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Tokyo Stock Exchange

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For the stock exchange historically referred to as TSE, see Toronto Stock Exchange.

The Tokyo Stock Exchange (東京証券取引所, Tōkyō Shōken Torihikijo), abbreviated as Tosho (東証) or TSE/TYO, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan.

Tokyo Stock Exchange
東京証券取引所
The TSE uses the logo of its parent company, the Japan Exchange Group.
Façade of the Tokyo Stock Exchange
TypeStock exchange
LocationTokyo, Japan
Coordinates35°40′53″N 139°46′40″E / 35.68139°N 139.77778°E / 35.68139; 139.77778
FoundedMay 15, 1878; 146 years ago (1878-05-15) (as Tokyo Kabushiki Torihikijo)
May 16, 1949 (1949-05-16) (as Tokyo Stock Exchange)
OwnerJapan Exchange Group
Key people
  • Taizo Nishimuro (Chairman)
  • Atsushi Saito (President & CEO)
  • Yasuo Tobiyama (MD, COO & CFO)
CurrencyJapanese yen
No. of listings3,953 (September 2024)[1]
Market cap¥973.4 trillion ($6.93 trillion) (September 2024)[2]
IndicesNikkei 225
TOPIX
Websitejpx.co.jp

The exchange is owned by Japan Exchange Group (JPX), a holding company that it also lists (TYO: 8697), and operated by Tokyo Stock Exchange, Inc.,[3] a wholly owned subsidiary of JPX. JPX was formed from merger of Tokyo Stock Exchange Group, Inc. with Osaka Securities Exchange Co., Ltd.[4] (now Osaka Exchange, Inc.[5]); the merger process began in July 2012, when said merger was approved by the Japan Fair Trade Commission.[6][4] JPX itself was launched on January 1, 2013.[7]

Overview

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The TSE is incorporated as a kabushiki gaisha (joint-stock company) with nine directors, four auditors and eight executive officers. Its headquarters are located at 2-1 Nihonbashi-Kabutochō, Chūō, Tokyo which is the largest financial district in Japan.

The main indices tracking the stock market of TSE are the Nikkei 225 index of companies selected by the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Japan's largest business newspaper), the TOPIX index based on the share prices of Prime companies, and the J30 index of large industrial companies maintained by Japan's major broadsheet newspapers. There are also active bond market and futures market.

Ninety-four domestic and 10 foreign securities companies participate in TSE trading. See: Members of the Tokyo Stock Exchange

Press club

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The exchange's press club, called the Kabuto Club (兜倶楽部, Kabuto kurabu), meets on the third floor of the TSE building. Most Kabuto Club members are affiliated with the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Kyodo News, Jiji Press, or business television broadcasters such as Bloomberg LP and CNBC. The Kabuto Club is generally busiest during April and May, when public companies release their annual accounts.

Hours

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The exchange's normal trading sessions are from 9:00 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. and from 12:30 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.[8] The exchange is closed for the following holidays: New Year's Day, Coming of Age Day, National Foundation Day, Vernal Equinox Day, Shōwa Day, Constitution Memorial Day, Greenery Day, Children's Day, Marine Day, Respect for the Aged Day, Autumnal Equinox, Health and Sports Day, Culture Day, Labour Thanksgiving Day, and The Emperor's Birthday.[9]

Stock market

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First, Second and other Sections until April 4, 2022

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Old market segments until April 2022 (in Japanese)

Until April 4, 2022,[10] corporate shares are listed and traded at Tokyo Stock Exchange in five market sections: the First Section which started when Tokyo Stock Exchange was re-established in 1949 and includes mainly large companies; the Second Section which started in 1961 and includes mainly mid-sized companies; JASDAQ (established in 1991, acquired by Osaka Stock Exchange in 2010, and absorbed into TSE in 2013) and Mothers (Market of the high-growth and emerging stocks, established at TSE in 1999) which are both for emerging companies; and TOKYO PRO Market which was established in 2009 jointly with London Stock Exchange as an Alternative Investment Market (Tokyo AIM) for small companies.

There were a total of 3,821 companies listed in Tokyo Stock Exchange, as of March 31, 2022.[11]

Listed in TSE (as of March 31, 2022)
Business size Market names Total (Overseas

companies)

Large Main Market

(本則市場)

First Section (市場第一部) 2,176 (1)
Mid-sized Second Section (市場第二部) 475 (1)
Emerging Mothers (マザーズ) 432 (3)
JASDAQ Standard (スタンダード) 652 (1)
Growth (グロース) 34 (0)
Small TOKYO PRO Market 52 (0)
Total 3,821 (6)

Prime, Standard and Growth markets since April 4, 2022

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Number of companies transitioning into the new market division structure on April 4, 2022 (in Japanese)

Beginning April 4, 2022, the market divisions were restructured into the Prime, Standard and Growth market divisions, differentiated by market liquidity, corporate governance, and other criteria.[10] Companies voluntarily selected their new division between September and December 2021, and the results were published on January 11, 2022.[10] From the First Section, 1841 companies were transitioned into the Prime market and 344 companies were transitioned into the Standard market. All 474 companies in the Second Section were also transitioned into the Standard market. From JASDAQ, all 658 companies in its Standard subsection were transitioned into the Standard market and all 36 companies in the Growth subsection were transitioned into the Growth market, along with all 424 companies in the Mothers section.

