NKo (ߒߞߏ), also spelled N'Ko, is an alphabetic script devised by Solomana Kanté in 1949, as a modern writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa.[1][2] The term NKo, which means I say in all Manding languages, is also used for the Manding literary standard written in the NKo script.
| NKo ߒߞߏ | |
|---|---|
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| Script type | |
| Creator | Solomana Kanté |
Time period | 1949–present |
| Direction | Right-to-left script  |
| Languages | NKo, Manding languages (Mandingo, Maninka, Bambara, Dyula) |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Nkoo (165), N’Ko |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | NKo |
| U+07C0–U+07FF | |
The script has a few similarities to the Arabic script, notably its direction (right-to-left) and the letters that are connected at the base. Unlike Arabic, it is obligatory to mark both tone and vowels. NKo tones are marked as diacritics.
History
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Kanté created N’Ko in response to erroneous beliefs that no indigenous African writing system existed, as well as to provide a better way to write Manding languages, which had for centuries been written predominantly in Ajami script, which was not perfectly suited to the tones unique to Mandé and common to other West African languages. An anecdote popular with N'Ko proponents is that Kanté was particularly challenged to create the distinct system when, while in Bouake, he found a book by a Lebanese author who dismissed African languages as “like those of the birds, impossible to transcribe”[3] despite said Ajami history.[4] Kanté then devised N’Ko while he was in Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire and later brought it to his native Kankan, Guinea.[5]
N’Ko began to be used in many educational books, and the script is believed to have been finalized[6] on April 14, 1949 – a date now celebrated as N’Ko Alphabet Day.[7] Kanté initially used the system to transcribe religious, scientific, and philosophical literature, and even a dictionary.[8] These texts were then distributed as gifts across the Manding-speaking parts of West Africa. The script received its first dedicated typewriter from Eastern Europe as Guinea had ties to the Soviet Union in the 1950s.[9]
This introduction of the script led to a movement promoting N’Ko literacy among Mandé speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N’Ko literacy was thus instrumental in shaping Maninka cultural identity in Guinea, and strengthened Manding identity in wider West Africa.[10]
On June 27, 2024, the N’Ko literary standard was added to Google Translate.[11][12]
Current use
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As of 2005, it was used mainly in Guinea and the Ivory Coast (respectively by Maninka and Dyula speakers), with an active user community in Mali (by Bambara speakers). Publications include a translation of the Quran, a variety of textbooks on subjects such as physics and geography, poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. Though taught mostly informally through NKo literacy promotion associations, NKo has also been introduced more recently into formal education through private primary schools in Upper Guinea.[13] It has been classed as the most successful of the West African scripts.[14]
NKo literature generally uses a literary language register, termed kangbe (literally, 'clear language'), that is seen as a potential compromise dialect across Mandé languages.[15] For example, the word for 'name' in Bamanan is tɔgɔ and in Maninka it is tɔɔ. NKo has only one written word for 'name', but individuals read and pronounce the word in their own language. This literary register is thus intended as a koiné language blending elements of the principal Manding languages, which are mutually intelligible, but has a very strong Maninka influence.
There has also been documented use of NKo, with additional diacritics, for traditional religious publications in the Yoruba and Fon languages of Benin and southwestern Nigeria.[16]
Letters
editThe NKo script is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another.
Vowels
edit| ɔ | o | u | ɛ | i | e | a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ߐ | ߏ | ߎ | ߍ | ߌ | ߋ | ߊ |
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Consonants
edit| r | t | d | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | p | b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ߙ | ߕ | ߘ | ߗ | ߖ | ߔ | ߓ |
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| m | g͡b | l | k | f | s | rr |
| ߡ | ߜ | ߟ | ߞ | ߝ | ߛ | ߚ |
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| ŋ | h | j | w | n | ɲ | |
| ߒ | ߤ | ߦ | ߥ | ߣ | ߢ | |
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Tones
editNKo uses 7 diacritical marks to denote tonality and vowel length. Together with plain vowels, NKo distinguishes four tones: high, low, ascending, and descending; and two vowel lengths: long and short. Unmarked signs designate short, descending vowels.
| high | low | rising | falling | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | ߫ | ߬ | ߭ | |
| long | ߯ | ߰ | ߱ | ߮ |
Non-native sounds and letters
editNKo also provides a way of representing non-native sounds through the modification of its letters with diacritics.[17][18] These letters are used in transliterated names and loanwords.
