In late 1995, a series of general strikes were organized in France, mostly in the public sector. The strikes received great popular support, despite paralyzing the country's transportation infrastructure, and other institutions. The strikes occurred in the context of a larger social movement against the reform agenda led by Prime Minister Alain Juppé, and they constituted the largest social movement in France since May 1968.[1][2] The strikes were provoked by Alain Juppé, when he announced the pay freezes and delay of tax cuts until 1996. This angered the before split unions that banded together against these policy implementations leading to strikes in mid October which stopped and resumed by 10 November and continued on.[3]
The November–December 1995 general strike has been seen as a turning point in the social movement. Many organisations were created in the aftermath of these strikes. The strikes also chained across the globe in developed countries setting a trend that capitalistic system that was set out was not working out for the countries as well as it should have.
Events
editIn May 1995, Jacques Chirac (RPR right-wing party) had been elected president with a close vote of 57 to 43 . The new prime minister, Alain Juppé, then proposed an extensive program of welfare cutbacks, the Juppé Plan, which intended to reduce the budget deficit from 5% to 3% as required by the 1993 Maastricht Treaty. October and November saw a students' movement against the conservative agenda of the new government and its perceived attack on women's rights, notably the right to abortion and contraception.[1] On 10 October around 57% of civil servants gathered, which is around 50000 people, in a national strike against the policy changes proposed. Despite the concentrated demonstration of dislike for the policies Juppé refused to change the policy and the unions warned him of additional strikes. The strikes resumed 10 November when the transportation workers around France banded to protest the policy causing disruption in train and airway systems and touching as many as 80 cities in France. Despite the strikes Juppé announced the firmness of his position on the policy on 15 November which further angered Union workers around France.[3]
After the announcement on 15 November the Unions grew angrier and organized additional strikes. First there was a strike by the General Confederation of Labor(CGT) on 24 November as a show of discontent to Juppé sternness on the policy. This strike fewer civil servants attended, however it was heavily influenced by the transportation workers in France who shut down most of buses, trains and subway systems making the effects of the strike more palpable than the ones before. Witnessing the massive emergence of the strikes the government opened the avenue of discussion for resolution, however the discussion was not fruitful and Parisians returned to square zero. Afterwards on 28 November approximately 60000 Parisians banded for another strike fueling the protests than have been taking place. The infrastructure of Paris was paralyzed once more and the strikers claimed that they would continue indefinitely. Juppé tried to mitigate damage by hiring private buses and cars but the effort was stopped in its tracks by Parisians.[3]
Further along in December, the railway workers were called out on strike against the Juppé Plan by their unions nationwide, and this paralyzed France's railway system in addition to the city infrastructure. The main grievances for the railway workers were the loss of the right to retire at age 55 and an SNCF restructuring plan that was to eliminate thousands of jobs, and which was imposed on the workers by SNCF management without negotiation. The railway workers were joined by Paris's metro personnel, postal workers, school teachers, and other public workers on 12 December snowballing the strikes out of control. The last strike on 12 December counted up to 1 million Parisian gathering causing an existential threat to French government leading to forced discussion. The strike was called off on 15 December, when Juppé dropped the retirement reform plan and most workers returned to work by 16 December.[3]
Figures
editThe DARES statistical institute of the Ministry of Employment counted 6 million strike days (summing up each individual's decision to go on strike, per day) in 1995, against 1 million the previous year. Among these 6 million strike-days, 4 million were in the public sector (including France Télécom) and 2 million in the private and semi-public sector (including SNCF, RATP, Air France and Air Inter). In this last sector, the average number of strike-days from 1982 to 1994 had been of 1.1 million a year (while it was 3.3 million from 1971 to 1981).[4]
Starting in November, the SNCF and the RATP were paralyzed for two months. Despite the inconveniences, public support remained firmly with the strikers. People started hitch-hiking and sharing cars to go to work, using bikes, etc.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Trat, Josette (1996). "Autumn 1995: a social storm blows over France" (PDF). Social Politics. 3 (2–3): 223–236. doi:10.1093/sp/3.2-3.223. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2007.
- ^ Warner, Margaret; Vernet, Daniel (8 December 1995). "Winter of discontent". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
- ^ a b c d "French public sectors strike against the Juppe Plan 1995". Global Nonviolent Action Database. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ "Six fois plus de jours de grève en 1995". L'Humanité (in French). 16 November 1996. Archived from the original on 20 June 2005.
External links
edit- French strike wave of December 1995 at flag.blackened.net