Wikipedia

1862–63 United States Senate elections

(Redirected from 1862 United States Senate special election in Rhode Island)

The 1862–63 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, occurring during the American Civil War. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1862 and 1863, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

1862–63 United States Senate elections
← 1860 & 1861 Various dates 1864 & 1865 →
22 of the 68 seats in the United States Senate[a] (with special elections)
25 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader John P. Hale[b]
(retired)
Party Republican Democratic
Leader since March 4, 1859
Leader's seat New Hampshire
Last election 29 seats 30 seats
Seats before 31 11
Seats won 32 10
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 1
Seats up 10 5
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Union Unconditional Unionist Party (US)
Last election New party New party
Seats before 6 Steady
Seats won 5 1
Seat change Decrease 1 Increase 1
Seats up 4 Steady
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Unionist Hold      Unconditional Unionist Gain
     Confederacy
Majority Party before election


Republican

Elected Majority Party


Republican

Since many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, six senators resigned to join the Confederacy, and 14 were expelled for supporting the rebellion: these seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.

The Republican Party increased their control of the Senate by gaining three seats, bringing their majority to two-thirds of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists, giving them a commanding majority.

Results summary

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Senate party division, 38th Congress (1863–1865)

  • Majority party: Republican (31), later rose to 33
  • Minority party: Democratic (10)
  • Other parties: Unionist (4), later dropped to 3; Unconditional Unionist (3), later rose to 4
  • Vacant: 20, later rose to 22
  • Total seats: 48, later rose to 50

Change in composition

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Before the elections

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At the beginning of 1862.

V4 V3 V2 V1
V5 V6 V7
Fla.
No race 		V8
Miss.
No race 		V9
Tenn.
No race 		V10
Texas
No race 		D1 D2 D3 D4
U4
Md.
Unknown 		U3 U2 U1 U10
Mo.
Expelled 		D9
Minn.
Retired 		D8
Del.
Ran 		D7
Calif.
Ran 		D6 D5
U5
Ind.
Retired 		U6
Va.
Retired 		R32
N.J.
Retired 		R31
Pa.
Retired 		R30
R.I.
Unknown 		R29
Wis.
Ran 		R28
Vt.
Ran 		R27
Ohio
Ran 		R26
N.Y.
Ran 		R25
Mich.
Ran
Majority →
R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22
Conn.
Ran 		R23
Maine
Ran 		R24
Mass.
Ran
R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5
V16 V15 V14 V13 V12 V11 R1 R2 R3 R4
V17 V18 V19 V20

As a result of the elections

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V4 V3 V2 V1
V5 V6 V7
Fla.
No race 		V8
Miss.
No race 		V9
Tenn.
No race 		V10
Texas
No race 		D1 D2 D3 D4
U4
Md.
Hold 		U3 U2 U1 D10
Pa.
Gain 		D9
N.J.
Gain[c] 		D8
Ind.
Gain[c] 		D7
Del.
Re-elected 		D6 D5
U5
Va.
Hold 		UU1
Mo.
Gain[d] 		R32
Minn.
Gain 		R31
Calif.
Gain 		R30
R.I.
Hold 		R29
N.Y.
Hold 		R28
Wis.
Re-elected 		R27
Vt.
Re-elected 		R26
Ohio
Re-elected 		R25
Mich.
Re-elected
Majority →
R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22
Conn.
Re-elected 		R23
Maine
Re-elected 		R24
Mass.
Re-elected
R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5
V16 V15 V14 V13 V12 V11 R1 R2 R3 R4
V17 V18 V19 V20

Beginning of the next Congress

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V4 V3 V2 V1
V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 D1 D2 D3
Ill.
Gain[c] 		D4
U4 U3 U2 U1 D9 D9
N.J.
Gain[c] 		D8
Ind.
Gain[c] 		D7 D6 D5
UU3
Md.
Changed 		UU2
Mo.
Changed 		UU1 R31 R30
R.I.
Hold[c] 		R29 R28 R27 R26 R25
Majority →
R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24
R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5
V16 V15 V14 V13 V12 V11 R1 R2 R3 R4
V17 V18 V19 V20
Key:
D# Democratic
R# Republican
UU# Unconditional Unionist
U# Unionist
V# Vacant

Race summaries

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Elections during the 37th Congress

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In these elections, the winners were seated during 1862 or in 1863 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Michigan
(Class 2) 		Kinsley S. Bingham Republican 1858 Incumbent died October 5, 1861.
New senator elected January 17, 1862.
Republican hold.
Oregon
(Class 2) 		Benjamin Stark Democratic 1862 (appointed) Interim appointee retired September 12, 1862 when successor elected.
New senator elected September 12, 1862.
Democratic hold.
Rhode Island
(Class 1) 		James F. Simmons Republican 1841
1847 (lost)
1856 		Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him.
New senator elected September 5, 1862.[2][3]
Republican hold.
Winner was not a candidate to the next term.
Illinois
(Class 2) 		Orville H. Browning Republican 1861 (appointed) Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.
New senator elected January 12, 1863.
Democratic gain.
Indiana
(Class 1) 		Joseph A. Wright Unionist 1862 (appointed) Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected.
New senator elected January 14, 1863.
Democratic gain.
Winner was not elected to the next term, as the next senator had already been elected.
New Jersey
(Class 1) 		Richard S. Field Republican 1862 (appointed) Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected.
New senator elected January 14, 1863.
Democratic gain.
Winner was not elected to the next term.

