On the morning of March 13, 1888, an explosion took place on Ritter Island, a small volcanic island in the Bismarck and Solomon Seas, between New Britain and Umboi Island. The explosion resulted in the collapse of most of the island and generated a tsunami with runups of up to 15 meters (49 ft) that caused damage more than 700 kilometers (430 mi) away and killed anywhere between 500 and 3,000 on neighboring islands, including scientists and explorers.[5][4][3][6][7][8] This event is the largest volcanic island sector collapse in recent history.[5][1]
| 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami | |
|---|---|
| Volcano | Ritter Island |
| Start date | March 13, 1888 |
| End date | March 13, 1888 |
| Type | Phreatic or phreatomagmatic[1] |
| Location | Bismarck Sea (German New Guinea) 5°31′12″S 148°06′54″E / 5.520°S 148.115°E |
| VEI | 2–3[2][3] |
| Impact | Volcanic summit collapsed resulting in a tsunami |
| Deaths | 500–3,000[4] |
  Ritter Island | |
Background
editRitter Island in the Bismarck Archipelago is an active stratovolcano located off the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea. It is one of the many active volcanoes in Papua New Guinea as a result of subduction of the Solomon Sea plate beneath the Bismarck Plate along the New Britain Trench.[9] This process has also resulted in earthquakes both on the subduction zone and within the two tectonic plates. A magnitude 8.1 earthquake in Morobe Province, for example, occurred as a result of the ongoing subduction of the two plates. That event triggered a tsunami and caused some damage to the region.[10][11][12]
Pre-1888 Ritter Island
editBefore the eruption of 1888, the island was described as a steep-sided and almost-circular volcanic cone. An eruption in 1700 was described as impressive and was a notable feature to sailors passing through the Dampier Strait. It had an estimated height of 780 meters (2,560 ft).[9] Based on sketches done in the 1830s, the sides of the volcano had an average angle of 45°, with the western flank thought to be steeper as it had perhaps experienced very small landslides.[1] In other illustrations, the slopes were measured at up to 50°, and are likely exaggerations. Earlier signs of activity were recorded in 1699 and 1793, displaying Strombolian-style eruptions while the 1835 and 1848 events were associated with smoking and steaming.[6][1] The eruptions in 1887 and 1878 are somewhat debated, some sources claiming they had indeed occurred on the island while others suggest otherwise.[6] An account written anonymously stated that ashfall and tremors possibly from Ritter Island were recorded at Finschhafen in February 1887.[13]
Soon after the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which also generated a large tsunami, scientists concluded that Ritter Island would have the same eruptive characteristics as Krakatoa.[14]
Eruption and collapse
editThe eruption of Ritter Island resulted in a massive lateral collapse of the volcano, the largest ever recorded in historical times.[4] There were no detected precursor events that led up to this event. About 5 cubic kilometers (1.2 cu mi) of material making up the summit of the island was deposited to the northwest. Its volume was almost two times greater than that of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.[4][15] The only remnants of the volcano above sea level are a crescent-shaped island and a small islet near its southern tip. As the summit had entirely collapsed, the height of the island was greatly reduced to just 140 meters (460 ft), from 780 meters (2,560 ft).[9][1]
Since there were no direct observations and accounts of the collapse, volcanologists could only make presumptions of the collapse sequence. During the eruption, at 6:00 am, a portion of the flank that failed slid for one to two kilometers (0.62 to 1.24 mi). The slide may have come down in one whole piece, or in a few massive blocks. Upon sliding, the block or blocks further broke apart and formed a debris avalanche.[1] The larger blocks of deposit halted while the rest of the avalanche consisting of smaller debris continued on its path, between the islands of Sakar and Umboi. Its final resting place lies at the edge of the Bismarck Sea, some 70 kilometers (43 mi) from the remnant of the island, burying a 100-square-kilometer (39 sq mi) area under volcanic deposits with an average thickness of 46 meters (151 ft).[16]
Based on reports of the tsunami manifesting in one series, the landslide was likely a single, uninterrupted phase, beginning with a lateral spreading event which then accelerated to a violent collapse. The Ritter collapse did not involve a magmatic eruption, as suggested by researchers; rather, they were phreatomagmatic or phreatic eruptions.[1] Its collapse characteristic is similar to that of Mount Bandai that same year.[14] In both events, the landslide tore off the magma conduit and thus would have allowed seawater to interact and cause the explosion.[1]
According to locals, the event was devoid of huge explosive activity during the collapse, but the sound of small explosions were heard, along with earthquakes. These eyewitnesses described hearing the explosions and comparing them to shots. The eruption itself was very short, apparently lasting a mere 30 minutes in a single episode. Ashfall from the volcano was also insignificant.[16] These have been associated with phreatic explosions as magma interacted with seawater; therefore, it is unlikely that explosions caused the tsunami.[15]
Post-collapse
edit
After the collapse, only a crescent-shaped island 140 meters (460 ft) high was left.[16] A steep, amphitheater-like scar forms the headwall and landslide scarp above the water. The scar faces a west-northwest direction and extends some 900 meters (3,000 ft) to the western base of the volcanic cone.[16] The volcano is still active, and minor eruptions occurred for the first time since the collapse in 1972.[9]
Tsunami
editAt 06:30 local time, a witness at Finschhafen heard the sound of thunder that was later followed-up by the receding of the sea. The water level at the town was so low that it posed dangers to ships at the harbor. In two minutes, a reef near Madang was exposed some 1.5–1.8 metres (5–6 ft) due to the retreating sea. The tsunami caused some moderate damage to coastal houses, while some canoes were taken out to sea and lost.[13]
