1994 Norwegian European Union membership referendum
A referendum on joining the European Union was held in Norway on 27 and 28 November 1994.[1][2][3] After a long period of heated debate, the "no" side won with 52.2 per cent of the vote, on a turnout of 88.6 per cent. Membership of what was then the European Community had previously been rejected in a 1972 referendum, and by French veto in 1962.
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Should Norway become a member of the EU (European Union)? | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Results | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by county | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaign
editThe "No" campaign was led by Anne Enger Lahnstein, leader of the Centre Party.[4] The main themes of the "No" campaign were loss of sovereignty if Norway should join the Union, as well as the fundamental differences in economic structure between Norway and the EU, as Norway has an economy based heavily on natural resources (especially oil and fish), in contrast to the EU's more industrial economy.
Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland led the "Yes" campaign. Her party, the Labour Party, was divided on the question of Norwegian membership of the Union. Unlike Trygve Bratteli in 1972, she refused to threaten to resign if the referendum failed to result in a "Yes" vote, on the grounds that more serious divisions could have arisen in the Labour Party. The main arguments of the "Yes" side were that as a European country, Norway belonged in the European Union, and that Norway's economy would benefit from membership.
According to John Erik Fossum, a political science professor at ARENA, Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, "the fact that Norway had already signed the EEA agreement made it easier for people to vote no because they knew that Norway had assured EU market access."[5]
Debates
edit| 1994 Norwegian EU membership debates | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Time | Organizers | P Present I Invitee N Non-invitee | ||||||||
| Ap | H | Sp | Sv | KrF | Frp | V | R | Refs | |||
| 25 November 1994 | 00:00 | NRK | P Gro Harlem Brundtland, Thorbjørn Jagland |
P Jan Petersen |
P Anne Enger Lahnstein |
P Erik Solheim |
P Kjell Magne Bondevik |
P Carl I. Hagen |
P Odd Einar Dørum |
P Aksel Nærstad |
[6] |
| I | NY | ||||||||||
| 9 November 1994 | 00:00 | NRK and Student Society in Trondheim | P Thorbjørn Berntsen |
P John G. Bernander |
P Marit Arnstad |
P Erik Solheim |
N |
N |
P Rune Haaland |
P Heidi Sørensen |
[7] |
| SME | LO | ||||||||||
| 14 November 1994 | 00:00 | NRK at Fokus Kino | P Gro Harlem Brundtlan |
P Kaci Kullmann Five |
P Johan J. Jakobsen |
N |
P Kjell Magne Bondevik |
N | P Tove Strand |
P Yngve Hågensen |
[8] |
| SME | UN | ||||||||||
| 23 November 1994 | 00:00 | NRK | P Thorbjørn Jagland |
P Jan Petersen |
P Anne Enger Lahnstein |
P Stein Ørnhøi |
N | N | P Hallvard Bakke |
P Thorvald Stoltenberg |
[9] |
Official party positions
edit| For a 'Yes' vote | For a 'No' vote |
|---|---|
Results
editCountrywide
edit| Choice | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| For | 1,389,997 | 47.82 | |
| Against | 1,516,803 | 52.18 | |
| Total | 2,906,800 | 100.00 | |
| Valid votes | 2,906,800 | 99.88 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | 3,571 | 0.12 | |
| Total votes | 2,910,371 | 100.00 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 3,266,064 | 89.11 | |
| Source: SSB[10] | |||
By constituency
edit| Constituency | Electorate | Spoilt votes | Total poll (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Østfold | 185,441 | 307 | 163,338 (88) | 87,390 (54) | 75,998 (46) | |||
| Akershus | 322,029 | 443 | 293,331 (91) | 187,126 (64) | 106,205 (36) | |||
| Oslo | 360,340 | 497 | 317,585 (88) | 211,550 (67) | 106,035 (33) | |||
| Hedmark | 146,468 | 215 | 129,674 (89) | 55,367 (43) | 74,307 (57) | |||
| Oppland | 142,911 | 251 | 126,245 (88) | 55,702 (44) | 70,543 (56) | |||
| Buskerud | 174,271 | 240 | 154,345 (89) | 88,281 (57) | 66,064 (43) | |||
| Vestfold | 155,338 | 123 | 138,099 (89) | 78,698 (57) | 59,401 (43) | |||
| Telemark | 125,401 | 106 | 110,136 (88) | 46,478 (42) | 63,658 (58) | |||
| Aust-Agder | 73,841 | 68 | 64,927 (88) | 28,805 (44) | 36,122 (56) | |||
| Vest-Agder | 108,226 | 58 | 96,318 (89) | 43,947 (46) | 52,371 (54) | |||
| Rogaland | 251,790 | 166 | 227,485 (90) | 103,066 (45) | 124,419 (55) | |||
| Hordaland | 313,511 | 244 | 281,543 (90) | 122,942 (44) | 158,601 (56) | |||
| Sogn og Fjordane | 80,104 | 52 | 71,650 (89) | 22,761 (32) | 48,889 (68) | |||
| Møre og Romsdal | 180,426 | 178 | 160,713 (89) | 61,715 (38) | 98,998 (62) | |||
| Sør-Trøndelag | 194,869 | 239 | 171,007 (88) | 77,035 (45) | 93,972 (55) | |||
| Nord-Trøndelag | 96,344 | 50 | 86,110 (89) | 31,018 (36) | 55,092 (64) | |||
| Nordland | 183,703 | 226 | 162,474 (88) | 46,394 (29) | 116,080 (71) | |||
| Troms | 113,840 | 57 | 101,428 (89) | 28,860 (28) | 72,568 (72) | |||
| Finnmark | 57,211 | 51 | 50,342 (88) | 12,862 (26) | 37,480 (74) | |||
| Source: Dataset European Election Database Archived 2020-08-31 at the Wayback Machine | ||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1438 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ Bjørklund, Tor (1997). "Old and New Patterns: The 'No' Majority in the 1972 and 1994 EC/EU Referendums in Norway". Acta Sociologica. 40 (2): 143–159. doi:10.1177/000169939704000202. ISSN 0001-6993. JSTOR 4201020. S2CID 143540692. Archived from the original on 2022-06-04. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ Fossum, John Erik (2019-08-28). "Norway and the European Union". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1043. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
- ^ Biography on Norwegian government's website Archived 2014-11-05 at the Wayback Machine (in Norwegian)
- ^ Fossum, John Erik (2019). "What is the Norway Model? Mode of Affiliation or Political Compromise?". The Political Quarterly. 90 (2): 266–273. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12684. hdl:10852/77098. ISSN 1467-923X. S2CID 159421286. Archived from the original on 2023-09-16. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ "Folkeavstemningen om EU 1994. Partilederdebatt". 10 July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Debatt 21 med EU-folkemøte fra Trondheim". 10 July 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Debatt 21 med EU-folkemøte i Tromsø". 10 July 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Debatt 21 med EU-møte fra Oslo". 10 July 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Resultat av folkeavstemningen om EU". ssb.no (in Norwegian). 1999-01-01. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
External links
edit- The European Movement in Norway
- No to the EU - Norwegian eurosceptics
- Norway. EU Referendum 1994, Electoral Geography 2.0 website