The 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq (Arabic: انتفاضة العراق 1999, romanized: intifāḍa al-ʿIrāq 1999) or Second Sadr Uprising (انتفاضة الصدر intifāḍa ṣadara[5]) was a short period of unrest in Iraq in early 1999 following the killing of Muhammad al-Sadr by the then Ba'athist government of Iraq.[4] The protests and ensuing violence were strongest in the heavily Shia neighborhoods of Baghdad, as well as southern majority Shiite cities such as Karbala, Nasiriyah, Kufa, Najaf, and Basra.[6]
| 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Persian Gulf Conflicts | |||||||
  Baghdad Karbala Nasiriyah Najaf Basra Epicenters of the uprising | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
 Qusay HusseinSon of Saddam Hussein |
 Hadi al-AmiriBadr Corps commander | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 180+ dead [3] | Dozens dead, wounded and arrested [3] | ||||||
| 200+ dead[4][3] | |||||||
Background
editAs his power grew, al-Sadr became more and more involved in politics following the Gulf War and throughout the 1990s he openly defied Saddam. He organized the poor Shi'ites of Sadr City, yet another nickname for the Shi'ite neighbourhood in Baghdad, against Saddam and the Baath Party. Sadr gained the support of Shi'ites by reaching out to tribal villages and offering services to them that they would otherwise not have been afforded by Hussein's regime. Saddam began to crack down on the Shi'ite leadership in the late 1990s in an attempt to regain control of Iraq.
Sometime before his death, al-Sadr was informed of Saddam's limited patience with him. In defiance, al-Sadr wore his death shroud to his final Friday sermon to show that Shi'ites would not be intimidated by Saddam's oppression and that Sadr would preach the truth even if it meant his own death. He was later killed leaving the mosque in the Iraqi city of Najaf along with two of his sons as they drove through the town. Their car was ambushed by men, and both his sons were killed by gunfire while he was severely injured. He died an hour later in the hospital. Iraqi Shias, as well as most international observers, suspected the Iraqi Baathist government of being involved in, if not directly responsible, for their murders. The Iraqi government denied involvement in the killing, and quickly tried and executed three alleged killers, although one of the suspects had apparently been in prison at the time of the attack on al-Sadr.[7]
Uprising
editFebruary
editSaddam City 18–21
editFollowing the killing of al-Sadr the Iraqi government withheld news of al-Sadr's death for 24 hours as it tried to pressure the family to not hold witnessed a period of unrest and protests. The Iraqi government in this period also executed al-Sadr's deputy, and confiscated his writings and videos of his sermons.[8] Unaware of al-Sadr's death, Shiite worshipers arrived at the Rassoul mosque in Saddam City to pray for al-Sadr's recovery. Iraqi soldiers then arrived and ordered the worshipers to leave. The soldiers later opened fire when the worshipers refused to leave, and instead began chanting anti-Saddam slogans and throw stones, leaving some 80 dead.[9] Following this news spread throughout Saddam City that al-Sadr had been murdered, resulting in mass anti-government demonstrations.[10]
The Iraqi government then sealed off Saddam City and deployed the Republican Guard to put down the growing demonstrations. After 24 hours the demonstrations had been largely suppressed, leaving between 27 and 100 dead.[10] Iraqi security forces proceeded to arrest representatives of al-Sadr in Baghdad and throughout the south.[9]
Unrest spreads 20–21
editOfficials of the Shiite opposition group, the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, began accusing the Iraqi government of responsibility for the death of al-Sadr on 20 February, which they saw as part of a government effort to destroy all Shiite opposition groups.[11]
Although the protests in Saddam City had been put down, new protests began to flare across Shiite majority Southern Iraq, with 20 protesters being killed by security forces on the 21, with another 250 arrested across Iraq. Iraqi forces also shelled Nasiriyah after local protesters attacked a government building.[11] Iraqi security forces also opened fire on demonstrators at a Shiite shrine 20 miles from Nasiriyah, killing at least 5, including two 14-year-olds.[9]
March
editEarly March
editOn 3 March Ammar al-Hakim, the leader of SCIRI, announced that it had attacked several government buildings in Karbala as part of the revenge operations for the killing of al-Sadr.[11]
The ninth and tenth of March saw further clashes between Iraqi security forces and fighters from SCIRI in two southern Iraqi provinces, with SCIRI reporting that over 100 people had been killed in the clashes and 8 government tanks destroyed.[11]
