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1946 Great Britain Lions tour

(Redirected from 1946 Rugby league Ashes series)

The 1946 Great Britain Lions tour was a tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team of Australia and New Zealand which took place between April and August 1946. The tour involved a schedule of 27 games: 20 in Australia including a three-test series against Australia for the Ashes, and a further 7 in New Zealand including one test match against New Zealand.

1946 Great Britain Lions tour
ManagerW. Poppleton and W. Gabbatt
Tour captain(s)Gus Risman
Top point scorer(s)Ernest Ward (101)
Top try scorer(s)Jimmy Lewthwaite (25)
Top test point scorer(s)Arthur Bassett (15)
Top test try scorer(s)Arthur Bassett (5)
Summary
P W D L
Total
27 21 01 05
Test match
04 02 01 01
Opponent
P W D L
Australia
3 2 1 0
New Zealand
1 0 0 1
Tour chronology
Previous tour1936
Next tour1950

Captained by Gus Risman, the Lions returned home having won 21, drawn 1 and lost 5 of their games. The team lost the test match against New Zealand but in winning the Ashes against Australia 2–0 (with one match drawn) they became the only Great Britain team to date to be unbeaten in a Test series against Australia in Australia.[1]

Despite being a British team – 11 of the squad were Welsh – the team played, and were often referred to by both the press at home and away, as England. The team became known by the nickname The Indomitables due to their travelling to Australia on-board the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable.

The tour was the first major sporting series played abroad by a British side in any sport after the Second World War.[1]

Background

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In September 1945 the Australian Minister for External Affairs, H. V. Evatt issued an invitation to the Rugby Football League (RFL) to send a team to Australia during the summer of 1946.[2] The RFL were at first unsure about accepting due to the state of the game in Britain after the war but after consulting with the clubs,[3] the offer was accepted on a 19–4 vote in October 1945 subject to suitable travelling arrangements being made.[4]

The issue of transport to Australia almost resulted in the tour being cancelled; the travel arrangements were the responsibility of the Australian authorities who were unable to find passage on a commercial ship. As late as the beginning of March 1946 there was a likelihood that the tour would not go ahead.[5] Eventually the Australian High Commission in London arranged transport on the Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable, the first time a rugby league team had travelled by warship.[6]

Travel to and from New Zealand was also an issue. Again the shortage of commercial shipping was the problem and in June the New Zealand leg of the tour was in jeopardy because of the unavailability of a ship back to Britain until the end of August.[7] Arrangements were made for some of the squad to fly to Auckland from Sydney before the third test against Australia with the rest flying after the third test, and berths were found on the RMS Rangitiki.[8]

Squad

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On previous tours it had been the practice for every playing position to be duplicated in player selection to cover for injuries but this practice was not followed for this tour, with 15 backs and only 11 forwards selected, including five centres and only three prop-forwards.[9] The 26 man squad was announced in March 1946. Appointed captain was Salford centre Gus Risman with Widnes scrum-half Tommy McCue as vice-captain. Risman and McCue were the only members of the squad who had been on the previous tour to Australia and New Zealand in 1936. The tour was one of the first to use squad numbering rather than position numbering.[10]

Backs
Squad number Name Club
Fullbacks
1 Martin Ryan Wigan
2 Joe Jones Barrow
Threequarters
Right wings
3 Eric Batten Bradford Northern
4 Jimmy Lewthwaite Barrow
Left wings
10 Arthur Bassett Halifax
11 Albert Johnson Warrington
Centres
5 Gus Risman Salford
6 Ernest Ward Bradford Northern
7 Ted Ward Wigan
8 Bryn Knowelden Barrow
9 Jack Kitching Bradford Northern
Half-backs
Stand-offs
12 Willie Horne Barrow
13 Willie Davies Bradford Northern
Scrum-halfs
14 Tommy McCue Widnes
15 Dai Jenkins Leeds
Forwards
Squad number Name Club
Front row
Hookers
19 Joe Egan Wigan
20 George Curran Salford
Props
16 Frank Whitcombe Bradford Northern
17 Fred Hughes Workington
18 Ken Gee Wigan
Back row
Second-rows
21 Bob Nicholson Huddersfield
22 Doug Phillips Oldham
23 Les White York
24 Trevor Foster Bradford Northern
Loose forwards
25 Harry Murphy Wakefield Trinity
26 Ike Owens Leeds