Elections leading to the 38th Congress

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In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
California Milton Latham Democratic 1860 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected as a Democrat in 1862 or 1863.
Senator then changed party to Republican after the election.
Republican gain.
Connecticut James Dixon Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected in 1863.
Delaware James A. Bayard Jr. Democratic 1851
1857 		Incumbent re-elected in 1863.
Florida Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Stephen Mallory (D) withdrew. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868. 		None.
Indiana Joseph A. Wright Unionist 1862 (appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected in 1862.
Democratic gain.
Appointee was not a candidate to finish the term; see below.
Maine Lot M. Morrill Republican 1861 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1863.
Maryland Anthony Kennedy Unionist 1856–57 Incumbent lost re-election or retired.
New senator elected in 1862 or 1863.
Unionist hold.
Massachusetts Charles Sumner Republican 1851 (special)
1857 		Incumbent re-elected in 1863.
Michigan Zachariah Chandler Republican 1857 Incumbent re-elected in 1863.
Minnesota Henry Mower Rice Democratic 1858 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1863.
Republican gain.
  • ▌ Y Alexander Ramsey (Republican) 45 (72.58%)
  • ▌Andrew G. Chatfield (Democratic) 17 (27.42%)[7]
Mississippi Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Jefferson Davis (D) resigned. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1870. 		None.
Missouri John B. Henderson Unionist 1862 (appointed) Interim appointee elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1863.
Unconditional Unionist gain.
New Jersey John Renshaw Thomson Democratic 1853 (special)
1857 		Incumbent died September 12, 1862.
New senator elected in 1862 or 1863.
Democratic hold.
New York Preston King Republican 1857 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected February 3, 1863.
Republican hold
Ohio Benjamin Wade Republican 1851
1856 		Incumbent re-elected in 1863.
Pennsylvania David Wilmot Republican 1861 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 13, 1863.
Democratic gain.
Rhode Island James F. Simmons Republican 1841
1847 (lost)
1856 		Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him.
New senator elected in 1862.
Republican hold.
Winner was not a candidate to finish the term.
Tennessee Vacant since March 4, 1862 when Andrew Johnson (D)
resigned to become Military Governor of Tennessee. 		Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1866. 		None.
Texas Vacant since March 23, 1861 when Louis Wigfall (D) withdrew. Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1870. 		None.
Vermont Solomon Foot Republican 1850
1856 		Incumbent re-elected in 1862.
Virginia Waitman T. Willey Unionist 1861 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1863.
Unionist hold.
Wisconsin James R. Doolittle Republican 1857 Incumbent re-elected in 1863.

Elections during the 38th Congress

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In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
West Virginia
(Class 1) 		None (new state) West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863.
Senator elected August 4, 1863.
Unconditional Unionist gain.
West Virginia
(Class 2) 		West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863.
Senator elected August 4, 1863.
Unconditional Unionist gain.
Missouri
(Class 3) 		Robert Wilson Unconditional
Unionist 		1862 (appointed) Interim appointee retired when successor elected.
New senator elected November 13, 1863.
Unconditional Unionist hold.

California

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See also: List of United States senators from California and 1863 United States House of Representatives election in California

Connecticut

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See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut

Delaware

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See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 1862 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware

Florida

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See also: List of United States senators from Florida

Illinois (special)

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Senator William Richardson
See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois

Republican appointee Orville Browning, who had been appointed in June 1861 on the death of Stephen A. Douglas, retired instead of running to finish the class 2 term.

Democrat William Richardson won the January 12, 1863 special election over Governor of Illinois Richard Yates.

Richardson would lose renomination in the 1865 election to the next term, which Yates would win.

Indiana

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See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana

Indiana (special)

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Democratic incumbent Jesse D. Bright was expelled from the Senate February 5, 1862 for supporting the Confederacy.

The governor appointed Unionist former-Governor Joseph A. Wright February 24, 1862, until a successor could be elected to finish the term.

Democrat David Turpie was elected to finish the term, ending March 3, 1863.

Turpie was not a candidate for the next term, however.

