The 2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado was an extremely powerful EF5 wedge tornado that devastated portions of northeast Iowa, most notably the town of Parkersburg, during the afternoon of May 25, 2008, resulting in catastrophic damage and nine fatalities.
 The EF5 wedge tornado seen east of Parkersburg. | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Date | May 25, 2008 |
| Formed | May 25, 2008, 4:48 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00) |
| Dissipated | May 25, 2008, 5:58 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00) |
| Duration | 70 minutes |
| EF5 tornado | |
| on the Enhanced Fujita scale | |
| Highest winds | 205 mph (330 km/h) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 9 |
| Injuries | 70 |
| Damage | $75 million (2008 USD) |
Part of the Tornado outbreak of May 22–27, 2008 and Tornadoes of 2008 | |
Meteorological synopsis
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On May 18, meteorologists identified a pattern indicative of severe weather. A large scale trough was predicted to move across the northern United States, with associated moisture return from the Gulf of Mexico and ample instability forming a classic plains severe weather setup.[1]
By May 21, models showcased an increasingly strong and robust negatively-titled trough rapidly moving across the United States before slowly stalling through the central plains. A large ridge present was set to breakdown, allowing a strong surface front to move across the area as well. Moderate instability was already forming due to a deep forming moist-layer and warm air advection from the south. The National Weather Service indicated that the "Combination should be sufficient for a multiple-day threat for relatively widespread severe storms."[1]
On May 25, notices for a moderate risk of severe weather were issued for northern Kansas, southern Nebraska, eastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and western Wisconsin with a slight risk from Texas to northwestern Ontario. Watches extended along all the corridor and storms developed in four different areas including northern Texas, northern Kansas, central Minnesota and Iowa and southern Manitoba. As forecast, the strong trough would dig into northern areas of the CONUS. A stronger than forecast low-level jet began to transport ample moisture northward towards the interest area for severe storms, and as early as 12:30 pm CDT strong instability began to climb, as well as dew-points in the upper 70s. Models began to showcase a broken line of discrete supercells moving east to northeast, and with very little interference and a broad warm sector, the supercells would be able to take full advantage of the environment and become extremely strong.[1][2]
At 12:43 pm CDT, the Storm Prediction Center identified through water vapor imagery that a rapidly moving and strong jet streak was approaching from Minnesota to Iowa. Supercells began to rapidly intensify by 3:50 pm CDT, prompting upgrades in watches. A cluster of strong supercells in northern Iowa began to both interact and intensify, merging into each other and forming a descending-reflectivity core over the southern cell's developing mesocyclone, a micro-scale interaction indicative of aiding in tornadogenesis.[3] Simultaneously, low-level rotation on the southern supercell rapidly increased. Strong gravity waves may have also assisted in tornadogenesis amongst the supercell cluster.[2][note 1]
Tornado summary
editFormation–Parkersburg
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The southern supercell in a cluster of rapidly intensifying cells began rotating in northeast Iowa, west of Waterloo. The first tornado warning of the cell was issued at 4:22 pm CDT (21:22 UTC), encompassing the Parkersburg area. As a tornado-cyclone materialized, a funnel cloud developed, and a tornado touched down two miles south of Aplington near the Butler and Grundy County line at 4:48 pm CDT.
East of Aplington, the tornado traveled through a series of farm fields, leaving distinct cycloidal marks in the corn stubble.[2] The tornado rapidly grew in size right after touchdown, and wind-rowing of grass and farm debris indicated a violent vortex. It then tracked into Parkersburg, becoming extremely violent, intensifying to EF5 strength, and growing into a large wedge-shaped tornado as it tore through the southern part of the community just before 5:00 pm CDT. Numerous homes and businesses, two banks, and a high school were destroyed as the south side of Parkersburg was essentially flattened.[2] As the tornado entered town, a large and well-constructed metal frame industrial building that was being converted into a church was obliterated at EF5 intensity, with the structure's metal beam frame mangled into a pile and pushed off of the foundation. Beams were twisted and sheared off at their bases at this location.[4][5][6]
Residential areas in Parkersburg were devastated by the tornado, as whole neighborhoods were leveled and entire rows of homes were swept away, leaving only basements behind in some cases. Some of the homes swept away in town were bolted to their foundations.[2] A rebar support set into the foundation of one home was found snapped in half, hardwood trees throughout southern Parkersburg were completely debarked and denuded, and shrubs were uprooted and stripped in some areas as well.[5][4]
Aplington-Parkersburg High School sustained EF4 structural damage, and reinforced concrete light poles near the school were snapped and dragged along the ground by the tornado, indicative of extremely intense low-level inflow winds.[2] As the tornado exited at the east side of town, the tornado struck a golf course and a newly built subdivision. Multiple large and well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept completely away at that location. Two of these homes had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations, one of which was built "with above standard construction methods." At one home that was swept away in this subdivision, a concrete walk-out basement wall was partially pushed over, and the concrete basement floor sustained cracking.