The team manager was W. Poppleton of Bramley and W. Gabbatt of Barrow was the business manager. W. Crockford of Hull Kingston Rovers represented the Rugby Football League Council, although he was not officially a member of the squad management and was paying his own way.[9]

Following the announcement of the squad the Rugby Football League (RFL) entered into discussions with the War Office over leave of absence for White, Phillips and Ernie Ward as all three were still serving soldiers. Initially the War Office refused permission for White and Phillips,[11] but following representations to the Secretary of State for War, Jack Lawson, the decision was overturned within 24 hours and permission given for the three to tour.[12][13] Had permission not been granted the RFL had already identified replacements; R. Robson of Huddersfield for Phillips, E. Watkins of Wigan for White and S. Rookes of Hunslet for Ward.[11]

Each player was paid 30/- shillings per week at sea and 50/- per week on land with their wives receiving £3 per week and 7/6 (seven shillings and six pence) per child.[14]

The tour was also the first with an official press presence. Three British news reporters, Ernest Crawthorne of the Manchester Evening News, Alfred Drewery of The Yorkshire Post and Eddie Waring of the Sunday Pictorial all accompanied the team on the voyage and around Australia and New Zealand. Once in Australia they were joined by Australian journalist, Harry Sunderland.[15]

Schedule and results

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The squad sailed from Devonport on 3 April 1946 and arrived in Fremantle on 30 April. Indomitable was supposed to continue to Sydney but for operational reasons the voyage was curtailed at Fremantle. The team as well as a large number of navy personnel and returning Australian and New Zealand soldiers were disembarked and travelled by train across Australia, leaving Fremantle on 8 May and arriving in Sydney on 12 May.[16][17]

Prior to leaving Fremantle the squad played an exhibition match, fulfilling a commitment made to the captain of the Indomitable during the voyage; splitting into two teams, McCue's "Reds" beat Risman's "Blues" 24–5.[18] A collection for naval charities raised £44 to which the RFL added £10/10.[19]

Date Opponents Venue Score (GB first) Attendance Notes
22 May Southern Districts Junee Won 36–4[20][21] 6,135 Southern Districts was the representative team for clubs in Group 9 of the New South Wales Country Rugby League
29 May Group 8 Rugby League Manuka Oval, Canberra Won 45–12[22][23] 5,095
1 June New South Wales Sydney Cricket Ground Won 14–10[24] 51,364 Program
2 June South Coast Division The Showground, Wollongong Lost 12–15[25][26] 12,000 South Coast Division was a representative team for clubs in the Illawarra Rugby League
8 June New South Wales Sydney Cricket Ground Won 21–7[27] 47,431 Program
12 June Western Districts Orange Won 33–2[28][29] 8,318 Western Districts was the representative team for clubs in Group 10 of the New South Wales country rugby league
15 June Newcastle The Sports Ground, Newcastle Lost 13–18[30][31] 17,134
17 June Australia Sydney Cricket Ground Drawn
8–8[32][33]		 64,527 Program
19 June Northern Districts Tamworth Oval, Tamworth Won 61–5[34] 7,270 Northern District was the representative tea for clubs in Group 4 of the New South Wales country rugby league
22 June Queensland Brisbane Cricket Ground Lost 24–25[35] 21,500
25 June Wide Bay Bundaberg Won 16–12[36][37] 6,356
27 June Central Queensland Rockhampton Won 35–12[38][39] 7,070
30 June North Queensland Townsville Won 55–16[40] 7,567
2 July Mackay Mackay Won 94–0[41] 5,044 Mackay was the representative team for clubs in the Mackay & District Rugby League. The score set a new record for a touring side against a representative team.[42]
6 July Australia Brisbane Exhibition Ground Won 14–5[43][44] 40,500
9 July Brisbane Firsts Brisbane Cricket Ground Won 21–15[45] 15,722
11 July Ipswich Ipswich Won 29–12[46] 5,200
13 July Toowoomba Toowoomba Won 34–5[47] 9,863 Before the game started the roof of a building at the ground collapsed due to over 200 people standing on it in an attempt to see the game. One person was injured in the collapse and was taken to hospital.[48]
16 July North Coast The Showground, Grafton Won 53–8[49][50] 6,955 North Coast was the representative team for clubs in Group 2 and Group 3 of the NSW Country Rugby League
20 July Australia Sydney Cricket Ground Won 20–7[51][52] 35,294 Program