On the shores of New Britain, the tsunami killed 13 people in an expedition from Finschhafen. The group comprised two Germans, four Malays, and 12 Melanesians from the Duke of York Islands who had arrived on March 6 in search of a place to create a coffee plantation. They were situated along the coast near a cliff when the waves struck. It washed away tents and parts of the forest on the island. Detritus up to 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) thick dumped by the tsunami, consisting of sand, debris, and dead fish, buried the coast.[3] The waves had also eroded away parts of the coastline, shaving parts of the forest and exposing the soil.[17] On the evening of March 15, a German captain visited the site and found it totally devastated.[17] A search party was sent out to rescue the two Germans missing, but found only five Melanesians. They had survived by clutching onto the branches of trees before the tsunami struck.[13] The remaining five survivors that were later rescued measured a maximum wave height of 12–15 metres (39–49 ft) based on tidemarks left on trees.[15]
In Hatzfeldhaven, 330 km (210 mi) away,[18] the waves were 7–8 metres (23–26 ft) high when they arrived. It destroyed a yam store and a boat shelter and brought along with it some lumber that was to be used for a bridge. Meanwhile, in Kelana, another village, poorly constructed houses were swept away.[19]
On Umboi Island, many inhabitants along the coasts drowned when the tsunami advanced towards them. Along the northern coast of the island, the tsunami completely wiped out villages.[20] Every village situated along the Dampier Strait was destroyed by the tsunami, but the exact number of casualties is not known, possibly in the hundreds.[3][20]
In Arica, Chile, four large waves were seen approaching the shore. Ships docked at the port were said to have been smashed by the waves while others capsized.[20]
Tide gauges in Sydney recorded unusual readings not associated with tidal floods on March 15 to 17 that were attributed to the tsunami.[20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Karstens, Jens; Berndt, Christian; Urlaub, Morelia; Watt, Sebastian F.L.; Micallef, Aaron; Ray, Melanie; Klaucke, Ingo (2019). "From gradual spreading to catastrophic collapse – Reconstruction of the 1888 Ritter Island volcanic sector collapse from high-resolution 3D seismic data". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 517: 1–13. Bibcode:2019E&PSL.517....1K. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.009. ISSN 0012-821X. S2CID 150016618.
- ^ "Ritter Island". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ^ a b c d "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Paris, R.; Switzer, A.D.; Belousova, M. (2014). "Volcanic tsunami: a review of source mechanisms, past events and hazards in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea)". Natural Hazards. 70 (1): 447–440. Bibcode:2014NatHa..70..447P. doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0822-8. S2CID 73610567.
- ^ a b Siebert, Lee; Reid, Mark E.; Vallance, James W.; Pierson, Thomas C. (2019). Katherine Jacques (ed.). "When Volcanoes Fall Down—Catastrophic Collapse and Debris Avalanches" (PDF). Fact Sheet 2019–3023. United States Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
- ^ a b c Karstens, J.; Kelfoun, K.; Watt, S.F.L. (2020). "Combining 3D seismics, eyewitness accounts and numerical simulations to reconstruct the 1888 Ritter Island sector collapse and tsunami". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 109 (8): 2659–2677. Bibcode:2020IJEaS.109.2659K. doi:10.1007/s00531-020-01854-4.
- ^ Micallef, Aaron; Watt, Sebastian F. L.; Berndt, Christian; Urlaub, Morelia; Brune, Sascha; Klaucke, Ingo; Böttner, Christoph; Karstens, Jens; Elger, Judith (2017). "An 1888 Volcanic Collapse Becomes a Benchmark for Tsunami Models". eos.org. Archived from the original on 2019-08-30. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ J. Keeley (2010). "Volcanogenic Tsunamis". volcano.oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "Global Volcanism Program | Ritter Island". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ "Tsunami Event SOLOMON SEA". National Geophysical Data Center. Archived from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ "Significant Earthquake PAPUA NEW GUINEA: NEW BRITAIN". National Geophysical Data Center. Archived from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ "M 8.0 – eastern New Guinea region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ a b c R. Wally Johnson (2013). Fire Mountains of the Islands: A History of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Australia: Australian National University E Press. pp. 65–70. ISBN 9781922144232.
- ^ a b Siebert, Lee; Glicken, Harry; Ui, Tadahide (1987). "Volcanic hazards from Bezymianny- and Bandai-type eruptions" (PDF). Bulletin of Volcanology. 49 (1): 435–459. Bibcode:1987BVol...49..435S. doi:10.1007/BF01046635. S2CID 55499424.
- ^ a b c Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (2003). "Ritter Island Volcano—lateral collapse and the tsunami of 1888". Geophysical Journal International. 154 (3): 891–902. Bibcode:2003GeoJI.154..891W. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02016.x.
- ^ a b c d Day, Simon; Llanes, Pilar; Silver, Eli; Hoffmann, Gary; Ward, Steve; Driscoll, Neal (2015). "Submarine landslide deposits of the historical lateral collapse of Ritter Island, Papua New Guinea". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 67: 419–438. Bibcode:2015MarPG..67..419D. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.05.017. ISSN 0264-8172.
- ^ a b NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database. "Tsunami Event Information PAPUA NEW GUINEA". National Geophysical Data Center. Archived from the original on 2021-02-14. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ Paris, Raphael (2015). "Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 373 (2053). Bibcode:2015RSPTA.37340380P. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0380. PMID 26392617.
- ^ R. J. Blong (1984). Volcanic Hazards: A Sourcebook on the Effects of Eruptions. Australia: Academic Press Australia. pp. 237–238. ISBN 9781483288208.
- ^ a b c d "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 2021-02-06.