Structural debris from the town was wind-rowed in long streaks through fields in this area, with much of the debris finely granulated into small fragments, some no larger than coins. The tornado was estimated to have been about 7⁄10 of a mile (1.1 of a km) wide as it struck Parkersburg. Seven people died in town, several of which were taking shelter in basements.[5]
New Hartford
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After passing through Parkersburg, the EF5 tornado continued eastward towards the neighboring town of New Hartford. Additional rural homes were obliterated and swept away in this area, and a granary was destroyed.[3] The tornado maintained EF5 strength as it reached New Hartford, impacting a housing development on the northern side of the town at 5:09 pm CDT. Multiple well-built homes with anchor bolts were again completely swept away, and vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled beyond recognition, a few of which only had their frames left. One home in this area had even its basement contents swept away, including the home-owner who was killed.[3] Numerous headstones were toppled at the New Hartford Cemetery, and shrubs and trees were completely debarked.[4]
Waterloo–Dissipation
editPast New Hartford, the tornado weakened dramatically and passed just north of Waterloo and Cedar Falls, shrinking to about 1⁄4 mile (400 m) in width as it continued to impact rural areas. Damage along this section of the path was mostly minor, though a few farms sustained EF2 damage. Intense cycloidal marks were again noted in farm fields in this area.[2][3] As the tornado approached Dunkerton, it turned to the east-northeast, missing the town and growing up to 1.2 miles (1.9 km) wide. Some re-intensification occurred in this area, as consistent high-end EF2 damage was noted at multiple farms. Numerous hog containment buildings were destroyed, and a few homes that were impacted sustained some collapse of exterior walls. Mud and corn stubble was picked up from farm fields near Dunkerton and plastered thickly against fences, power poles, and houses. Shortly before reaching Fairbank, the tornado abruptly dissipated.[2][3]
Aftermath
editSeven people were killed in Parkersburg and two were killed in New Hartford, where the housing development was destroyed. 288 homes in Parkersburg, and 88 in and around New Hartford were damaged or destroyed. While initially rated high-end EF4, a final assessment determined that the tornado was an EF5 with estimated peak winds of about 205 miles per hour (330 km/h). It was determined that 17 homes and an industrial building sustained EF5 damage along the path.[7] According to FEMA and the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management, damage was preliminary estimated at $6 million in northern Iowa including more than $3 million in Butler County alone.[8] While the tornado was caught on tape and photographed by spotters, a surveillance camera inside a bank in Parkersburg also caught the tornado on tape as the storm passed over the building.[9] Another surveillance camera showed the tornado ripping the roof off a house across a street before the video feed was lost.[10] After the tornado, Governor Chet Culver declared Butler and Black Hawk counties disaster areas due to the extensive storm damage.[11] The tornado was the first F5 or EF5 tornado in Iowa since one hit Jordan on June 13, 1976, and the second deadliest in Iowa since official record-keeping began in 1950. The deadliest tornado affected the Charles City area on May 15, 1968, and killed 13 while producing F5 damage.[12] On May 29, The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier reported that lightweight debris from the Waterloo area, including photographs, check stubs, and "greeting cards and business records" from a Waterloo Walgreens, had been found in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, over 100 miles (160 km) away.[13]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Trey Greenwood, a meteorologist with a Master's in Atmospheric Science, has a youtube video detailing specifics of cell mergers and gravity waves on the formation of the interest supercell. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWt11TXiu5c&t=1145s&pp=ygUTcGFya2Vyc2J1cmcgdG9ybmFkbw%3D%3D
- ^ Note the concrete walk-out basement wall partially pushed over on the left.
References
edit- ^ a b c "SPC Severe Weather Event Review for Sunday May 25, 2008". www.spc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Marshall, Timothy. "The Parkersburg, IA Tornado: 25 May 2008" (PDF). ams.confex.com. American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Parkersburg – New Hartford – Dunkerton EF5 Tornado". NWS Des Moines. NOAA. May 26, 2009. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
- ^ a b c "Parkersburg EF5 Damage". mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/. NWs Des Moines. May 26, 2008. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
- ^ a b c "Details of the Parkersburg Storm Damage Survey" (PDF). Des Moines, Iowa: National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
- ^ Walls, Natalie Kate (1 April 2024). Kashem, Shakil (ed.). "Post-disaster recovery in small towns: learning from the experience of tornado recovery in two communities" (Masters thesis). Kansas State University College of Architecture. Manhattan, Kansas: Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional & Community Planning at Kansas State University: 1–89. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Parkersburg Tornado Rated EF5 (Updated June 1st)". National Weather Service. 2006-06-01. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11.
- ^ "Iowa Tornado Damage Tops $6 Million". WOWT. 2008-05-30. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ "Surveillance video from a bank showing tornado in Parkersburg". CNN. Archived from the original on 2011-04-05.
- ^ "Surveillance camera showing tornado ripping off a roof". KMBC-TV.[dead link]
- ^ "Black Hawk and Butler Disaster Areas". KCGR-TV. 2008-05-26. Archived from the original on 2008-05-27.
- ^ "Tornado History Project Database". Tornado History Project. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
- ^ "Debris found in Wis. more than 100 miles (160 km) from Iowa tornado". WCFcourier.com. 2008-05-30.