The third test was the final match of the Australian leg of the tour. To transfer to New Zealand it had been arranged for the team to fly, the size of the aircraft involved made it necessary for the party to travel by three separate flights from Rose Bay Water Airport on 22, 23 and 24 July.[51]

Date Opponents Venue Score (GB first) Attendance Notes
24 July South Island Christchurch Won 24–12[53] 8,000
27 July West Coast Victoria Park, Greymouth Lost 8–17[54] 4,000
31 July Māori Wellington Won 32–8[55] 10,000
3 August Auckland Carlaw Park, Auckland Won 9–7[56] 18,000
6 August South Auckland Huntly Won 42–12[57] 3,000
10 August New Zealand Carlaw Park, Auckland Lost 8–13[58][59] 11,000
12 August Auckland Carlaw Park, Auckland Won 22–9[60] 12,400

The team sailed for home on 14 August on-board RMS Rangitiki arriving at Tilbury on 24 September.[61][62]

Ashes series

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Test venues

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The three Ashes series tests took place at the following venues.

First test

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17 June 1946
3:00 pm AEDT
Australia   8–8   England
Tries: Ron Bailey
Lionel Cooper
Goals: Joe Jorgenson
 Tries: Willie Horne
Frank Whitcombe
Goals: Gus Risman
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
Attendance: 64,527
Referee: Tom McMahon Jr.
Australia Position England
13. Dave Parkinson FB 5. Gus Risman (c)
9. Lionel Cooper WG 3. Eric Batten
10. Joe Jorgenson (c) CE 6. Ernest Ward
11. Ron Bailey CE 9. Jack Kitching
12. Edgar Newham WG 11. Albert Johnson
8. Pat Devery FE/SO 12. Willie Horne
7. John Grice HB/SH 14. Tommy McCue
3. Roy Westaway PR 16. Frank Whitcombe
2. George Watt HK 19. Joe Egan
  1. Frank Farrell
 PR 18. Ken Gee
5. Reg Kay SR 23. Les White
4. Arthur Clues SR 22. Doug Phillips
6. Noel Mulligan LK/LF 26. Ike Owens

The first test was played at Sydney Cricket Ground on 17 June 1946. Queues to get into the ground started the previous evening and by 7:30 am on the morning of the test the Australian authorities felt it necessary to open the gates to the ground several hours early and by 11:30 am the ground was full.[32]

The game kicked off as scheduled and England took an early lead as stand-off Willie Horne scored a try in only the third minute after picking up a wayward Australian pass close to the Australian line. Risman missed the conversion, the first of several misses in his kicking game during the match. Australian captain Joe Jorgenson kicked a penalty soon after to make the score 3–2 to England. The talking point of the match came after half an hour of the first half when England centre Jack Kitching was sent off for punching Jorgenson. Despite the dismissal England took a 6–2 lead when Frank Whitcombe scored a try just before half-time.

In the second half, with England disorganised after Kitching's dismissal, Australia fought back and brought the score to 6–5 with a try by centre Ron Bailey. England extended struck back as Risman kicked a penalty but with ten minutes left Australia equalised as winger Lionel Cooper scored a try. In the closing minutes both Risman and Jorgenson missed penalty chances which could have won the game for their countries. Most observers agreed that England would probably have won if the sending-off of Kitching hadn't happened.[63][64]