Two dots above a vowel, resembling a diaeresis or umlaut mark, represent a foreign vowel: u-two-dots for the French /y/ sound, or e-two-dots for the French /ə/.
Diacritics are also placed above some consonant letters to cover sounds not found in Mandé, such as gb-dot for /g/; gb-line for /ɣ/; gb-two-dots for /k͡p/; f-dot for /v/; rr-dot for /ʁ/; etc.
Numerals
editNKo numerals use positional notation. Unlike both Western and Eastern Arabic numerals, digits decrease in significance from right to left.[19]
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ߀ | ߁ | ߂ | ߃ | ߄ | ߅ | ߆ | ߇ | ߈ | ߉ |
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Punctuation
edit- ⸜...⸝ bracket paraphrased text, approximately equivalent to italics in Latin script.
- «...» bracket quoted text.
- ⟨߸⟩ comma
- ⟨߹⟩ exclamation mark
- ⟨߷⟩ paragraph mark; marks the end of a section of text
- ⟨ߴ⟩ apostrophe (elision of a vowel carrying a high tone)
- ⟨ߵ⟩ apostrophe (elision of a vowel carrying a low tone)
A low hyphen is used for compound words and the ASCII hyphen ⟨-⟩ is used for splitting words at line breaks. There is no distinct computer character for the low hyphen; Unicode recommends using the non-breaking hyphen for that purpose.
Arabic punctuation marks used in Nko text include:
- ⟨،⟩ comma (may occur in the same text as ⟨߸⟩)
- ⟨؛⟩ semicolon
- ⟨؟⟩ question mark
- ⟨﴾...﴿⟩ ornate parentheses (graphic form may differ from Arabic)
Digitization
editWith the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology, the challenge arose of developing ways to use the NKo script on computers. From the 1990s onwards, there were efforts to develop fonts and even web content by adapting other software and fonts. A DOS word processor named Koma Kuda was developed by Prof. Baba Mamadi Diané from Cairo University.[20] However the lack of intercompatibility inherent in such solutions was a block to further development.
Wikipedia
editThere is also a NKo version of Wikipedia in existence since 26 November 2019, it contains 1,523 articles, with 11,984 edits and 4,592 users.[21]
Unicode
editThe NKo script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0. Additional characters were added in 2018.
UNESCO's Programme Initiative B@bel supported preparing a proposal to encode NKo in Unicode. In 2004, the proposal, presented by three professors of NKo (Baba Mamadi Diané, Mamady Doumbouya, and Karamo Kaba Jammeh) working with Michael Everson, was approved for balloting by the ISO working group WG2. In 2006, NKo was approved for Unicode 5.0. The Unicode block for NKo is U+07C0–U+07FF:
| NKo[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+07Cx | ߀ | ߁ | ߂ | ߃ | ߄ | ߅ | ߆ | ߇ | ߈ | ߉ | ߊ | ߋ | ߌ | ߍ | ߎ | ߏ |
| U+07Dx | ߐ | ߑ | ߒ | ߓ | ߔ | ߕ | ߖ | ߗ | ߘ | ߙ | ߚ | ߛ | ߜ | ߝ | ߞ | ߟ |
| U+07Ex | ߠ | ߡ | ߢ | ߣ | ߤ | ߥ | ߦ | ߧ | ߨ | ߩ | ߪ | ߫ | ߬ | ߭ | ߮ | ߯ |
| U+07Fx | ߰ | ߱ | ߲ | ߳ | ߴ | ߵ | ߶ | ߷ | ߸ | ߹ | ߺ | ߽ | ߾ | ߿ | ||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
References
edit- ^ Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary; Fennig, Charles, eds. (2019). "N'ko". Ethnoloque. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
- ^ Oyler, Dianne (Spring 2002). "Re-Inventing Oral Tradition: The Modern Epic of Souleymane Kanté". Research in African Literatures. 33 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1353/ral.2002.0034. JSTOR 3820930. OCLC 57936283. S2CID 162339606.
