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1 Kings 8

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1 Kings 8 is the eighth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.[3] This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11).[4] The focus of this chapter is the dedication of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.[5]

1 Kings 8
The pages containing the Books of Kings (1 & 2 Kings) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
BookFirst book of Kings
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part4
CategoryFormer Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part11

Text

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This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 66 verses.

Textual witnesses

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Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q54 (4QKings; 50–25 BCE) with extant verses 1–9, 16–18.[7][8][9][10]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B;  B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A;  A; 5th century).[11][a]

Old Testament references

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Analysis

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This chapter serves as the climax of the narrative about Solomon in the Books of Kings, which is also an 'event of world-historical importance' because YHWH, the creator of the universe, settles his Temple in Jerusalem.[14] One key moment of the Temple dedication was the transfer of the Ark of the Covenant from Mount Zion to Mount Moriah (Temple Mount), and once the ark was in the temple, YHWH descended and consecrated the Temple as his holy place.[15] Hereafter, the ark was never mentioned again in the Books of Kings and not listed among the Temple furniture seized by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon (2 Kings 25).[15]

Solomon made seven petitions in the center of the passage, which provide a 'rough preview of the events Israel would face later,[14] with some mentioned curses also listed in Deuteronomy 28:[16]

  • Defeat before an enemy (1 Kings 8:33; Deuteronomy 28:25, 48)
  • Heavens shut without rain (1 Kings 8:35; Leviticus 26:19; Deuteronomy 28:24)
  • Famine, pestilence, blight, mildew, locust, grasshopper, plague, siege (1 Kings 8:37; Deuteronomy 28:21–22, 38, 59)
  • Exile (1 Kings 8:46–51; Deuteronomy 28:58–63)

In Kings 8:46–48 there is a running pun on the Hebrew words שָׁבָה, shabah ("take captive"; referring to "exile"; used four times), and שׁוּב, shub ("return" or "repent"; used three times).[16] These two verbs 'alternate chiastically', indicating a connection between captivity and repentance, which could suggest that the solution to "exile" is to "return" to YHWH, so they can "return to the land".[17]

The dedication of the Temple (8:1–21)

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Main article: Solomon's Temple

The temple dedication began with a procession of the ark from the tent in the city of David (cf. 2 Samuel 6:16–17; 7:2; 1 Kings 3:15[18]) to the temple grounds. The ark, containing the two tablets of the Ten Commandments (verse 9; Exodus 25:21; Deuteronomy 10:1–5[19]), was originally designed as a 'transportable war palladium' which could be carried into battle in the conviction that 'YHWH was enthroned upon it and would lead his people to victory' (cf. 1 Samuel 4; 2 Samuel 11:11).[20] It was placed in the most holy place in the temple, beneath the spread wings of the cherubim, still retaining the signs of mobility with its staves (may symbolize that YHWH is not bound to one place).[20] Next in the ceremony is the blessing of the assembly, opened with a short sermon by Solomon (verses 12–13; 15–21) that since 'the Exodus from Egypt (cf. 1 Kings 6:1), God had intended to reside in Jerusalem' and finally the house of the name of the Lord could be built there.[21]

Verse 2

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And all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto king Solomon at the feast in the month Ethanim, which is the seventh month.[22]

Verse 9

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There was nothing in the ark except for the two tablets of stone that Moses put there at Horeb when the Lord made a covenant with the children of Israel after they had come out of the land of Egypt.[25]
  • Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 5:10
  • "There was nothing in the ark except...": The statement seems intended to emphasize that the various things placed in there "before the testimony"—the pot of manna (Exodus 16:33-34), the rod of Aaron (Numbers 17:10), the copy of the Law (Deuteronomy 31:24-26)—were not in the ark.[26] Hebrews 9:4 wrote according to tradition that during the worship in the Tabernacle, in the ark of the covenant 'was the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded' as well as the tablets of the covenant.[27] The command to placet the tablets in the ark is recorded in Exodus 25:16, and the actual placement of them there in Exodus 40:20, immediately after the Tabernacle was set up.[26]
  • "Two tablets": as described in Deuteronomy 10:1–5[19]
  • "Horeb": the name used for Mount Sinai in the book of Deuteronomy.[19][28]