After the game Kitching said he had pushed Jorgenson away and claimed he had been bitten.[64] Jorgenson denied he had bitten Kitching and the judicial committee of the New South Wales Rugby League agreed dismissing Kitching's claim without hearing from Jorgenson and cautioning Kitching for punching.[65] With this Kitching and the English management wanted to forget the whole incident but Jorgenson wanted a hearing to clear his name,[66] but the committee declined the request and reiterated that they had no evidence Jorgenson had bitten Kitching, Jorgenson was not guilty of any improper conduct and "his good name and the team record had not been impaired" and that there was no need for Jorgenson to appear before the committee.[67]

Second test

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6 July 1946
2:30 pm AEDT
Australia   5–14   England
Tries: Lionel Cooper
Goals: Joe Jorgenson
 Tries: Arthur Bassett (3)
Albert Johnson
Goals: Ernest Ward
Brisbane Exhibition Ground, Brisbane
Attendance: 40,500
Referee: Stan Chambers
Australia Position England
Dave Parkinson FB Ernest Ward
Lionel Cooper WG Arthur Bassett
Joe Jorgenson CE Gus Risman (c)
Ron Bailey (c) CE Ted Ward
Edgar Newham WG Albert Johnson
Pat Devery FE/SO Willie Horne
John Grice HB/SH Tommy McCue
Roy Westaway PR Frank Whitcombe
George Watt HK Joe Egan
Frank Farrell PR Ken Gee
Reg Kay SR Les White
Arthur Clues SR Doug Phillips
Jack Hutchinson LK/LF Ike Owens

After the drawn test in Sydney, England only needed to win the second test to retain the Ashes as a tied series would result in the holders keeping the trophy. Australia made just one change to their side with loose forward Jack Hutchinson replacing the injured Noel Mulligan; the captaincy also changed as Ron Bailey succeeded fellow centre Joe Jorgenson.[68] England made two changes with Arthur Bassett replacing an injured Eric Batten on the wing and Ted Ward replacing the suspended Jack Kitching. Also in the backs Gus Risman and Ernest Ward swapped positions to Ward at fullback and Risman at centre.[69]

The game was played at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground on 6 July 1946. Despite a public transport strike and continuing restrictions on non-essential travel, huge queues had formed outside the ground by early morning and the gates were opened at 7 am, several hours before kick off. By 10 am the ground was full and the gates locked; this was unpopular with the thousands still outside the ground and the gates were crashed and an estimated additional 10,000 people broke into the ground.[70] This still left many more outside the ground and the Australian team who had set off early for the ground had considerable trouble gaining entrance; the England side only got to the ground due to the police arranging an escort for the team cars and forcing their way through the crowds.[71][72]

When the match started it was a closely contested game for the first quarter before England opened scoring as debutant Arthur Bassett gained possession from a McCue kick to score a try on the wing. The only other points of the first half were from Ernest Ward's boot as he scored a penalty from outside the Australian 25-yard (20-metre) line.

With England starting the second half with a 5–0 lead, Australia had to score first to get back into the game and minutes into the second half they did so as Jorgenson put a penalty over to make the score 5–2. Shortly afterwards though Bassett scored his second try to increase England's lead to six points. Australia came back with a try through captain Ron Bailey before England scored two further tries to put the game beyond Australia's reach; the first was scored by Albert Johnson and then Bassett completed his hat trick to make the score 14–5. Just before the end England hooker Joe Egan was sent off for hitting Australian second-rower Arthur Clues after Clues made a heavy tackle on Ernest Ward which Egan thought should have been penalised by the referee. As he was leaving the pitch Egan was heard to say "If the referee won't do his job, then someone has to".[73] Soon after the game ended and England had retained the Ashes.[74][75]

The attendance was officially recorded as 40,500 but estimates are that the number watching was closed to 60,000 when the gatecrashers and members of the Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland (owners of the ground) are included.[76]

