1930 Polish parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 16 November 1930, with Senate elections held a week later on 23 November.[2] In what became known as the Brest elections (Polish: Wybory brzeskie), the pro-Sanation Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government took 47% of the vote and 249 of the 444 seats in Sejm and 77 of the 111 seats in the Senate. The elections are known as the least free elections in the Second Polish Republic due to the Brest trial controversy.

1930 Polish parliamentary election

← 1928 23 November 1930 (1930-11-23) (Sejm and Senate) 1935 →

All 444 seats to the Sejm
Turnout74.8%[1]
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
Slawek_i_Daszynski.png
Joachim_Bartoszewicz,_senator,_ze_zbiorów_NAC.jpg
Mieczysław Niedziałkowski (poseł).jpg
Leader Walery Sławek Joachim Bartoszewicz Mieczysław Niedziałkowski
Party BBWR SN PPS
Leader since November 1927 October 1928 1930
(as chairman of PPS caucus)
Leader's seat 1 – Warsaw Senate - Kielce Area 9 - Płock
Last election 125 Did not exist
(28 as ZLN)
64
Seats won 249 63 23
(79 as Centrolew)
Seat change Increase 124 Increase 25 Decrease 41
Popular vote 5,292,725 1,443,165 590,820
Percentage 46.7% 12.7% 5.1%
(17.3% as Centrolew)

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Jan Dąbski.PNG
Dymitr Lewicki.png
AGAD AGAD Witos Wincenty list gończy zdjęcie.png
Leader Jan Dąbski Dmytro Levytsky Wincenty Witos
Party SCh UNDO PSL "Piast"
Leader since 1929 1925 December 1, 1918
Leader's seat State list - no. 7 51 - Lwów 84 - Tarnów
Last election 26 26 17
(28 as Catholic Bloc)
Seats won 18
(79 as Centrolew)
17
(21 as BUB)
15
(79 as Centrolew)
Seat change Decrease 8 Decrease 9 Decrease 2
Popular vote 472,656 449,033 401,758
Percentage 4.0%
(17.3% as Centrolew)
3.8% 3.4%
(17.3% as Centrolew)

  Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party
 
Malinowski Maksymilian.jpg
Ponikowski.png
Karol Popiel.png
Leader Maksymilian Malinowski Antoni Ponikowski Karol Popiel
Party PSL "Wyzwolenie" PSChD NPR
Leader since 1925 1925 1929
Leader's seat 27 - Zamość State list - no. 19 none
Last election 40 16
(28 as Catholic Bloc)
14
Seats won 15
(79 as Centrolew)
14 8
(79 as Centrolew)
Seat change Decrease 25 Decrease 2 Decrease 6
Popular vote ca. 400,000 430,074 165,429
Percentage 3.4%
(17.3% as Centrolew)
3.8% 1.4%
(17.3% as Centrolew)

Results by constituency

Prime Minister before election

Kazimierz Bartel
BBWR

Elected Prime Minister

Walery Sławek
BBWR

Controversy

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The elections were rigged by the pro-Sanacja elements in the Polish government[3][4] under the control of Józef Piłsudski (although Piłsudski left most of the details of the internal politics to others).[5] After the BBWR came up well short of a majority in the 1928 elections, Sanacja and Piłsudski left nothing to chance.

 
Satirical drawing from Hasło Łódzkie newspaper, 5 October 1930. The text: "From the series: 'Most popular Polish spa towns' - Brest-on-the-Bug." The picture is a reference to the Brest trial and the "Brest elections", when many Polish politicians of the Centrolew party were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress (pictured).

The elections were supposed to take place in May, but the government invalidated the May results by disbanding the parliament in August[4] and with increasing pressure on the opposition started a new campaign, the new elections being scheduled to November.[6] Using the anti-government demonstrations as a pretext, 20[4] members of the oppositions, including most of the leaders of Centrolew alliance (from the Polish Socialist Party, Polish People's Party "Piast" and Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie") were arrested[5] in September without a warrant, only on the order of the minister of internal security, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski accusing them of plotting an anti-government coup.[7] The opposition members (who included the former prime minister Wincenty Witos, and the Silesian national hero, Wojciech Korfanty) were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress, where their trial took place (thus the popular name for the election: the 'Brest election'). A number of less known activists were arrested throughout the country. They were released after the end of the election in the same month. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with 10 accused receiving sentences up to three years of imprisonment. Some of them decided to emigrate instead.[5]

In addition, the minorities were also discriminated against;[8] the government crackdown on opposition was especially hard in the eastern provinces,[4][9] affecting the Blok Ukraińsko-Białoruski (Ukrainian-Belarusian Bloc) party.

