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2008 United States presidential election in Florida

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Main article: 2008 United States presidential election

The 2008 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 4, as part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Florida voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

2008 United States presidential election in Florida
← 2004 November 4, 2008 2012 →
TurnoutIncrease75%[1]
 
Nominee Barack Obama John McCain
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Illinois Arizona
Running mate Joe Biden Sarah Palin
Electoral vote 27 0
Popular vote 4,282,074 4,045,624
Percentage 50.91% 48.10%
President before election

George W. Bush
Republican

Elected President

Barack Obama
Democratic

Florida was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama by a 2.8% margin of victory, making it the first time since 1996 the state was won by a Democrat. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered this state a toss-up, or swing state, as it was heavily targeted by both campaigns. Despite the fact that polls showed John McCain in the lead throughout much of 2008, Obama took the momentum in the two months before Election Day. Obama ended up winning the state with 51 percent of the vote, including wins in four counties that George W. Bush won in 2004. Obama became the first Democrat to win a majority of Florida's popular vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976.

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Flagler County and Volusia County voted for the Democratic candidate. This is also the last election that Florida trended more Democratic than the previous one.

Primary elections

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State-run primaries were held for the Democratic and Republican parties on January 29. The Green Party held its own primary on February 1.

Democratic primary

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Main article: 2008 Florida Democratic presidential primary
Florida Democratic Presidential Primary Results – 2008
Candidate Votes Percentage Delegates*
Hillary Clinton 870,986 49.77% 52.5
Barack Obama 576,214 32.93% 33.5
John Edwards 251,562 14.38% 6.5**
Joe Biden 15,704 0.90% 0
Bill Richardson 14,999 0.86% 0
Dennis Kucinich 9,703 0.55% 0
Christopher Dodd 5,477 0.31% 0
Mike Gravel 5,275 0.30% 0
Totals 1,749,920 100.00% 92.5

*As awarded by the May 31, 2008, meeting of the Rules and Bylaws Committee (RBC).
**Subsequently, some Edwards delegates switched to Obama.

Republican primary

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Main article: 2008 Florida Republican presidential primary

McCain prevailed in Florida's Republican presidential primary.[2]

Candidate Votes Percentage Counties Delegates
John McCain 701,761 36% 45 57
Mitt Romney 604,932 31.03% 18 0
Rudy Giuliani 286,089 14.68% 0 0
Mike Huckabee 262,681 13.47% 4 0
Ron Paul 62,887 3.23% 0 0
Fred Thompson* 22,668 1.16% 0 0
Alan Keyes 4,060 0.21% 0 0
Duncan Hunter* 2,847 0.15% 0 0
Tom Tancredo* 1,573 0.08% 0 0
Totals 1,949,498 100% 67 57

* Candidate dropped out of the race prior to primary.

Green primary

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As part of the 2008 Green Party presidential primaries, the Green Party held a mail-in primary in Florida on February 1.[3]

Florida Green Party presidential primary (February 1, 2008)[3]
Candidate Votes Percentage National delegates
Cynthia McKinney - - 11
Ralph Nader - - 2
Kent Mesplay - - 1
Kat Swift - - 1
Total - 100% 16

Campaign

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Republican George W. Bush of Texas carried Florida by a convincing margin of 5% in 2004 against Democrat John Kerry,[4] a much greater margin than in 2000 when Bush controversially won the state's 25 electoral votes against Democrat Al Gore of Tennessee by 537 votes.[5]

Early polls showed Barack Obama faring poorly in Florida. During the primary season, Barack Obama did not campaign there and argued against seating its delegates for the Democratic convention, earning unfavorable media attention. Moreover, Florida's demographics did not favor him. A haven for retirees, Florida lacked many of the younger voters who passionately supported the Democratic nominee. Thus, in early 2008, opinion polling showed Republican John McCain leading most polls, sometimes by double digits.[6]

Near the end of September, however, when the financial crisis of 2007–2008 became a more potent election issue, Obama proceeded to take the lead in most of the polls.[6] Florida was especially hard hit by the economic shock. It was a hotspot of new home building and suffered tremendously from the subprime lending collapse. In addition, the state was full of retirees depending on 401ks; these were badly hurt by the stock market's fall.