Third test

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20 July 1946
3:00 pm AEDT
Australia   7–20   England
Tries: Clem Kennedy
Goals: Joe Jorgenson (2)
 Tries: Arthur Bassett (2)
George Curran
Ike Owens
Goals: Gus Risman (3)
Ted Ward
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
Attendance: 35,294
Referee: Tom McMahon Jr.
Australia Position England
13. Dave Parkinson FB 6. Ernest Ward
9. Lionel Cooper WG 10. Arthur Bassett
10. Joe Jorgenson (c) CE 5. Gus Risman (c)
11. Trevor Eather CE 6. Ted Ward
16. Noel White WG 3. Eric Batten
8. Pat Devery FE/SO 12. Willie Horne
7. Clem Kennedy HB/SH 14. Tommy McCue
3. Jim Armstrong PR 20. George Curran
2. George Watt HK 19. Joe Egan
1. Frank Farrell PR 18. Ken Gee
5. Reg Kay SR 23. Les White
4. Arthur Clues SR 22. Doug Phillips
6. Noel Mulligan LK/LF 26. Ike Owens

England came into the game making two changes from the previous test. Prop Frank Whitcombe was replaced by George Curran and Eric Batten was recalled to the wing. Australia made five changes with Trevor Eather, Noel White and Clem Kennedy being called up into the backs while Jim Armstrong and Noel Mulligan came into the forwards.

With the Ashes already decided the game at Sydney Cricket Ground on 20 July was about pride for both teams and the match was hotly contested from the start. Almost a quarter of the game had gone before either side scored and it was Australia who took the lead as Joe Jorgenson kicked a penalty. England equalised with a Gus Risman field goal before another Jorgenson penalty restores Australia's lead. Australia then scored the game's first try; George Watt collecting a wayward England kick and passing to Clem Kennedy who scored the try. At half-time Australia led 7–2 but that was to be short-lived as the second half started with England scoring eight points in the first four minutes of the half. First was a Risman penalty, then tries from Arthur Bassett and Curran to put England 12–8 ahead. Australis mounted pressure on the English line but lost momentum when Arthur Clues was sent-off for attempting a dangerous swinging arm tackle on Risman. Clues actually missed Risman but the attempt was so blatant that the referee had to send Clues off. England made use of the one-man advantage and scored two further converted tries, the first by Ike Owens and the second, right at the end of the game, by Bassett to win 20–7.[77][78]

New Zealand test

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10 August 1946
3:00PM NZDT
New Zealand   13–8   England
Tries: Bruce Graham
Goals: Warwick Clarke (5)
 Tries: Eric Batten
Ernest Ward
Goals: Ernest Ward
Carlaw Park, Auckland
Attendance: 11,000
Referee: J. Donovan
New Zealand Position England
Warwick Clarke FB Joe Jones
Roy Nurse WG Albert Johnson
Len Jordan CE Bryn Knowelden
Maurie Robertson CE Ernest Ward
Bill Mountford WG Eric Batten
Roy Clark (c) FE/SO Willie Davies
Rex Cunningham HB/SH Tommy McCue (c)
John Newton PR Bob Nicholson
Bob Aynsley HK George Curran
Bruce Graham PR Ken Gee
Arthur Gillman SR Les White
Charlie McBride SR Trevor Foster
Travers Hardwick LK/LF Ike Owens

The sole test match in New Zealand was played at a rain-soaked Carlaw Park in Auckland on 10 August 1946. England gave test debuts to three players; Joe Jones, Trevor Foster and Bryn Knowelden while the entire New Zealand team were previously uncapped.[79]

On a very heavy pitch the first half was played with many stoppages by the referee and no tries were scored. Instead New Zealand led 6–0 at half-time through three penalties kicked by fullback Warwick Clarke.

The second half coincided with more rain that hampered ball-handling for the rest of the game. England came back with tries by Eric Batten and Ernest Ward to equalise. Ward then kicked a penalty to put England ahead before New Zealand took a winning lead as Bruce Graham scored a try after catching a Clarke penalty attempt that rebounded from the goalpost. Clarke's conversion and his kicking a further penalty made the final score 13–8.[80][81]

Finances

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Net receipts for the tour were £46,312 (£38,226 from the Australian matches and £8,085 from the New Zealand leg) of which England's share was £27,782 (60%). Expenses and allowances to the players and their families amounted to £18,145 leaving a profit of £9,647. Of this a third was split between the squad who therefore received £123/13/7 each and the remainder of £6,431 went to the RFL.[82]