On 24 November 1930, Time, in its coverage of the elections, wrote:

During the campaign which ended in Poland's general election last week, opposition papers were so mercilessly censored that some were reduced to printing pictures of Friederich Nietzsche (1844–1900) with the caption: He Died Crazy. Because Dictator Jozef Pilsudski has publicly made such statements as that "Parliament is a prostitute!" (Time, July 9, 1928) and because he somewhat resembles Philosopher Nietzsche in face and whiskers, his government promptly confiscated all Nietzschean campaign pictures, all papers in which they appeared.[10]

Nonetheless despite the governments pressure, the opposition members (from Centrolew and endecja) still sat in the parliament,[11] soon in the new parliament they tried to pass the motion of no confidence to the new government. The imprisonment and trial of political opponents was a setback for Polish democracy, but no genuinely open trials of political opponents such as the one in Poland took place elsewhere in contemporary Central Europe[7] The exception was the 1933 Berlin trial of the Bulgarian communist Georgy M. Dimitrov. The success of BBWR, while certainly enhanced by the government crackdown on opposition, also stemmed from the fact that Sanacja and Piłsudski's held considerable support, and the Centrolew politicians were viewed as incapable in preventing the economic crisis (Great Depression).[12] The Centrolew coalition fell apart in 1931 due to internal conflicts.

Results

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Sejm

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Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government5,292,72546.70249+124
CentrolewPolish Socialist Party1,965,86417.3523–42
Peasant Party18–8
Polish People's Party "Piast"15–2
Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"15–25
National Workers' Party8–6
Total79–89
National List1,443,16512.7363+25
Ukrainian-Belarusian Electoral Bloc725,9846.4121+4
People's Catholic Bloc430,0743.7914-20
German Electoral Bloc309,7132.735-
Unity of Workers and Peasants232,3142.0540
Bloc of the Defence of the Rights of the Jewish Nation246,8402.182-
Jewish National Bloc184,9681.634-
All-Jewish National Economic Bloc150,1461.321-
Socialists' Bloc52,4330.461-
ZLCh Samopomoc [pl]22,9190.201-
Polish Socialist Party – former Revolutionary Faction [pl]74,0960.650-
Bloc of the Socialist LeftGeneral Jewish Labour Bund in Poland71,1230.630
Independent Socialist Labour Party
Sel-Rob "Jedność" [pl]23,7220.210-
Poale Zion19,2060.170-
Central Union of Cultural and Economic Organizations12,3590.110-
Ruska Selańska Organizacja11,4650.100-1
Ukrainian Labour Party [pl]10,7440.090-
Polish Socialist Party - Left [pl]7,9580.070-
Monarchists1,8160.0200
Others44,1610.390-
Total11,333,795100.004440
Valid votes11,333,79595.92
Invalid/blank votes482,6184.08
Total votes11,816,413100.00
Registered voters/turnout15,791,27874.83
Source: Statystyka Wyborów do Sejmu i Senatu z dnia 16 i 23 Listopada 1930 roku (PDF). Warsaw. 1935. p. XXX.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Senate

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PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government3,715,27354.6677+29
Centrolew882,63612.9913
National List882,21512.9812+3
Ukrainian-Belarusian Electoral Bloc434,0426.394+2
German Electoral Bloc236,4713.483-18
People's Catholic Bloc160,4442.362–4
All-Jewish National Economic Bloc148,5222.190-
Bloc of the Defence of the Rights of the Jewish Nation146,7262.160-
Jewish National Bloc79,3581.170-
Unity of Workers and Peasants60,4450.890-
Socialists' Bloc15,7130.230-
Polish Socialist Party – former Revolutionary Faction [pl]10,5100.150-
Sel-Rob "Jedność" [pl]8,7630.130-
Ruska Sielańska Organizacja7,5940.110-
Central Union of Cultural and Economic Organizations1,7440.030-
Polish Socialist Party - Left [pl]1430.000-
Others6,5890.100
Total6,797,188100.001110
Valid votes6,797,18898.36
Invalid/blank votes113,4031.64
Total votes6,910,591100.00
Registered voters/turnout10,894,32563.43
Source: Statystyka Wyborów do Sejmu i Senatu z dnia 16 i 23 Listopada 1930 roku (PDF). Warsaw. 1935. p. XXX.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

References

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  1. ^ Polska 1918–2018. Warsaw. 2018. p. 29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1491 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  3. ^ Norman Davies (1982). God's Playground, a History of Poland: 1795 to the present. Columbia University Press. pp. 422–. ISBN 978-0-231-05353-2. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d Andrzej Paczkowski; Jane Cave (2003). The spring will be ours: Poland and the Poles from occupation to freedom. Penn State Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-0-271-02308-3. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  5. ^ a b c Richard Crampton; Ben Crampton (1997). Atlas of Eastern Europe in the twentieth century. Routledge. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-415-16461-0. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  6. ^ Timothy Snyder (2005). Sketches from a secret war: a Polish artist's mission to liberate Soviet Ukraine. Yale University Press. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-0-300-10670-1. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  7. ^ a b Anna M. Cienciala (Fall 2007) [2002]. "DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND FOREIGN POLICIES OF INTERWAR EAST EUROPEAN STATES". Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  8. ^ Richard Blanke (1993). Orphans of Versailles: the Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-0-8131-1803-1. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  9. ^ Karl Cordell (18 October 2000). Poland and the European Union. Psychology Press. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-0-415-23885-4. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  10. ^ "POLAND: Nietzschean Election". Time. 1930-11-24. Archived from the original on April 12, 2005. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  11. ^ Michael H. Bernhard (1993). The origins of democratization in Poland: workers, intellectuals, and oppositional politics, 1976-1980. Columbia University Press. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-0-231-08093-4. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  12. ^ "Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl". Wiadomosci.polska.pl. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
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