1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate)
The 1st Louisiana Native Guard was a Confederate Louisianan militia that consisted of Creoles of color. Formed in 1861 in New Orleans, Louisiana, it was disbanded on April 25, 1862. Some of the unit's members joined the Union Army's 1st Louisiana Native Guard, which later became the 73rd Regiment Infantry of the United States Colored Troops.
| 1st Louisiana Native Guard | |
|---|---|
.svg) Flag of Louisiana, 1861 | |
| Active | May 29, 1861–February 15, 1862
March 24-April 25, 1862 (Field officers commissioned May 29, 1861) |
| Country |  Confederate States of America |
| Allegiance |  Louisiana |
| Branch |  Confederate States Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | 1,135 |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Colonel Felix Labatut Lt. Colonel Henry D. Ogden[1] Major S. St. Cyr |
Confederate Louisiana militia
editShortly after Louisiana's secession, Governor Thomas Overton Moore issued pleas for troops on April 17 and April 21, 1861. In response to the governor's request, a committee of ten prominent New Orleanian Creoles of color called a meeting at the Catholic Institute on April 22. About two thousand people attended the meeting where muster lists were opened, with about 1,500 gens de couleur signing up. Governor Moore accepted the services of these men as part of the state's militia.
The new militia regiment was formed during May 1861, consisting mostly of French Creoles of color. While some members of the new regiment came from wealthy prominent Creole families, a majority of the men were clerks, artisans, and skilled laborers.[4] Louisiana and New Orleans had an estimated 25,000 Creole of color residents.
On May 29, 1861, Governor Moore appointed three white officers as commanders of the regiment, and company commanders were appointed from among the Creoles of the regiment. The militia unit was the first of any in North America to have officers of color, preceding the United States Colored Troops. This regiment was called the Louisiana Native Guard. Ten percent of its members would join the Union Army's 1st Louisiana Native Guard.
Activities
editThe Native Guards were volunteers, and as such supplied their own arms and uniforms. These were displayed in a grand review of troops in New Orleans on November 23, 1861, and again on January 8, 1862.[5] They offered their services to escort Union prisoners (captured at the First Battle of Bull Run) through New Orleans. Confederate General David Twiggs declined the offer, but thanked them for the "promptness with which they answered the call."[6] The Louisiana State Legislature passed a law in January 1862 that reorganized the militia into only “...free white males capable of bearing arms… ”[7]
The Native Guards regiment was forced to disband on February 15, 1862, when the new law took effect. "Their demise was only temporary, however, for Governor Moore reinstated the Native Guards on March 24 after the U.S. Navy under Admiral David G. Farragut entered the Mississippi River."[8] As the regular Confederate forces under Major General Mansfield Lovell abandoned New Orleans, the militia units were left to fend for themselves. The Native Guards were again, and in finality, ordered to disband by General John L. Lewis, of the Louisiana Militia, on April 25, 1862, as Federal ships arrived opposite the city. General Lewis cautioned them to hide their arms and uniforms before returning home.[8]
Notable members
edit- Felix Labatut (Colonel)- State senator, soldier, and signer of Louisiana's declaration of secession.[9]
- Armand Lanusse (Captain)- Soldier, educator, writer. The prime motivator in the formation of the Native Guards Regiment.[10]
- André Cailloux, who later became a hero of the Siege of Port Hudson as a Union officer, served as a lieutenant in this Confederate Louisiana militia regiment of the Native Guard.
Companies
editCompanies of the Confederate 1st Louisiana Native Guard prior to disbanding in 1862:[11]
| Company Name | Commander | Peak Strength | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Native Guards | Capt. St. Albin Sauvinet | 85 men | |
| Savary Native Guards | Capt. Joseph Joly | 85 men | |
| Beauregard Native Guards | Capt. Louis Golis | 52 men | |
| Young Creole Native Guards | Capt. Ludger B. Boquille | 76 men | |
| Labatut Native Guards | Capt. Edgar C. Davis | 110 men | |
| Mississippi Native Guards | Capt. Marcelle Dupart | 64 men | |
| Economy Native Guards | Capt. Henry Louis Rey | 100 men | |
| Meschacebe Native Guards | Capt. Armand Lanusse | 90 men | |
| Order Native Guards | Capt. Charles Sentmanat | 90 men | |
| Crescent City Native Guards | Capt. Virgil Bonseigneur | 63 men | |
| Perseverance Native Guards | Capt. Noel J. Bacchus | 60 men | |
| Louisiana Native Guards | Capt. Louis Lainez | 75 men | |
| Ogden Native Guards | Capt. Alcide Lewis | 85 men | a.k.a. Turcos Native Guards |
| Plauche Guards | Capt. Jordan Noble | 100 men | |
| Total | 1,135 men |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "1ST LOUISIANA NATIVE GUARD. COL. HENRY D. OGDEN". Alexander Historical Auctions.
- ^ See "An Ex Native Guard" and "My Tardy Compatriots," New York Times, November 5, 1862.[1]
- ^ Official atlas: plate XC.
- ^ Terry L. Jones (2012-10-19) "The Free Men of Color Go to War" - NYTimes.com. Opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-18.
- ^ Bergeron, Arhur W., Jr. Louisianans in the Civil War, "Louisiana's Free Men of Color in Gray", University of Missouri Press, 2002, p. 105-106.
- ^ Jno. G. Devereux to J. L. Lewis, September 29, 1861, in War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 4, Volume 1, 625.
- ^ Official copy of the militia law of Louisiana, adopted by the state legislature, Jan. 23, 1862
- ^ a b Hollandsworth, James G. Jr. (1995). Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War. LSU Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780807123362.
- ^ Official Journal of the Proceedings of the Convention of the State of Louisiana, 1861 (New Orleans, 1861), 231-232.
- ^ Mary Niall Mitchell, Raising Freedom's Child, 43; Daily Dispatch (Richmond, Va.), June 1, 1861.
- ^ Bergeron, Arthur W., Jr. Louisianans in the Civil War, "Louisiana's Free Men of Color in Gray", University of Missouri Press, 2002, p. 106-107.
- Hollandsworth, James G., The Louisiana Native Guards, LSU Press, 1996.
- Trethewey, Natasha. Native Guard. Houghton-Mifflin, 2006.
- Holden, Randall G., "Futile Valor", MCG Publishing, 1997