Statistics

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Overall England outscored their opponents almost 3:1 scoring 783 points while conceding 276.[83]

Played Won Drawn Lost Points for Tries scored Goals scored Points against Tries conceded Goals conceded
Overall 27 21 1 5 783 181 120 276 48 66
In Australia 20 16 1 3 638 146 100 198 36 45
In New Zealand 7 5 0 2 145 35 20 78 12 21

All 26 players appeared at some point on the tour. Harry Murphy was unlucky and broke a collarbone during the match against Group 8 which ruled him out of the rest of the tour having played just the single match.[84] Martin Ryan also missed most of the tour after being diagnosed with a hernia which required an operation and lengthy convalescence.[85]

Appearances[83]
Name Matches played Tries scored Goals scored Points scored
Martin Ryan 4 1 0 3
Joe Jones 11 1 1 5
Eric Batten 13 18 0 54
Jimmy Lewthwaite 15 25 0 75
Arthur Bassett 11 18 0 54
Albert Johnson 17 15 3 51
Gus Risman 14 3 31 71
Ernest Ward 16 5 43 101
Ted Ward 12 5 32 79
Bryn Knowelden 13 15 0 45
Jack Kitching 12 17 0 51
Willie Horne 14 9 6 39
Willie Davies 14 5 0 15
Tommy McCue 15 0 0 0
Dai Jenkins 11 1 0 3
Joe Egan 17 6 0 18
George Curran 16 2 0 6
Frank Whitcombe 19 3 0 9
Fred Hughes 13 4 0 12
Ken Gee 18 1 0 3
Bob Nicholson 11 5 0 15
Doug Phillips 18 3 0 9
Les White 18 6 0 18
Trevor Foster 10 1 0 3
Harry Murphy 1 1 0 3
Ike Owens 18 11 4 41