Predictions

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16 news organizations made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:

Source Ranking
D.C. Political Report[7] Likely R
Cook Political Report[8] Toss-up
The Takeaway[9] Toss-up
Electoral-vote.com[10] Lean D (flip)
Washington Post[11] Lean D (flip)
Politico[12] Lean D (flip)
RealClearPolitics[13] Toss-up
FiveThirtyEight[11] Lean D (flip)
CQ Politics[14] Toss-up
The New York Times[15] Toss-up
CNN[16] Toss-up
NPR[11] Lean R
MSNBC[11] Toss-up
Fox News[17] Toss-up
Associated Press[18] Toss-up
Rasmussen Reports[19] Toss-up

Polling

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Main article: Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008: Florida

The 3 poll averages showed McCain leading throughout most of the presidential election season, until the last month of October. The final 3 polls had Obama leading 49% to 48% with undecided voters to decide the election.[20]

Fundraising

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McCain raised $14,826,093. Obama raised $19,963,592.[21]

Advertising and visits

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Obama and his interest groups spent $36,990,591 in the state. McCain and his interest groups spent $17,133,501.[22] The Democratic ticket visited the state 12 times to the Republicans' 11 times.[23]

Analysis

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Obama won the state and its 27 electoral votes on Election Day by a margin of about 2.82%.[24] Obama held a consistent lead for most of the night as returns came in, but the networks avoided calling the state for Obama until the conservative northwestern portion, most of which is in the Central Time Zone, began reporting its returns. According to exit polling, Obama's win in the state can be attributed to winning 96% of the African-American vote, 57% of Latino voters, and 52% among Independents.[25]

Upset wins in the Orlando and Tampa Bay areas, where George W. Bush won in 2004, contributed to Obama's victory. In the former, Obama carried Orange County (which includes Orlando) by 19 points - the best margin for a Democratic candidate in 64 years.[26] Before Al Gore and John Kerry narrowly won it, Orange County hadn't supported a Democratic presidential nominee since Franklin D. Roosevelt's last run for president in 1944. He also became the first Democrat to win Orlando in a presidential election since Roosevelt. Obama carried Osceola County, near Orlando, by a 20-point margin (Bush won it in 2004 52%-47%).[26] His strong performance in Central Florida more than likely helped the Democrats flip two U.S. House seats in that region.

In the Tampa Bay region, Obama carried Hillsborough County, home to Tampa, by a 7-point margin.[27] Obama also won Pinellas County, home to St. Petersburg, by a 53%-45% margin.[27] Bush had narrowly carried the county by about 0.1% in 2004.[28] Like most Democratic candidates, Obama dominated South Florida, winning Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties by comfortable margins. The vote from Miami-Dade came in very late in the evening, stopping the major networks from calling the state for Obama earlier in the evening. However, Obama maintained a lead of at least 125,000 votes from the moment polls closed in the state.

On the other hand, John McCain kept the state relatively close, losing by far less than his national average. In northern Florida, a Republican stronghold, McCain won the majority of counties by double-digit landslides. Along the panhandle, McCain routinely took over 70% of the vote.[29] Obama won only a handful of counties - most home to major colleges. Moreover, McCain improved on George Bush's performance in large parts of northern Florida - something he achieved in very few other areas of the country.[29] Obama's sole accomplishment involved Duval County (Jacksonville), where he narrowed George Bush's 61,580-vote victory to a far smaller 7,919 margin.[24][30] In 2008, Duval County had only supported a Democrat for president twice since 1952, when John F. Kennedy carried it in 1960 and when Jimmy Carter carried it in 1976.

In addition, McCain was able to do well along the I-4 corridor in central Florida. This heavily populated, "swingy" region often determines which candidate wins in Florida's statewide elections. In 2008, the Republican candidate won most counties, including heavily populated areas such as Brevard County. However, McCain's unexpectedly poor showing in Orlando, a city that had voted Republican in presidential elections from 1948 to 2004, severely hurt his position in central Florida.

Democrats also picked up two seats from Florida in the U.S. House of Representatives. Democrat Alan Grayson defeated incumbent Republican Ric Keller for Florida's 8th Congressional District seat while Democrat Suzanne Kosmas ousted incumbent Republican Tom Feeney for Florida's 24th Congressional District seat. Republicans, however, were successful at winning back Republican Mark Foley's old congressional seat in Florida's 16th Congressional District seat when Tom Rooney defeated Democratic incumbent Tim Mahoney by a comfortable margin. At the state level, Democrats picked up two seats in the Florida House of Representatives as well.

