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The Marad massacre primarily refers to the 2003 murders of eight (8) Hindu fishermen by Islamic extremists, one of whom was also killed in the affray. A judicial commission that investigated the incident concluded leaders of the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) were directly involved in both the conspiracy and the massacre. The commission decided the 2003 incident was "a clear communal conspiracy, with Muslim fundamentalist organisations involved".[1] The commission could not find evidence to support the involvement of foreign organisations.[1] The attackers threw bombs with the intention of inflicting more deaths but the bombs did not explode.[2] In 2009, the courts convicted and sentenced 62 Muslim defendants to life imprisonment for committing the massacre.[citation needed]
January 2002 riots & killings
edit| 2002 Marad beach killings | |||||||||
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| Marad Beach killings Part of religious violence in India | |||||||||
| Date | 4 January 2002 | ||||||||
| Location | 11°12′27″N 75°47′13″E / 11.20745°N 75.78706°E | ||||||||
| Caused by | religious conflict among Hindus and Muslims | ||||||||
| Goals | religious conflict | ||||||||
| Parties | |||||||||
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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A year before the massacre, a 2002 incident led to five deaths. Three Hindus and two Muslims were killed in Kerala when scuffles that began as a trivial altercation over drinking water at a public tap became violent. Out of 393 people arrested, more than 60 were members of the Indian Union Muslim League who were sentenced to life imprisonment. It is believed the events of 2002 played a role in the following year's massacre.[3]
On 3 and 4 January 2002, at Marad Beach, Kozhikode, Kerala, scuffles between two groups that began as a trivial altercation over drinking water at a public tap descended into violence. Three Hindus and two Muslims were killed. Police were present who watched the incident but failed to capture the criminals.[4] Out of 393 people arrested, 213 were members of political parties Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP), 86 were from Indian Union Muslim League (IUML), 78 were from the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) and the Communist Party of India (CPI), and two were from the Indian National League (INL), National Development Front (NDF) – now renamed the Popular Front of India – and other parties.[5] Government troops were later sent to patrol the area.
May 2003 massacre
edit| 2003 Marad massacre | |||||||||
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| Marad Beach massacre Part of religious violence in India | |||||||||
| Date | 2 May 2003 | ||||||||
| Location | 11°12′27″N 75°47′13″E / 11.20745°N 75.78706°E | ||||||||
| Caused by | religious conflict among Hindus and Muslims | ||||||||
| Goals | Revenge and religious persecution | ||||||||
| Methods | Massacre | ||||||||
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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On 2 May 2003, in the early evening, eight Hindus were hacked to death by a Muslim mob[6] on the beach after reeling in their day's catch.[7] One of the attackers, Mohammed Ashker, was accidentally killed during the incident by his companions.[8] Several of the Muslims fled to a local Juma Masjid, hiding in their blood-stained clothes and carrying weapons. Local Muslim women surrounded the mosque, creating a human chain or barricade which initially obstructed police from entering the premises.[3]
Initial investigation report of the Crime Branch Inspector General of Police Mahesh Kumar Singhla indicated the NDF was responsible for the killings.[9] Government troops later unearthed a large cache of weapons, including 17 bombs. The police commissioner TK Vinod Kumar stated: "It was an operation carried out by a well-knit organization. It was a quick and sudden attack which was over in 10 minutes. The attack came from a particular community."[10]
Aftermath and exodus of residents
editThe Marad killings created a sense of insecurity for the local inhabitants that continues. The police, judiciary, and legislature prolonged the case and were unable to bring the perpetrators of the 2002 and 2003 Marad killings to justice until 2008 despite continuous requests from the local community and the bereaved.[why?][11][12][13] The judiciary did not convict all 134 defendants.[14][15]
Inquiry commission
editThe killings provoked public anger against the apparently apathetic approach of the investigating agency and the growth of religious fundamentalism in Kerala. There were persistent demands for a judicial enquiry into the incidents; to effect this, the then-UDF government appointed District and Sessions Judge Thomas P. Joseph to the Commission of Inquiry. Joseph submitted his report in February 2006 and the LDF ministry tabled the report in September 2006. The report said a person known as "F.M." (Finance Minister) had funded the massacre and also accused political parties and government officials, including the District Collector T.O. Sooraj Mohamed. A person named Hilal Mohammed, who was handling the smuggling of counterfeit goods at Calicut Airport,[clarification needed] filed a petition demanding a probe into his[who?] alleged involvement in the matter.