- ^ Oyler, Dianne White (2001). "A Cultural Revolution in Africa: Literacy in the Republic of Guinea since Independence". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 34 (3): 585–600. doi:10.2307/3097555. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 3097555.
- ^ Donaldson, Coleman (2020). "The Role of Islam, Ajami writings, and educational reform in Sulemaana Kantè's N'ko". African Studies Review. 63 (3): 462–486. doi:10.1017/asr.2019.59. ISSN 0002-0206.
- ^ Oyler, Dianne White (January 1997). "The N'ko Alphabet as a Vehicle of Indigenist Historiography". History in Africa. 24: 239–256. doi:10.2307/3172028. JSTOR 3172028.
- ^ Oyler, Dianne White (November 2005). The History of N'ko and its Role in Mande Transnational Identity: Words as Weapons. Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-9653308-7-9.
- ^ • "N'Ko Alphabet Day". Any Day Guide.
N'Ko Alphabet Day is celebrated on April 14 in some West African countries, where the Manding languages are spoken. It marks the anniversary of the date the alphabet is believed to have been finalized.
• Garikayi, Tapiwanashe S. "Afrikan Fonts: The N'Ko Alphabet". nan.xyz.N'Ko started to be utilized in numerous instructive books when the script is believed to have been finalized on April 14, 1949 (presently N'Ko Alphabet Day)....
- ^ Oyler, Dianne White (2001). "A Cultural Revolution in Africa: Literacy in the Republic of Guinea since Independence". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 34 (3): 585–600. doi:10.2307/3097555. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 3097555.
- ^ Rosenberg, Tina (9 December 2011). "Everyone Speaks Text Message". The New York Times Magazine. p. 20.
- ^ Oyler, Dianne White (1994) Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism. Toronto: African Studies Association.
- ^ "110 new languages are coming to Google Translate". 27 June 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
- ^ "What's new in Google Translate: More than 100 new languages". Retrieved 2024-06-27.
- ^ Wyrod, Christopher (January 2008). "A social orthography of identity: the NKo literacy movement in West Africa". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (192). doi:10.1515/ijsl.2008.033. ISSN 0165-2516. S2CID 143142019.
- ^ Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983799-1.
- ^ N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction
- ^ Agelogbagan Agbovi. "Gànhúmehàn Vodún - Living Sacred Text (completely in Fongbe and N'ko)". Kilombo Restoration & Healing. Kilombo Restoration and Healing.
- ^ Doumbouya, Mamady (2012). Illustrated English/N'Ko Alphabet: An introduction to N'Ko for English Speakers (PDF). Philadelphia, PA, USA: N'Ko Institute of America. p. 29.
- ^ Sogoba, Mia (June 1, 2018). "N'Ko Alphabet: a West African Script". Cultures of West Africa. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
- ^ https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2012/3553 [bare URL]
- ^ Personal note from the LISA/Cairo conference, in Dec. 2005, Don Osborn
- ^ nqo:ߞߙߍߞߙߍߣߍ߲:Statistics
General sources
edit- Condé, Ibrahima Sory 2 (2008-09-17). "Soulemana Kanté entre Linguistique et Grammaire : Le cas de la langue littéraire utilisée dans les textes en N'Ko" [Solomana Kante between Linguistics and Grammar: The case of the literary language used in texts in N'Ko] (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-20.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Conrad, David C. (2001). "Reconstructing Oral Tradition: Souleymane Kanté's Approach to Writing Mande History". Mande Studies. 3: 147–200. doi:10.2979/mnd.2001.a873349.