Indiana (regular)

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Former United States Representante Thomas A. Hendricks, who had not been a candidate to finish the current term, was elected in 1862 to the next term, starting March 4, 1863.

Maine

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Senator Lot M. Morrill
See also: List of United States senators from Maine

First-term Republican Lot M. Morrill was elected to his first full term January 13, 1863.

Maryland

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See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
1863 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1857 1863 1868 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate Reverdy Johnson
Party Democratic
Legislative vote -
Percentage -%

Reverdy Johnson won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.[9]

Massachusetts

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Senator Charles Sumner
See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts

Two-term Republican Charles Sumner was re-elected.

Sumner would be re-elected again in 1869 and serve until his death in 1874.

Michigan

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See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan

Michigan (special)

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Michigan (regular)

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Minnesota

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See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota

Minnesota's U.S. Senate election was held January 14, 1863 by the state legislature in a joint convention. Alexander Ramsey was a former Whig U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 14th Congressional District (1843-1847), former Minnesota Territorial Governor (1849-1853), former mayor of St. Paul (1855), and sitting Minnesota governor (1860-1863). Ramsey's main challengers for the Republican nomination were Cyrus Aldrich, David Cooper, and James Smith during balloting on January 12, 1863.[7] Andrew G. Chatfield was a former New York state legislator and Associate Justice of the Minnesota Territorial Supreme Court (1849-1858).[7]

Vote for U.S. Senator in joint session of the Minnesota legislature[7]
Republican Alexander Ramsey 45 72.58
Democrat Andrew G. Chatfield 17 27.42

Mississippi

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See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi

Missouri

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See also: List of United States senators from Missouri and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri

Missouri (regular)

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Senator John B. Henderson

Democrat Trusten Polk was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 1 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) John B. Henderson was appointed January 17, 1862 to finish the term.

Henderson was elected to the next term in 1863.

Missouri (special)

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Senator Benjamin Gratz Brown

Democrat Waldo P. Johnson was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 3 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) Robert Wilson was appointed January 17, 1862 to continue the term, pending a special election.

Fellow Unconditional Unionist Benjamin Gratz Brown was elected and would align with the Radical Republicans. He would retire at the end of his term in 1867 due to ill health.

New Jersey

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See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey

In both elections, the New Jersey legislature elected its senators in joint convention.

New Jersey (special)

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Senator James W. Wall

Elected January 14, 1863

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James W. Wall 53 67.1
Republican Richard S. Field 23 29.1
Unknown William Cook 1 1.3
Republican William A. Newell 2 2.5

Wall was not elected to the next term, so he only served for less than two months.

New Jersey (regular)

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Senator William Wright

Former senator William Wright was elected February 26, 1863.

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature[11]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William Wright 54 68.4
Republican William A. Newell 25 31.6

Wright would serve until his death in 1866.

New York

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Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

The New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.

Republican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.

At the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862–1863) in the state senate. At the state election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.

The election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.[e] The Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew. The Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator,[12] managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.[13]

The caucus of Republican[f] State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859–1862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent senator Preston King was voted down.

1863 Republican caucus for United States Senator result
Office Candidate Informal
ballot 		First
ballot 		Second
ballot
U.S. Senator Edwin D. Morgan 25 39 50
Preston King 19 16 11
Daniel S. Dickinson 15 11 13
Charles B. Sedgwick 11 7 1
David Dudley Field 7 5 2
Henry J. Raymond 6 8 9
Ward Hunt 4
Henry R. Selden 1
blank 1

The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that "each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper." They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.

In the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem.), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union general in the Civil War. A second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican state senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.

In the state senate, Edwin D. Morgan was nominated.

Both houses of the legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.

Edwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the state legislature.

House Republican Democrat Also ran
State Senate
(32 members) 		Edwin D. Morgan 23 Erastus Corning 7
State Assembly
(128 members)
first ballot 		Edwin D. Morgan 64 Erastus Corning 62 John Adams Dix 1 Fernando Wood 1
State Assembly
(128 members)
second ballot 		Erastus Corning 63 John Adams Dix 65
State Legislature
(160 members)
joint ballot 		Edwin D. Morgan 86 Erastus Corning 70 John Adams Dix 1 Daniel S. Dickinson 1

Ohio

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See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio

Oregon (special)

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See also: List of United States senators from Oregon and 1862 United States House of Representatives election in Oregon

Pennsylvania

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Main article: 1863 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[14]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863, to elect a senator as follows:

State Legislature Results[14][15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Charles R. Buckalew 67 50.38
Republican Simon Cameron 65 48.87
Republican William D. Kelley 1 0.75
Totals 133 100.00%

Rhode Island

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See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island

Two-term (once in the 1840s and again until 1863) Republican James F. Simmons resigned August 15, 1862 as the Senate was preparing to expel him for bribery.