Both petitions were filed through Advocate S. K. Premraj. During the hearing, Premraj said Hilal Mohammed's life was under imminent threat.[16] The role of IUML leader P. P. Modieen Koya and Mayin Haji, then-chairman of Kozhikode Development Authority was highlighted in the report. The commission recommended a further inquiry involving the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding the involvement of foreign agencies in the riots.[17]
Key findings
editKey findings of the commission were that patrols and search for weapons by local police were ineffective; the police's attitude to the situation was called "lethargic".[18] (chapter 5, section 37). The damaging of household items in the presence of police was called "unfortunate". (chapter 5, section 42)[18]
Main recommendation
editThe commission's main recommendation was a further inquiry involving the Intelligence Bureau (IB), the CBI and the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence into the "larger conspiracy" involving fundamentalist and other forces, and into the source of the explosives and funds the CBCID "failed or refused" to investigate – an act that the commission described as "quite suspicious and disturbing".[5]
Responses to commission's report
editThe Home Minister of Kerala had written to the Union Government on 12 September 2006 recommending the CBI probe into the conspiracy behind the riots; the involvement of fundamentalist organisations, their foreign connections and source of funding; and how they succeeded in secretly stockpiling weapons in the village for use in the riots.[19] A.K. Antony, who was the Chief Minister during both incidents, differed on the commission's findings, saying the first round of violence should have been included in the report.[20]
Convictions and sentencing
editOn 27 December 2008, a special court convicted 63 people in a case relating to the May 2003 communal attack at Marad Beach. Seventy-six others were acquitted due to a lack of evidence.[21] On 15 January 2009: A sessions court in Kozhikode gave life sentences to 62 of 63 convicts in 2001's Marad carnage case. One convict, who has already served five years in jail, was released.[22]
Renewed demands for CBI probe
editOn 17 April 2012, Kerala High Court determined that there had been a "deep conspiracy" behind the incident and that police had failed to effectively investigate it.[23] Opposition leader VS Achuthanandan said Chief Minister Oommen Chandy had tried to sabotage the Marad massacre case. BJP and Hindu Aikya Vedi and CPI(M)'s State secretariat member Elamaram Kareem also called for a probe by the Central agency.[23] Achuthanandan said Chandy's Congress-led United Democratic Front, which was in coalition with the IUML, of having intervened in the case.[23] Kerala BJP president V. Muraleedharan wanted to initiate a case against senior Muslim League leader MC Mayin Haji, who had prior knowledge of massacre plan, according to the Judicial Commission.[23]
In 2016, CBI filed a fresh First Information Report with Muslim League leaders included in the list of accused.[24] In November 2021, the special additional court sentenced two people to double-life jail terms.[25]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Marad report slams Muslim League, The Indian Express, 27 September 2006.
- ^ The Marad massacre Outlook (magazine), 6 June 2003.
- ^ a b "62 get life term for Marad killings". 16 January 2009.
- ^ "Marad can yet be retrieved". Indiatogether.org. July 2003.
- ^ a b "Marad Shocks: Frontline Weekly". Archived from the original on 12 January 2009.
- ^ "Marad shocks". The Hindu Frontline. 7 October 2006.
- ^ "Kerala sits on riot report indicting Cong govt, Muslim League". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
- ^ "Marad: How politicians fanned a communal riot". Rediff.com.
- ^ "NDF behind Marad massacre?", hindu.com. Accessed 22 October 2024.
- ^ Weapons seized[usurped]
- ^ "Marad case: Kummanam's Request". The Hindu. 25 April 2004. Archived from the original on 22 June 2004.
- ^ "NDF welcomes the CBI inquiry". Ndfindia.com. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
- ^ "CBI should also probe first Marad riot". The Hindu. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006.
- ^ "Anticipatory bail: Single Judge's directions set aside". The Hindu. 21 July 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007.
- ^ "All cases to go to new court in a week". The Hindu. 11 January 2004. Archived from the original on 30 May 2004.
- ^ "The Hindu : Home Page News & Features". Frontline. Hinduonnet.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2001. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Probe into Marad riots". The Times of India. 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Copy of Thomas P Joseph Commission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.
- ^ "CBI probe into Marad carnage" (PDF). kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
- ^ "Antony differs with Marad panel findings". The Hindu. 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2006.
- ^ "Marad riots: Five years on, 63 found guilty". Rediff.com.
- ^ "62 get a lifer". Ibnlive.in.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Marad massacre: Call for CBI probe intensifies". Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ Staff Reporter (19 January 2017). "CBI registers fresh FIR in second Marad riot case". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ^ "2003 Marad massacre: Double life sentence for two". www.onmanorama.com.
External links
edit- "Marad massacre". Outlook India. 3 February 2022.