Obama became the first ever Democrat to win the White House without carrying Dixie, Gilchrist, Hamilton or Sumter Counties, as well as the first to do so without carrying Levy County since James Buchanan in 1856, the first to do so without carrying Pasco County since John F. Kennedy in 1960, and the first to do so without carrying Glades, Madison, Hernando, Okeechobee, or Putnam Counties since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

Results

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United States presidential election in Florida, 2008[31]
Party Candidate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Democratic Barack Obama 4,282,367 50.91% 27
Republican John McCain 4,046,219 48.1% 0
Ecology Ralph Nader 28,128 0.33% 0
Write-Ins 20,414 0.24% 0
Libertarian Bob Barr 17,220 0.20% 0
Constitution Chuck Baldwin 7,915 0.09% 0
Green Cynthia A. McKinney 2,887 0.03% 0
America's Independent Alan Keyes 2,550 0.03% 0
Socialism and Liberation Gloria LaRiva 1,516 0.02% 0
Boston Tea Charles Jay 797 0.01% 0
Socialist Workers Roger Calero 533 0.01% 0
Objectivist Thomas R. Stevens 419 0.00% 0
Socialist Brian Moore 405 0.00% 0
Prohibition Gene Amondson 293 0.00% 0
Republican Ron Paul 174 0.00% 0
Independent None of these candidates 23 0.00% 0
Totals 8,411,861 100.00% 27
Voter turnout (Voting age population) 75.0%