Rhode Island (special)

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Senator Samuel G. Arnold

Republican Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island Samuel G. Arnold was elected September 5, 1862 to finish Simmons's term.

Rhode Island (regular)

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Senator William Sprague IV

Republican Governor of Rhode Island William Sprague IV was elected to the next term.

Tennessee

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See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee

Texas

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See also: List of United States senators from Texas

Vermont

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See also: List of United States senators from Vermont and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont

Virginia

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See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

Wisconsin

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See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin and 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin

West Virginia

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1863 United States Senate election in West Virginia
 
August 4, 1863 1865 →
1869 →
Needed to win: Majority support of the Joint Session of the Legislature[g]
       
Candidate Waitman Willey Peter Van Winkle Archibald Campbell
Party Uncond. Union Uncond. Union Republican
First ballot 50 votes
73.5% 		22 votes
32.3% 		27 votes
39.7%
Sixth ballot Elected 46 votes
68.6% 		12 votes
17.9%
   
Candidate Others
First ballot 34 votes
50.0%
Sixth ballot 9 votes
13.4%
Elected U.S. senators

Waitman Willey (UU)
Peter Van Winkle (UU)

See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia

There were two races for the new state.

Peter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey, both Unconditional Unionists, were elected August 4, 1863.

Van Winkle would serve just until the 1869 end of his term.

Before being elected senator from West Virginia, Willey was a senator from Virginia representing the Restored Government of Virginia, presenting their petition to Congress for West Virginia's statehood. He would be re-elected in 1865 to the next term served until the end of that term in 1871.

Party Candidate Ballots
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Unconditional Union Waitman Willey 50 Elected
Unconditional Union Peter Van Winkle 22 19 23 26 33 46
Republican Archibald Campbell 27 26 22 22 15 12
Democratic Benjamin H. Smith 24 17 13 5 4 2
Democratic Daniel Lamb Not nominated 6 6 With.
Scattering 10 6 8 8 9 7
Total 133 68 66 67 67 67
Needed to win 35 35 34 34 34 34

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 20 seats would remain vacant due to Southern secession.
  2. ^ as Republican Conference Chair
  3. ^ a b c d e f Same party result in the regular and the special elections, although different winners
  4. ^ Also appointed as a Unionist to finish the current term
  5. ^ In 1819, 1825 and 1839, no U.S. Senator could be elected because nobody was nominated by either the Assembly or the State Senate due to stalemated votes.
  6. ^ The newspapers used at the time the terms "Republican", "Republican Union" and "Union" synonymously. Many, but not all, of these legislators had been elected on a Union ticket nominated by Republicans and War Democrats. The word Union also referred to those who supported the incumbent federal administration during the Civil War as opposed to both the Southern "Confederates", and the Anti-War Democrats, headed by Governor Horatio Seymour.
  7. ^ During the first ballot, members were allowed to cast two votes simultaneously, nearly doubling the number of votes in the election. However, the necessary threshold for election stood at a majority of members voting (35) rather than a majority of votes themselves (67), allowing Willey to win on the first ballot. On successive ballots, each member only cast one vote, as there remained only one seat left to fill.

References

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  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Manual with rules and orders for the use of the General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island. Rhode Island manual-1973/74. Providence Press Co.
  3. ^ a b c "Our Campaigns - RI US Senate - Special Election Race - Sep 05, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - IL US Senate Special Race - Jan 12, 1863". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Journal of the Senate of Maine 1863. Augusta, Maine: Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State. 1863. p. 57.
  6. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Jan 15, 1863". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020. (citing Lowell Daily Citizen and News, January 16, 1863)
  7. ^ a b c d University of Minnesota Libraries, University of Minnesota. "1863 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election". Minnesota Historical Election Archive. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - RI US Senate Race - May 28, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  9. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1863". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  10. ^ "Journal of the Nineteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey begin the Eighty-seventh Session of the Legislature". Senate Journal. Morristown, New Jersey: Louis C. Vogt: 448–449. 1863. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301342.
  11. ^ "Journal of the Nineteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey begin the Eighty-seventh Session of the Legislature". Senate Journal. Morristown, New Jersey: Louis C. Vogt: 450. 1863. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301342.
  12. ^ Important from Albany – New Phase In the Struggle for the Speakership. Withdrawal of Mr. Sherwood from the Contest. Mr. Callicott, of Kings, Democrat, Nominated by the Republicans. Filibustering by the Democrats to Prevent a Vote in The New York Times on January 17, 1863
  13. ^ Important from Albany – Mr. Callicott Elected Speaker in The New York Times on January 27, 1863
  14. ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 13 January 1863" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  15. ^ "PA US Senate - 1863". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
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