Basra, March 17–18
editSome of the worst violence of the uprising took place on the evening of 17 March in Basra, when large armed groups of members of the Shiite opposition attacked several police stations and offices of the Iraqi Ba'ath party.[12] Contemporary press reports indicated that the clashes between protesters and security forces were in some cases particularly heavy, involving both armoured units and artillery.[6] The opposition groups were even able to seize and occupy several of the police stations and Ba'ath party offices, which they held until the morning of 18 March, at which point they withdrew.[12] Eyewitnesses talking to Human Rights Watch claimed that in some Basra neighbourhoods the firefight continued for more than an hour, whilst in others gunfire was heard throughout the night.[6] The violence resulted in the deaths of several members of the Fedayeen Saddam, the Ba'ath party, and other security services.[12] In total around 100 were estimated to have died in the Basra clashes.[13] Several witnesses told Human Rights Watch that protesters had attacked and killed at least 40 Ba'ath party members.[6]
April
editIn possibly some of the last violence of the uprising, there were several clashes between Iraqi security forces and members of the Iraqi opposition across southern Iraq on 24 April.[11]
Aftermath
editFollowing the stifled uprising the Iraqi government organised a strict crackdown against potential opponents.[14] The Iraqi government never acknowledged the scale and extent of the uprising and barely reported any news about it.[6]
In a rare acknowledgement of domestic unrest, the Iraqi government admitted on 15 May 1999 that there had been anti-government disturbances in Basra in mid March. The Iraqi government however denied reports of widespread killing, and blamed the unrest on Iranian infiltrators.[15]
Prosecution
editFollowing the 2003 Invasion of Iraq and the toppling of the Ba'athist government the suppression of the events of 1999 were investigated by the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal.[16] The ensuing trials had 14 defendants,[17] and ultimately saw Ali Hassan al-Majid, then Director of the Iraqi Intelligence Service, along with former senior Ba'athist officials Aziz Saleh Hassan al-Noman and Mahmood Faizi Mohammed al-Haza sentenced to death. Seven others received prison sentences ranging from six years to life imprisonment for their criminal roles during the uprising.[18]
See also
edit- Koza riot, a similar event in Japan
- 1977 Shia protests in Iraq
References
edit- ^ Alexander Smoltczyk (28 April 2003). "Religion: The curse of Saddam City". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
- ^ Amnesty International, Iraq: Victims of Systematic Repression, 24 November 1999, MDE 14/010/1999
- ^ a b c Tareekh al-Iraq- By Shaikh Nouman al-Khaz'Ali, Pages 67–72
- ^ a b Dan Murphy (27 April 2004). "Sadr the agitator: like father, like son". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ Esomba, Steve, Wall Streets Infected By Arab Spring, p. 5
- ^ a b c d e Human Rights Watch, III. The al-Sadr Intifada of 1999, February 2005
- ^ Nimrod Raphaeli (Fall 2004). "Understanding Muqtada al-Sadr". Middle East Quarterly. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
- ^ Report on International Religious Freedom Iraq (1999) Section I. Freedom of Religion
- ^ a b c Dave Jones. "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein: 1999 Al–Sadr Killings". PBS. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ a b David Blair (17 December 2002). "Attack could be spark for Shia Muslim uprising". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "Chronology for Shi'is in Iraq – Minorities at Risk Project". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ a b c Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Iraq: March 1999 Shi'a demonstration in Basra concerning the assassination of Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Sadiq-al-Sadr, 7 August 2002, IRQ39404.E
- ^ Ian Black (28 September 1999). "Mass execution claim after Iraq revolt". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ Tareekh al-Iraq – Sheikh Nouman al-Khaz'Ali
- ^ "Iraq Concedes That Rioting Occurred in March and Blames Iran". The New York Times. 15 May 1999.
- ^ "HCC resumes 1999 uprising trial sessions". Aswat al-Iraq. 3 August 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ "Fourteen defendants in '99 Sadr City uprising appear in court next month". Kuwait News Agency. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ "'Chemical Ali' sentenced to death a third time". CNN. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2013.