Verse 21

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The theme of the Exodus in Samuel-Kings was altered in the Chronicles, where the portrayal of David in relationship with Moses was sharpened, especially by comparing 1 Kings 8:21 and 2 Chronicles 6:11.[29]

Comparison in Masoretic Text and KJV
1 Kings 8:21 2 Chronicles 6:11
ארוןמקום ל ואשם שם

אשר־שם ברית יהוה
אבתינו־אשר כרת עם
בהוציאו אתם מארץ מצרים

ארוןאת־ה ואשים שם

אשר־שם ברית יהוה
בני ישראל־אשר כרת עם
 

And I have set there a place for the ark,

wherein is the covenant of the Lord,
which he made with our fathers,
when he brought them out of the land of Egypt.

And in it have I put the ark,

wherein is the covenant of the Lord,
that he made with the children of Israel.
 

Solomon's dedicational prayer at the Temple (8:22–61)

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See also: Prayer of Solomon
 
In an artistic representation, King Solomon dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem. (painting by James Tissot or follower, c. 1896–1902)

The dedicational prayer reflects the relationship between God's promise to David (2 Samuel 7) and the people's loyalty to the Torah (verses 23–26), and between the inestimable size of God and his residence in Zion (verses. 27–30).[21] God cannot literally 'dwell on earth' (verse 27), but he can listen in heaven (verses 32, 34, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49) when 'people pray toward the Temple'.[19] In the main prayer Solomon asked God to hear all future prayers made to heaven in this temple, especially in the time of difficult trials (verses 31–32), wartime hardship (verses 33–34), drought (verses 35–36), and other calamities (verses 37–40), also the prayers of the proselytes who would come to Jerusalem (verses 41–43) and of the Israelites who would dwell in other countries (verses 44–45, 46–51) as this would 'give every member of YHWH's chosen people a common identity' (verses 52–53).[21] Finally, Solomon plead for God 'to instil in their hearts a willingness to abide by the commandments, expresses their awe of God's judgement and acceptance of their own insufficiencies'. Israel's existence is solely due to God's mercy and serves the purpose of 'manifesting God to all the peoples of the world' (cf. Isaiah 43:10-12; 45:4-6).[21]

The Feast of the Temple Dedication (8:62–66)

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The festivities of the dedication lasts seven days involving more sacrifices than what Solomon made in Gibeon (1 Kings 3:4) and far too many for the usual altar to deal with (verse 64), to show that Solomon was always 'generous in making every effort to satisfy God and God's people'.[21]

See also

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  • Related Bible parts: Leviticus 23, Leviticus 26, Deuteronomy 28, 2 Samuel 7, 1 Kings 5, 1 Kings 6, 2 Chronicles 2, 2 Chronicles 3, 2 Chronicles 4, Isaiah 43, Isaiah 45

    • Notes

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    1. ^ The whole book of 1 Kings is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[12]

    References

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    1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 191.
    2. ^ Collins 2014, p. 288.
    3. ^ McKane 1993, p. 324.
    4. ^ Dietrich 2007, p. 234.
    5. ^ Dietrich 2007, pp. 238–239.
    6. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
    7. ^ Ulrich 2010, pp. 325–326.
    8. ^ Dead sea scrolls - 1 Kings
    9. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
    10. ^ 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    11. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
    12. ^   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
    13. ^ a b c d 1 Kings 8, Berean Study Bible
    14. ^ a b Leithart 2006, p. 70.
    15. ^ a b Leithart 2006, p. 67.
    16. ^ a b Leithart 2006, p. 68.
    17. ^ Leithart 2006, p. 69.
    18. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 503 Hebrew Bible.
    19. ^ a b c d Coogan 2007, p. 504 Hebrew Bible.
    20. ^ a b Dietrich 2007, p. 238.
    21. ^ a b c d e Dietrich 2007, p. 239.
    22. ^ 1 Kings 8:2 KJV
    23. ^ Note [a] on 1 Kings 8:2 in NET Bible
    24. ^ Note on 1 Kings 8:2 in NKJV
    25. ^ 1 Kings 8:9 MEV
    26. ^ a b Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. 1 Kings 8. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
    27. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. 1 Kings 8. Accessed 28 April 2019.
    28. ^ Note [a] on 1 Kings 8:9 in NET Bible
    29. ^ Throntveit 2003, p. 376.

    Sources

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