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b "Joe Egan obituary". The Guardian. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  2. ^ "British Rugby invited to Australia". Lincolnshire Echo. No. 15,313. 4 September 1945. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  3. ^ "Yes or No to Australia". Yorkshire Evening Post. No. 17,156. 20 October 1945. p. 6 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  4. ^ "Rugby League vote for tour". Yorkshire Post. No. 30,635. 25 October 1945. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  5. ^ "Tour may be off". Lancashire Evening Post. No. 18,421. 4 March 1946. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  6. ^ "Navy sets a precedent". The Age. No. 28,364. 21 March 1946. p. 1 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ "English team's tour of N.Z. in the balance". Morning Bulletin. No. 26,528. 22 June 1946. p. 4 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. ^ "New Zealand Tour For English Team". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 33,862. 4 July 1946. p. 9 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ a b "Rugby League rely on experience for the Australia tour: notable omissions". Yorkshire Post. No. 30,751. 12 March 1946. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  10. ^ Thomson (2009), p. 7.
  11. ^ a b "Australian tour: R.L. side to sail from Devonport". Western Morning News. No. 26,890. 26 March 1946. p. 5 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  12. ^ "Ward and Phillips may be released". Yorkshire Post. No. 30,762. 25 March 1946. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  13. ^ "Army frees R.L. men for Australia". Yorkshire Evening Post. No. 17,288. 26 March 1946. p. 1 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  14. ^ Thomson (2009), pp. 6–7.
  15. ^ Thomson (2009), p. 14.
  16. ^ "Rugby visitors. Leave for Sydney today". The West Australian. Vol. 62, no. 18,662. 7 May 1946. p. 3 – via National Library of Australia.
  17. ^ "Englishmen too heavy – training to start at S.C.G. to-day". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 33,817. 13 May 1946. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
  18. ^ "Rugby League tourists in Fremantle try-out". Yorkshire Post. No. 30,793. 1 May 1946. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  19. ^ Thomson (2009), pp. 16–17.
  20. ^ "England's Brilliant Win". Cootamundra Herald. Cootamundra: National Library of Australia. 24 May 1946. p. 4. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Englishman open tour promisingly; backing-up a feature". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 33,826. 23 May 1946. p. 9 – via National Library of Australia.
  22. ^ "Group 8 Plays Stiring Rugby Against English Team". The Canberra Times. Canberra: National Library of Australia. 30 May 1946. p. 2. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  23. ^ "England wins 45 to 12; Murphy off hurt". The Sun. No. 11,340. 29 May 1946. p. 14 – via National Library of Australia.
  24. ^ "Experience beats N.S.W. Englishmen win 14–10". Sunday Mail. No. 841. 2 June 1946. p. 13 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ^ "South Coast Division's 15-12 Win". South Coast Times and Wollongong Argus. Wollongong: National Library of Australia. 7 June 1946. p. 17. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  26. ^ "Englishmen beaten at Wollongong; finish with 11 players". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 33,835. 3 June 1946. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
  27. ^ "Cautions, vicious tackles; game nearly out of hand". The Sun. No. 2252. 9 June 1946. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
  28. ^ "Win for England". Western Advocate. Bathurst: National Library of Australia. 13 June 1946. p. 3. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  29. ^ "Rugby League". Daily Advertiser. 13 June 1946. p. 5 – via National Library of Australia.
  30. ^ "Coach Taught Backs to Stop England". Newcastle Morning Herald. Newcastle: National Library of Australia. 17 June 1946. p. 8. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  31. ^ "Second upset for England by Newcastle". The Sun. No. 2253. 16 June 1946. p. 4 – via National Library of Australia.
  32. ^ a b "Eight-all draw". The Armidale Express And New England General Advertiser. No. 3394. 17 June 1946. p. 11 – via National Library of Australia.
  33. ^ "England draw in first R.L. test in Australia". Hull Daily Mail. No. 18,903. 17 June 1946. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  34. ^ "England 61 to 5 in orgy of scoring". The Sun. No. 11,358. 19 June 1946. p. 16 – via National Library of Australia.
  35. ^ "Q'land beats England by a point". The Sun. No. 11,361. 22 June 1946. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
  36. ^ "Englishmen Held to 16-12 by Wide Bay". Maryborough Chronicle. Maryborough: National Library of Australia. 26 June 1946. p. 5. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  37. ^ "England Lucky to Win, 16–12, At Bundaberg". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. No. 21,755. 26 June 1946. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
  38. ^ "English Side Shows Speed And Cleverness In Rockhampton Game". The Morning Bulletin. Rockhampton: National Library of Australia. 28 June 1946. p. 8. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  39. ^ "Rugby League: England beats C.Q." Daily Mercury. Vol. 80, no. 153. 28 June 1946. p. 3 – via National Library of Australia.
  40. ^ "Match Against North Q'land Side Just Test Gallop For Englishmen". The Evening Advocate. 1 July 1946. p. 4 – via National Library of Australia.