There were a total of 3,899 companies listed in Tokyo Stock Exchange, as of 21 August 2023.[11]

Listed in TSE (as of 21 August 2023)
Business size Market names Total (Overseas
companies)
Large Prime Market (プライム市場) 1,834 (1)
Mid-sized Standard Market (スタンダード市場) 1,440 (2)
Emerging Growth Market (グロース市場) 546 (3)
Small TOKYO PRO Market 79 (0)
Total 3,899 (6)

History

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Prewar

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The Tokyo Stock Exchange was established on May 15, 1878, as the Tokyo Kabushiki Torihikijo (東京株式取引所, also literally means the Tokyo Stock Exchange and shortened as Tōkabu (東株)) under the direction of then-Finance Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu and capitalist advocate Shibusawa Eiichi. Trading began on June 1, 1878.

In 1943, the exchange was combined with eleven[12] other stock exchanges in major Japanese cities to form a single Japanese Stock Exchange (日本証券取引所, Nippon Shōken Torihikisho). The combined exchange was shut down on August 1, days before the bombing of Hiroshima.

Postwar

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Logo used prior to JPX merger

The Tokyo Stock Exchange reopened under its current Japanese name on May 16, 1949, pursuant to the new Securities Exchange Act.

The TSE runup from 1983 to 1990 was unprecedented, in 1990 it accounted for over 60% of the world's stock market capitalization (by far the world's largest) before falling precipitously in value and rank one of the 4th largest exchange in the world by market capitalization of listed shares.[citation needed]

The current TSE building was opened on May 23, 1988, replacing the original TSE building from 1931, and the trading floor of the TSE was closed on April 30, 1999, so that the exchange could switch to electronic trading for all transactions. A new facility, called TSE Arrows (東証アローズ, Tōshō Arrows), opened on May 9, 2000. In 2010, the TSE launched its Arrowhead trading facility.[13]

In 2001, the TSE restructured itself as a kabushiki gaisha ("stock company"): before this time, it was structured as an incorporated association (社団法人, shadan hōjin) with its members as shareholders.

On 15 June 2007, the TSE paid $303 million to acquire a 4.99% stake in Singapore Exchange Ltd.[14]

The London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the TSE are developing jointly traded products and share technology, marking the latest cross-border deal among bourses as international competition heats up.

In July 2008, the LSE and the TSE announced a new joint venture Tokyo-based market, which will be based on the LSE's Alternative Investment Market (AIM).[15]

  •  
    Old Tokyo Stock Exchange building (c. 1960)
  •  
    Tokyo Stock Exchange (1950)
  •  
    The annular electric bulletin board on the market center (2018)
  •  
    Main room of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (2018)

Technology problems

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The exchange was only able to operate for 90 minutes on November 1, 2005, due to bugs with a newly installed transactions system, developed by Fujitsu, which was supposed to help cope with higher trading volumes. The interruption in trading was the worst in the history of the exchange until October 1, 2020.[16] Trading was suspended for four-and-a-half hours.

During the initial public offering of advertising giant Dentsu, in December 2001, a trader at UBS Warburg, the Swiss investment bank, sold 610,000 shares in this company at ¥6 each, while he intended to sell 16 shares at ¥600,000. The bank lost £71 million.[17]

During yet another initial public offering, that of J-Com, on December 8, 2005, an employee at Mizuho Securities Co., Ltd. mistakenly typed an order to sell 600,000 shares at ¥1 each, instead of an order to sell 1 share at ¥600,000. Mizuho failed to catch the error; the Tokyo Stock Exchange initially blocked attempts to cancel the order, resulting in a net loss of US$347 million to be shared between the exchange and Mizuho. Both companies are now trying to deal with their troubles: lack of error checking, lack of safeguards, lack of reliability, lack of transparency, lack of testing, loss of confidence, and loss of profits. On 11 December, the TSE acknowledged that its system was at fault in the Mizuho trade. On 21 December, Takuo Tsurushima, chief executive of the TSE, and two other senior executives resigned over the Mizuho affair.[16][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

On January 17, 2006, the Nikkei 225 fell 2.8%, its fastest drop in nine months, as investors sold stocks across the board in the wake of a raid by prosecutors on internet company livedoor. The Tokyo Stock Exchange suspended trading 20 minutes before the close on January 18 due to the trade volume threatening to exceed the exchange's computer system's capacity of 4.5 million trades per day. This was called the "livedoor shock". The exchange quickly increased its order capacity to five million trades a day.[25]