By county

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County Barack Obama
Democratic 		John McCain
Republican 		Various candidates
Other parties 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # %
Alachua 75,565 59.99% 48,513 38.51% 1,889 1.50% 27,052 21.48% 125,967
Baker 2,327 20.99% 8,672 78.22% 88 0.79% -6,345 -57.23% 11,087
Bay 23,653 29.07% 56,683 69.66% 1,030 1.26% -33,030 -40.59% 81,366
Bradford 3,430 29.31% 8,136 69.52% 137 1.17% -4,706 -40.21% 11,703
Brevard 127,620 44.17% 157,589 54.54% 3,718 1.29% -29,969 -10.37% 288,927
Broward 492,640 67.02% 237,729 32.34% 4,722 0.64% 254,911 34.68% 735,091
Calhoun 1,821 29.07% 4,345 69.36% 98 1.56% -2,524 -40.29% 6,264
Charlotte 39,031 45.65% 45,205 52.87% 1,263 1.48% -6,174 -7.22% 85,499
Citrus 31,460 41.12% 43,706 57.13% 1,343 1.75% -12,246 -16.01% 76,509
Clay 26,697 28.18% 67,203 70.95% 823 0.88% -40,506 -42.77% 94,723
Collier 54,450 38.35% 86,379 60.84% 1,159 0.82% -31,929 -22.49% 141,988
Columbia 9,171 32.50% 18,670 66.17% 374 1.32% -9,499 -33.67% 28,215
DeSoto 4,383 43.12% 5,632 55.41% 149 1.46% -1,249 -12.29% 10,164
Dixie 1,925 26.40% 5,194 71.22% 174 2.39% -3,269 -44.82% 7,293
Duval 202,618 48.63% 210,537 50.53% 3,538 0.85% -7,919 -1.90% 416,693
Escambia 61,572 39.76% 91,411 59.02% 1,891 1.22% -29,839 -19.26% 154,874
Flagler 24,726 50.24% 23,951 48.66% 540 1.10% 775 1.58% 49,217
Franklin 2,134 35.28% 3,818 63.12% 97 1.61% -1,684 -27.84% 6,049
Gadsden 15,582 69.14% 6,811 30.22% 145 0.64% 8,771 38.92% 22,538
Gilchrist 1,996 25.53% 5,656 72.34% 167 2.14% -3,660 -46.81% 7,819
Glades 1,674 39.29% 2,533 59.45% 54 1.27% -859 -20.16% 4,261
Gulf 2,149 29.77% 4,980 68.99% 89 1.23% -2,831 -39.22% 7,218
Hamilton 2,364 42.24% 3,179 56.81% 53 0.95% -815 -14.57% 5,596
Hardee 2,568 34.51% 4,763 64.00% 111 1.48% -2,195 -29.49% 7,442
Hendry 4,998 45.78% 5,780 52.94% 139 1.28% -782 -7.16% 10,917
Hernando 41,886 47.46% 45,021 51.01% 1,350 1.52% -3,135 -3.55% 88,257
Highlands 18,135 40.37% 26,221 58.37% 566 1.27% -8,086 -18.00% 44,922
Hillsborough 272,963 53.05% 236,355 45.94% 5,183 1.01% 36,608 7.11% 514,501
Holmes 1,446 16.78% 7,033 81.63% 137 1.59% -5,587 -64.85% 8,616
Indian River 29,710 41.96% 40,176 56.74% 916 1.30% -10,466 -14.78% 70,802
Jackson 7,671 35.49% 13,717 63.47% 225 1.04% -6,046 -27.98% 21,613
Jefferson 4,088 51.24% 3,797 47.59% 93 1.16% 291 3.65% 7,978
Lafayette 642 19.01% 2,679 79.33% 56 1.66% -2,037 -60.32% 3,377
Lake 62,948 42.71% 82,802 56.19% 1,621 1.10% -19,854 -13.48% 147,371
Lee 119,701 44.34% 147,608 54.67% 2,688 0.99% -27,907 -10.33% 269,977
Leon 91,747 61.60% 55,705 37.40% 1,483 0.99% 36,042 24.20% 148,935
Levy 6,711 35.72% 11,754 62.56% 324 1.73% -5,043 -26.84% 18,789
Liberty 895 27.24% 2,339 71.18% 52 1.58% -1,444 -43.94% 3,286
Madison 4,270 47.94% 4,544 51.02% 93 1.04% -274 -3.08% 8,907
Manatee 70,034 45.93% 80,721 52.94% 1,712 1.12% -10,687 -7.01% 152,467
Marion 70,839 43.58% 89,628 55.14% 2,075 1.28% -18,789 -11.56% 162,542
Martin 33,508 42.67% 44,143 56.22% 871 1.10% -10,635 -13.55% 78,522
Miami-Dade 499,831 57.81% 360,551 41.70% 4,254 0.49% 139,280 16.11% 864,636
Monroe 20,907 51.75% 18,933 46.86% 563 1.39% 1,974 4.89% 40,403
Nassau 10,618 27.66% 27,403 71.38% 371 0.97% -16,785 -43.72% 38,392
Okaloosa 25,872 27.01% 68,789 71.82% 1,120 1.17% -42,917 -44.81% 95,781
Okeechobee 5,108 39.79% 7,561 58.89% 170 1.32% -2,453 -19.10% 12,839
Orange 273,009 58.96% 186,832 40.35% 3,198 0.69% 86,177 18.61% 463,039
Osceola 59,962 59.41% 40,086 39.72% 877 0.87% 19,876 19.69% 100,925
Palm Beach 361,271 61.08% 226,037 38.22% 4,128 0.70% 135,234 22.86% 591,436
Pasco 102,417 47.51% 110,104 51.07% 3,068 1.42% -7,687 -3.56% 215,589
Pinellas 248,299 53.38% 210,066 45.16% 6,787 1.46% 38,233 8.22% 465,152
Polk 113,865 46.34% 128,878 52.45% 2,961 1.20% -15,013 -6.11% 245,704
Putnam 13,236 39.77% 19,637 59.01% 406 1.22% -6,401 -19.24% 33,279
St. Johns 35,791 33.74% 69,222 65.25% 1,068 1.00% -33,431 -31.51% 106,081
St. Lucie 67,125 55.49% 52,512 43.41% 1,337 1.11% 14,613 12.08% 120,974
Santa Rosa 19,470 25.49% 55,972 73.28% 935 1.23% -36,502 -47.79% 76,377
Sarasota 102,686 49.37% 102,897 49.47% 2,422 1.16% -211 -0.10% 208,005
Seminole 99,335 48.12% 105,070 50.90% 2,021 0.98% -5,735 -2.78% 206,426
Sumter 17,655 36.04% 30,866 63.01% 462 0.95% -13,211 -26.97% 48,983
Suwannee 4,916 27.76% 12,534 70.77% 261 1.48% -7,618 -43.01% 17,711
Taylor 2,803 29.86% 6,457 68.79% 127 1.36% -3,654 -38.93% 9,387
Union 1,300 24.48% 3,940 74.20% 70 1.31% -2,640 -49.72% 5,310
Volusia 127,795 52.19% 113,938 46.53% 3,122 1.27% 13,857 5.66% 244,855
Wakulla 5,311 36.94% 8,877 61.75% 188 1.31% -3,566 -24.81% 14,376
Walton 7,174 26.43% 19,561 72.08% 404 1.48% -12,387 -45.65% 27,139
Washington 2,863 25.64% 8,178 73.23% 126 1.12% -5,315 -47.59% 11,167
Totals 4,282,367 50.91% 4,046,219 48.10% 83,662 0.99% 236,148 2.81% 8,412,248
 
County Flips:

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

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By congressional district

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Despite the fact that Barack Obama won the state, John McCain carried 15 congressional districts in Florida, including two district occupied by Democrats. Obama carried 10 congressional districts, including two districts occupied by Republicans.

