The Estadio Nacional disaster occurred on 24 May 1964 at the Estadio Nacional (National Stadium) in Lima, Peru, during a match between football teams from Peru and Argentina.[1] An unpopular decision by the referee outraged the Peruvian fans, who invaded the pitch. Police retaliated by shooting tear gas into the crowd, causing a mass exodus. The deaths mainly occurred from people suffering from internal haemorrhaging or asphyxiation from the crushing against the steel shutters that led down to the street. The incident is considered one of the deadliest incidents in the history of association football.
 The stadium's western entrance before the 2011 renovations | |
| Date | 24 May 1964 |
|---|---|
| Location | Estadio Nacional, Lima, Peru |
| Coordinates | 12°04′02.2″S 77°02′01.4″W / 12.067278°S 77.033722°W |
| Cause | A stampede as a result of the police gassing the crowd who rebelled against the match. |
| Deaths | 328 |
| Non-fatal injuries | 500 |
Background
editSituation in Peru
editVarious political and social tensions were present in Peru leading up to the disaster. Labour disputes and worker demonstrations were present across the country. Leftist and communist forces were quite powerful around the country and frequently clashed with the police.[1] Peasant struggles grew amid agrarian reforms enacted by the government.
South American qualifiers
editOn 24 May 1964, Peru hosted Argentina at the Estadio Nacional in Lima. The game, in the qualifying round for the Tokyo Olympics' football tournament, was considered significant for Peruvian football: Peru, then holding the second qualifying place in the CONMEBOL table, would face a tough match against Brazil in their final game. The match attracted a crowd of 53000 to the stadium, a little over 5% of Lima's population at the time.[1]
Events
editWith Argentina leading 1–0 and six minutes of normal time remaining, a would-be equalising goal by Peru was disallowed by Uruguayan referee Ángel Eduardo Pazos. This decision angered the home fans and caused a pitch invasion. An eyewitness described the fans throwing seat cushions and bottles and other objects.[2] Peruvian police shot tear gas canisters into the northern grandstand and fired shots into the air to prevent further fans from invading the field of play.[3] This caused panic and an attempt at a mass exodus to avoid the tear gas.
Rather than standard gates, the stadium had solid corrugated steel shutters at the bottom of tunnels that connected the street level, via several flights of steps, to the seating areas above. These shutters were closed as they normally were at every game. Panicked spectators moving down the enclosed stairways pressed those in the lead against the closed shutters, but this was not visible to the crowd pushing down the stairwells from behind. The shutters finally burst outward as a result of pressure from the crush of bodies inside. All of those that died were killed in the stairwells down to the street level, most from internal haemorrhaging or asphyxia. No one who stayed inside of the stadium died.[4][5] A baby was born in the stadium at the height of the panic, but it is not known if the child or mother survived.[6]
In the street, the crowd caused destruction to private property around the stadium. Fans set fire to private houses and businesses. Reports indicated some individuals threw paper soaked in petrol into a nearby garage and broke factory and house windows. After a three-hour running battle, mounted police set up a cordon to prevent further damage.[7] Police repelled a mob headed for the home of Commander Jorge de Asumbuja who they accused of ordering the firing of tear gas into the stands.[8] Police repelled another mob headed toward the home of President Fernando Belaunde Terry to protest against police brutality.[6] Crowds gathered outside hospitals and expressed anger toward the police. The following day, on 25 May, police disbanded a small demonstration by students outside San Marcos University, accusing the students of giving inflammatory speeches.[9][10]
Aftermath
editResponse and reactions
editTo quell the unrest in Lima, the government ordered the suspension of civil liberties, enforced a state of emergency, and imposed a modified form of martial law.[11][12] A state of national mourning was also ordered.[12] The government attributed the riot to Trotskyist agitators.[13] Pope Paul VI called on fans to subdue their celebrations out of respect for the victims of the disaster.[14]
As of 2024, the Peruvian government has not conducted an in-depth investigation into the disaster.[13]
South American qualifiers
editAfter the incident, all remaining matches of the CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament were cancelled. With both Peru and Brazil tied in the points standings, it was decided a playoff game was to be played to determine which team would qualify for the Olympics. Brazil defeated Peru 4-0 and qualified for the Olympics in Tokyo.[15]
Death toll
editThe official death toll has been reported as 328, though some sources suggest higher numbers since deaths by gunshot were not counted in the official estimates.[13] Early radio accounts reported 500 had been killed with almost 1000 injured.[16] At 328, the death toll is still greater than the Hillsborough disaster, the Bradford fire, the Heysel disaster, the 1902 Ibrox disaster, the 1971 Ibrox disaster, and the Burnden Park disaster combined. After the incident, a decision was made to reduce the seating capacity of the stadium from 53000 to 42000 in 1964, although this was later increased to 47000 for the 2004 Copa América.[17]
References
edit- ^ a b c Edwards, Piers (23 May 2014). "Lima 1964: The world's worst stadium disaster". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ "Death Toll Mounts in Peru Sports Riot". The Portsmouth Times. 25 May 1964. p. 1.
- ^ "Hundreds Left Dead By Soccer Stampede". Eugene Register-Guard. 25 May 1964. p. 1.
- ^ "Football's worst tragedies". BBC News. 12 April 2001.
- ^ "Aniversario 45 de la tragedia en el Estadio Nacional de Lima". RPP Noticias (in Spanish). 24 May 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ a b "268 Killed in Soccer Riot". Beaver County Times. 25 May 1964. pp. 1, 4.
- ^ "From the archive, 26 May 1964: Hundreds dead in stampede at football match". The Guardian. 26 May 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ "Soccer Riot Death Toll Set at 328". Warsaw Times-Union. 26 May 1964. pp. 1–2.
- ^ "Peru Counts 328 Dead in Soccer Riot". Youngstown Vindicator. 26 May 1964. p. 1.
- ^ "328 Dead From Game Riot; Uneasy Aftermath in Lima". The Robesonian. 26 May 1964. p. 1.
- ^ "Hundreds Die In Rush At Lima Sports Arena". The Rochester Times. 25 May 1964. p. 1.
- ^ a b "268 Killed in Soccer Riot". Beaver County Times. 25 May 1964. pp. 1, 4.
- ^ a b c Piers Edwards (23 May 2014). "Lima 1964: The world's worst stadium disaster". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ "Pop Ivy Canned". The Edmonton Journal. 1 June 1964. p. 17.
- ^ "Games of the XVIII. Olympiad - Football Qualifying Tournament". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ "From the archive, 26 May 1964: Hundreds dead in stampede at football match". The Guardian. 26 May 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ "Aniversario 45 de la tragedia en el Estadio Nacional de Lima". RPP Noticias (in Spanish). 24 May 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.