  41. ^ "England's record 94–0 win at Mackay: Ward in form". The Courier-Mail. No. 2998. 3 July 1946. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
  42. ^ "English League players in game of records". Daily Mercury. Vol. 80, no. 157. 3 July 1946. p. 3 – via National Library of Australia.
  43. ^ "League 'Ashes' retained by England 14 to 5 Second Test Win Over Australia". The Telegraph. 6 July 1946. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
  44. ^ "England beat Australia: retain R.L. Ashes". Yorkshire Evening Post. No. 17,374. 6 July 1946. p. 8 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  45. ^ "Englishmen win". Cairns Post. No. 13,838. 10 July 1946. p. 2 – via National Library of Australia.
  46. ^ "Rugby League — Ipswich down 29–12 to clever English side". Queensland Times. No. 18,598. 12 July 1946. p. 3 – via National Library of Australia.
  47. ^ "Englishmen beat Toowoomba 34—5". Queensland Times. No. 18,600. 15 July 1946. p. 3 – via National Library of Australia.
  48. ^ "Roof Crashes: Sensation At Toowoomba Football Ground". Truth. No. 2416. 14 July 1946. p. 14 – via National Library of Australia.
  49. ^ "English Forwards Dominate Play In Easy Grafton Win". The Daily Examiner. Grafton: National Library of Australia. 17 July 1946. p. 5. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  50. ^ "England defeats North Coast 53–8". Tweed Daily. Vol. XXXIII, no. 170. 17 July 1946. p. 4 – via National Library of Australia.
  51. ^ a b "England wins Rugby Ashes in rough test". The Canberra Times. Vol. 20, no. 6,017. 22 July 1946. p. 3 – via National Library of Australia.
  52. ^ "England unbeaten in R.L. Tests". Hull Daily Mail. No. 18,932. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  53. ^ "England Has 24—12 Win". The Telegraph. 27 July 1946. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
  54. ^ "Englishmen lose on waterlogged N.Z. field". Tweed Daily. Vol. XXXIII, no. 175. 30 July 1946. p. 4 – via National Library of Australia.
  55. ^ "England beats Maoris". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 33,886. 1 August 1946. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
  56. ^ "England Has Narrow Win In Auckland". The Telegraph. 3 August 1946. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
  57. ^ "R.L. tourists' fourth successive win". Hull Daily Mail. No. 18,947. 7 August 1946. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  58. ^ "Test defeat in slush for R.L. team". Yorkshire Evening Post. No. 17,404. 10 August 1946. p. 8 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  59. ^ "Kiwis Boot England". The Telegraph. 10 August 1946. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
  60. ^ "R.L. tourists win last match". Hull Daily Mail. No. 18,951. 12 August 1946. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  61. ^ "'Great Success' is verdict: R.L. Tour Stars". Yorkshire Evening Post. No. 17,406. 13 August 1946. p. 8 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  62. ^ "North ready to welcome the R.L. tourists". Yorkshire Post. No. 30,917. 24 September 1946. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  63. ^ "Rugby League: Australia Draws With England in First League Test". Warwick Daily News. No. 8386. 18 June 1946. p. 4 – via National Library of Australia.
  64. ^ a b "Draw in First R.L. Test Match". Yorkshire Evening Post. No. 17,357. 17 June 1946. p. 8 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  65. ^ "Allegation By Kitching Of Biting Denied". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 33,848. 18 June 1946. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
  66. ^ "Jorgenson's bit to clear name: 'Biting' claim sequel". The Courier-Mail. No. 2986. 19 June 1946. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
  67. ^ "Jorgenson cleared of biting charge". The Courier-Mail. No. 2987. 20 June 1946. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
  68. ^ "Australia's team". Cairns Post. No. 13,830. 1 July 1946. p. 1 – via National Library of Australia.
  69. ^ "Batten Out of Test; Both Sides Confident". The Sun. No. 11,372. 5 July 1946. p. 14 – via National Library of Australia.
  70. ^ "Test match crowd's wild stampede". Truth. No. 2946. 7 July 1946. p. 1 – via National Library of Australia.
  71. ^ "Crowds storm rugby gates". The Daily News. Vol. LXIV, no. 22,228. 6 July 1946. p. 1 – via National Library of Australia.
  72. ^ Thomson (2009), pp. 71–72.
  73. ^ Thomson (2009), p. 78.
  74. ^ "England wins torrid test by 14 to 5". The Sun. No. 11,373. 6 July 1946. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.
  75. ^ "England retains R.L. Ashes: Bassett's big part in 14–5 test victory". Hull Daily Mail. No. 18,920. 6 July 1946. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  76. ^ Thomson (2009), p. 72.
  77. ^ "England Wins Third League Test By 20–7". The Newcastle Sun. No. 8910. 20 July 1946. p. 12 – via National Library of Australia.
  78. ^ "20–7 Test win for England". Yorkshire Evening Post. No. 17,386. 20 August 1946. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  79. ^ Thomson (2009), pp. 102, 149–150.
  80. ^ "Sensational try gave NZ victory". The Telegraph. 12 August 1946. p. 14 – via National Library of Australia.
  81. ^ "untitled". Lancashire Evening Post. No. 18,556. 12 August 1946. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  82. ^ Thomson (2009), p. 156.
  83. ^ a b Thomson (2009), p. 155.
  84. ^ Thomson (2009), p. 34.
  85. ^ Thomson (2009), pp. 43–44.

Sources

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  • Thomson, Colin (2009). The Indomitables: The 1946 Rugby League Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. London League Publications. ISBN 978-1903659-44-1.
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