District McCain Obama Representative
1st 66.66% 32.10% Jeff Miller
2nd 54.27% 44.58% Allen Boyd
3rd 25.99% 73.30% Corrine Brown
4th 61.35% 37.66% Ander Crenshaw
5th 55.57% 43.18% Ginny Brown-Waite
6th 56.04% 42.82% Cliff Stearns
7th 53.20% 45.68% John Mica
8th 46.77% 52.47% Ric Keller (110th Congress)
Alan Grayson (111th Congress)
9th 52.17% 46.57% Gus Bilirakis
10th 47.17% 51.30% Bill Young
11th 33.08% 65.93% Kathy Castor
12th 50.23% 48.84% Adam Putnam
13th 52.05% 46.76% Vern Buchanan
14th 56.76% 42.28% Connie Mack IV
15th 51.15% 47.67% Bill Posey
16th 51.80% 47.11% Tim Mahoney (110th Congress)
Tom Rooney (111th Congress)
17th 12.37% 87.25% Kendrick Meek
18th 48.55% 50.74% Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
19th 33.92% 65.42% Robert Wexler
20th 35.99% 63.25% Debbie Wasserman Schultz
21st 50.83% 48.68% Lincoln Díaz-Balart
22nd 47.59% 51.63% Ron Klein
23rd 16.83% 82.68% Alcee Hastings
24th 50.47% 48.52% Tom Feeney (110th Congress)
Suzanne Kosmas (111th Congress)
25th 50.25% 49.22% Mario Díaz-Balart

Electors

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Main article: List of 2008 United States presidential electors

Technically the voters of Florida cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Florida is allocated 27 electors because it has 25 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 27 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 27 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them.[32] An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 27 were pledged to Barack Obama and Joe Biden[33]

  1. Willis "Chip" Arndt
  2. Wayne Bailey
  3. Fred Balsera
  4. Terrie Brady
  5. Karl Flagg
  6. Joe Gibbons
  7. Janet Goen
  8. James Golden
  9. Chris Hand
  10. Marlon Hill
  11. Tony Hill
  12. Joan Joseph
  13. Allan Katz
  14. Gena Keebler
  15. Joan Lane
  16. Caren Lobo
  17. Rick Minor
  18. Jared Moskowitz
  19. Angela Rodante
  20. Frank Sanchez
  21. Juanita Scott
  22. Geraldine Thompson
  23. Karen Thurman
  24. Carmen Torres
  25. Kirk Wagar
  26. Enoch Williams
  27. Frederica Wilson

References

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  1. ^ "Voter Turnout". Florida Division of Elections. 2021. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015.
  2. ^ "January 29, 2008 Presidential Preference Republican Primary". Florida Department of State. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  3. ^ a b "Size of State / Caucus Delegations". Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  4. ^ "CNN.com Election 2004". Retrieved December 14, 2008.
  5. ^ "2000 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". Retrieved December 14, 2008.
  6. ^ a b Jay Cost. "Florida: McCain vs. Obama". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  7. ^ "D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries". January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  8. ^ "Presidential". May 5, 2015. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  9. ^ "Vote 2008 - The Takeaway - Track the Electoral College vote predictions". April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  10. ^ "Electoral-vote.com: President, Senate, House Updated Daily". electoral-vote.com. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d Based on Takeaway
  12. ^ "POLITICO's 2008 Swing State Map - POLITICO.com". www.politico.com. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  13. ^ "RealClearPolitics - Electoral Map". Archived from the original on June 5, 2008.
  14. ^ "CQ Presidential Election Maps, 2008". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  15. ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff; Carter, Shan (November 4, 2008). "The Electoral Map: Key States". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  16. ^ "October – 2008 – CNN Political Ticker - CNN.com Blogs". CNN. October 31, 2008. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  17. ^ "Winning The Electoral College". Fox News. April 27, 2010.
  18. ^ "roadto270". hosted.ap.org. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  19. ^ "Election 2008: Electoral College Update - Rasmussen Reports". www.rasmussenreports.com. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  20. ^ Election 2008 Polls - Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
  21. ^ "Presidential Campaign Finance". Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
  22. ^ "Map: Campaign Ad Spending - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  23. ^ "Map: Campaign Candidate Visits - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  24. ^ a b "Florida Department of State Division of Elections: November 4, 2008 General Election". Florida Secretary of State. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  25. ^ "Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - CNN". Retrieved December 14, 2008.
  26. ^ a b Dave Leip. "Presidential General Election Map Comparison - Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S Presidential Elections. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  27. ^ a b Dave Leip. "2008 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S Presidential Elections. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  28. ^ Dave Leip. "2004 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S Presidential Elections. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  29. ^ a b "Election Results 2008". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2004. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  30. ^ "Florida Department of State Division of Elections: November 2, 2004 General Election". Florida Secretary of State. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  31. ^ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
  32. ^ "Electoral College". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  33. ^ "Florida Certificate of Ascertainment, page 3 of 7". National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017.
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