On October 9, 2018, one of the four gateways used for order entry was taken down after Merrill Lynch Japan Securities erroneously tried to establish a second connection after it had already connected.[26] Even though brokerages have access to alternative gateways, the outage caused "delays in execution, correction and cancellation" for many securities firms including Daiwa Securities and Nomura.[27]

On October 1, 2020, for the first time in its history as an all electronic exchange, the Tokyo Stock Exchange had to suspend trading in all shares for a whole day due to a technical glitch, causing buying and selling to freeze. This was announced just minutes before 9 a.m., when it was scheduled to open.[28] The problem was found to be in "the system for relaying market information", hence making the glitch a network problem, but the Asahi Shimbun reported that the glitch was due to a mechanical failure. The issue stemmed back to the "Arrowhead" trading system and the inability to fail over to backup hardware.[29] Other stock markets in Japan, including regional exchanges in Nagoya, Fukuoka and Sapporo, also suspended trading because they used the same technology platform as the TSE.[30][31][32] Meanwhile, derivatives on the OSE continued trading, with Nikkei futures ending the day 0.56% higher.[33] Japan Exchange Group Inc., which operates the Tokyo Stock Exchange, said that the suspension would be indefinite until the problem was resolved. Normal trading was resumed the following day.[34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Number of Listed Companies/Shares". Japan Exchange Group. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  2. ^ "Japan: monthly market capitalization of the Tokyo Stock Exchange 2024". Statista. 30 August 2024. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2024. Alt URL
  3. ^ "Company Profile - Tokyo Stock Exchange". Japan Exchange Group. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  4. ^ a b "News from OSE". Japan Exchange Group. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  5. ^ "Company Profile - Osaka Exchange". Japan Exchange Group. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  6. ^ "Japan approves merger of Tokyo and Osaka exchanges". BBC News. July 5, 2012. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  7. ^ Fukuyama, A. (January 14, 2012). "Tokyo Commodity Exchange to defer merger with Japan Exchange". The Asahi Shimbun. The Asahi Shimbun Company. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  8. ^ Market Hours, Tokyo Securities Exchange via Wikinvest
  9. ^ "TSE : Calendar". Archived from the original on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
  10. ^ a b c www.jpx.co.jp/english/equities/market-restructure/market-segments/index.html
  11. ^ a b "Number of Listed Companies/Shares". Japan Exchange Group. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  12. ^ "History".
  13. ^ Launch of "arrowhead", the Next-Generation Equity/CB Trading System -The Tokyo Market enters the Millisecond World with "arrowhead", Jan. 2, 2010 Archived March 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Yasu, Mariko (2007-06-15). "Tokyo Stock Exchange Buys 4.99% of Singapore Exchange (Update2)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
  15. ^ Ku, Daisy (July 29, 2008). "London bourse outlines framework for Tokyo JV". Uk.reuters.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
  16. ^ a b Fujitsu execs take pay cut after Tokyo exchange crash, 25th November 2005
  17. ^ Fat fingered typing costs a trader's bosses £128m
  18. ^ Tokyo Exchange Struggles With Snarls in Electronics NY Times, December 13, 2005
  19. ^ "What's Going on at the Tokyo Stock Exchange - Seeking Alpha". Seeking Alpha. December 15, 2005. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
  20. ^ Tokyo Stock Exchange admits error in Mizuho trade botch-up, 12 December 2005
  21. ^ Mizuho Says Trader Error to Cost It at Least $224 Mln (Update5), Bloomberg, December 9, 2005
  22. ^ "archives". Taipei Times. 2005-12-10. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  23. ^ "Tokyo Stock Exchange plans cash settlement in Mizuho fiasco - report". Forbes.com. November 12, 2005. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
  24. ^ "Botched stock trade costs Japan firm $225M - Business - World business - NBC News". NBC News. 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
  25. ^ After Panic, Tokyo Market Rebounds, The New York Times, January 19, 2006
  26. ^ "Regarding the Equity Trading System Glitch Occurring on October 9, 2018" (PDF).
  27. ^ "Tokyo Stock Exchange hit by system malfunction".
  28. ^ "Tokyo stock exchange halts trading in worst outage since 1999". Financial Times. October 1, 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  29. ^ "Report on the Cash Equity Trading System Failure on Oct. 1" (PDF).
  30. ^ He, Laura; Wakatsuki, Yoko (October 1, 2020). "Japan's Tokyo Stock Exchange suffers its worst outage ever". CNN. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  31. ^ "Tokyo stock exchange trading halted for the day due to technical problem". The Guardian. 2020-10-01. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  32. ^ Tsukimori, Osamu (October 1, 2020). "Tokyo trading halted for rest of Thursday due to hardware failure". The Japan Times. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  33. ^ White, Stanley; Yamamitsu, Eimi (2024-09-29). "Tokyo Stock Exchange paralysed by hardware glitch in worst-ever outage". Reuters. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  34. ^ Bhattacharya, Suryatapa; Tsuneoka, Chieko (October 2, 2020). "Tokyo Stock Exchange Resumes Trading After Daylong Shutdown". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
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