- Dalby, David (1969). "Further indigenous scripts of West Africa: Mandin, Wolof and Fula alphabets and Yoruba 'Holy' writing". African Language Studies. 10: 161–181.
- Davydov, Artem. "On Souleymane Kanté's 'Nko Grammar'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
- Donaldson, Coleman (2017), Clear Language: Script, Register and the N'ko Movement of Mandé-Speaking West Africa., Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania
- Donaldson, Coleman (2019). "Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa". Signs and Society. 7 (2): 156–185. doi:10.1086/702554. S2CID 181625415.
- Donaldson, Coleman (2017). "Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Mandé". In Pia Lane; James Costa; Haley De Korne (eds.). Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery. Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 175–199.
- Donaldson, Coleman (2020). "The Role of Islam, Ajami writings, and educational reform in Sulemaana Kantè's N'ko". African Studies Review. 63 (3): 462–486. doi:10.1017/asr.2019.59.
- Everson, Michael; Mamady Doumbouya; Baba Mamadi Diané; Karamo Jammeh (2004). "Proposal to add the N'Ko script to the BMP of the UCS" (PDF).
- Oyler, Dianne White (1994). Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism. Toronto: African Studies Association.
- Oyler, Dianne (1995), For "All Those Who Say N'ko": N'ko Literacy and Mande Cultural Nationalism in the Republic of Guinea, Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Florida
- Oyler, Dianne White (1997). "The N'ko Alphabet as a Vehicle of Indigenist Historiography". History in Africa. 24: 239–256. doi:10.2307/3172028. JSTOR 3172028.
- Rovenchak, Andrij (2015). Arjuna Tuzzi; Martina Benešová; Ján Macutek (eds.). "Quantitative Studies in the Corpus of Nko Periodicals". Recent Contributions to Quantitative Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 125–138. doi:10.1515/9783110420296-012. ISBN 978-3-11-041987-0.
- Singler, John Victor (1996). "Scripts of West Africa". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 593–598.
- Vydrine, Valentin F (2001). "Souleymane Kanté, un philosophe-innovateur traditionnaliste maninka vu à travers ses écrits en nko" [Solomana Kante, a Maninka traditionalist philosopher-innovator seen through his writings in N'Ko]. Mande Studies (in French). 3: 99–131. doi:10.2979/mnd.2001.a873361.
- Wyrod, Christopher (2003), The light on the horizon: N'Ko literacy and formal schooling in Guinea, MA thesis, George Washington University
- Wyrod, Christopher (2008). "A social orthography of identity: the N'Ko literacy movement in West Africa". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (192): 27–44.
- "B@bel and Script Encoding Initiative Supporting Linguistic Diversity in Cyberspace". UNESCO. 2004-12-11. Archived from the original on 2004-11-17.
- "Bambara". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2000.
The Bambara, like other West African peoples, use the distinctive N'ko alphabet, which reads from right to left.
- "N'Ko Alphabet". N'Ko Institute of America. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
External links
edit
- Kanjamadi
- Observations on the use of N'ko
- Omniglot page on N'ko, with more links
- Nkohome, N'ko tutorial site with information on N'ko publications and contacts
- Virtual N'Ko keyboard by KeymanWeb
- How to write the N'ko alphabet (ߒߞߏ) of West Africa: A tutorial!, tutorial video on writing basic letters from:
- An Ka Taa: "Learn Manding—commonly referred to as Bambara, Dioula, Malinké or Mandingo!"
- Information about Manding languages
- An introduction to N'Ko
- "Casablanca Statement" (on localization of ICT) translated & written in N'Ko
- PanAfriL10n page on N'Ko
- Translation of the Meaning of the Holy Quran in N'ko
- Everyone Speaks Text Message (Tina Rosenberg, The New York Times Magazine, Dec. 11, 2011)