesland, Svein (2012). "Language Policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina". In Koskensalo, Annikki; Smeds, John; De Cillia, Rudolf; Huguet, Angel (eds.). Language: Competence, Change, Contact. Münster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 9783643108012.

Enciklopedija leksikografskog zavoda, entry: Arabica. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1966
Online Text Converter from Latin or Cyrillic to Arebica Script, Language institute of the University of Sarajevo https://www.e-bosanski.ba/konverter-pisama/bosanska-arebica/

[FOOTNOTEFidahić202029-1] Fidahić 2020, p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEMønnesland2012137-2] Mønnesland 2012, p. 137.

[3] Foreword to "The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica" by Aldin Mustafić

[4] Selvelli, Giustina (2015). "Caratteri arabi per la lingua bosniaca. Esempi di scrittura fra influssi ottomani e riappropriazioni locali" [Arabic Characters for the Bosnian Language. Writing Examples Between Ottoman Influences and Local Reappropriations]. In Baglioni, Daniele; Tribulato, Olga (eds.). Contatti di lingue - Contatti di scritture [Language contact - writing contact] (in Italian). Venezia: Fondazione Università Ca' Foscari. ISBN 9788869690617.

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