Wikipedia

2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland

(Redirected from 2020–21 women's strike protests in Poland)
For other uses, see 2020 Polish protests.

The 2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland, commonly called the Women's Strike (Polish: Strajk Kobiet), were anti-government demonstrations and protests in Poland that began on 22 October 2020, in reaction to a ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal, mainly consisting of judges who were appointed by the ruling Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) dominated United Right, which tightened the law on abortion in Poland. The ruling made almost all cases of abortion illegal, including those cases in which the foetus had a severe and permanent disability, or an incurable and life-threatening disease.[37][38] All-Poland Women's Strike was charged by the authorities for having illegally organised the protests.[39]

2020–2021 Women's strike protests in Poland
Women's Strike (Polish: Strajk Kobiet)
Part of the Polish constitutional crisis
Clockwise starting from top: protest in Kraków, protest in Bielsko-Biała, protest symbol, protest in Miodowa, protest in Wrocław.
Date22 October 2020 – 27 January 2021
Location
Poland
Caused byThe Constitutional Tribunal's decision finding abortion in cases of "disability or incurable illness" to be unconstitutional in the country
Goals
MethodsDemonstrations, marches, graffiti, leaflet drop, street blockades, street dance protests, strike, vandalism
Resulted in
  • Popularity of the government decreased
  • The verdict stayed in place
Parties

Abortion ban proponents:

Law enforcement
Institutions
Political parties
Activist groups
    • Ordo Iuris
    • Fidei Defensor
    • Life and Family Foundation
Political groups
Media

Abortion ban opponents:

Lead organisations
Political parties
Political groups
Activist groups
Trade unions
Media
Businesses
Lead figures
Politicians
Judicial figures
Religious figures
Activists
Others
Number
Over 180,000 people
Over 430,000 people
Casualties and losses

Over 200 injured

0 arrested

Over 1,000 injured

Over 3,000 arrested

On the evening of 22 October 2020, a wave of mass protests in opposition to the ruling commenced.[40] In the biggest protest in the country since the end of the People's Republic during the revolutions of 1989,[41][42] protesters opposed the interference of the Roman Catholic Church in public matters, and opposed the domination of all three branches of government by the ruling coalition.[43]

Constitutional Tribunal abortion case

edit

Background

edit
Main articles: Abortion in Poland and Polish rule-of-law crisis

On 7 January 1993, the Polish parliament[44] passed the Law on Family Planning[38] forbidding abortion, except if (1) the pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's life, (2) it is the result of a crime, or (3) there is a foetal impairment. In 1997, the Constitutional Tribunal headed by Andrzej Zoll ruled abortion on social grounds unconstitutional.[45]

During the mid-2010s, about 80,000–200,000 Polish women carried out abortions (whether legal or illegal) per year according to the Federation for Women and Family Planning [pl], or 8,000–13,000 according to the Polish Association of Defenders of Human Life.[46] In the 2010s, about a quarter of all Polish women had terminated a pregnancy, according to Public Opinion Research Center in 2013, and Federation for Women and Family Planning in 2016.[46] Abortion rates around the world ranged from about 10 to 40 per year per 1000 women aged 15–44 in the 2000s, "in all regions of the world, regardless of the status of abortion laws", according to Sedgh, Singh, Henshaw and Bankole in The Lancet.[47] The number of legal abortions in Poland was about 1,000 legal abortions per year in the 2010s.[48]

Because the Lower House elects constitutional judges, since the United Right took power in Poland in 2015, PiS' domination has expanded onto the judicial branch. This domination led to the 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis. The status of the tribunal continues to be disputed in February 2020 by some of its former judges and presidents.[49]

In 2016, a citizen initiative was launched by anti-abortion movements such as Stop Aborcji [Stop Abortion] to tighten restrictions on abortions. It collected 830,000 signatures, forcing the Polish Parliament to discuss it. As the bill advanced further in parliamentary discussions, the All-Poland Women's Strike launched a protest movement branded "Black Protest" that attracted international coverage. After a few days, the PiS government let the bill die in committee.[50]

The anti-abortion groups then started to oppose the constitutionality of the existing abortion law.[50] Following the 2019 election, 119 members of the newly elected Sejm, coming from the PiS, Confederation, and Polish Coalition parliamentary groups, submitted a referral[51] to the Constitutional Tribunal on whether or not abortions of pregnancies unrelated to rape or not threatening the mother's life, which they call "eugenic", are constitutional. In July 2018, a wave of nonviolent demonstrations for 3 weeks against an abortion ban started and led to the withdrawal of the bill. In December 2019, a muzzle law was created and sparked popular and widespread street protests for 2–3 weeks until it was withdrawn.

The signatories argued that this provision violates Constitutional protections of human dignity (Article 30), the right to life (Article 38) or the prohibition against discrimination (Article 32).[50] During the year, the Constitutional Tribunal heard or received arguments and legal interventions on the question, one of which the European branch of the American Center for Law and Justice planned to submit.[50]

By 2020, fourteen of the Constitutional Tribunal's fifteen judges had been appointed by the Sejm since the 2015 return of Law and Justice to power. Its domination over all branches of power has created a political crisis that has led the European Commission to refer Poland to the European Court of Justice.[52]

Ruling of unconstitutionality

edit

In an 11–2 decision announced on 22 October 2020 and published on the next day, the Constitutional Tribunal ruled unconstitutional[53][54] the provision of the 1993 Act permitting abortion when the fetus is predicted to have a "disability or incurable illness".[37][53] The ruling found it violated the Constitutional protection of human dignity.[53]

The ruling did not affect the other two cases of the existing law, meaning that pregnancy can still be terminated if (1) it is the result of a crime (rape or incest), or (2) the woman's life or health is at risk.[55] In practice, the provision that was ruled unconstitutional represented the overwhelming majority of the 1,000 to 2,000 abortions legally done in Poland each year.[50] In 2019, 1074 of the 1110 official abortions were, according to the Polish Ministry of Health, cases of fetal defects. Among these, 271 were for Down's syndrome without other anomalies, and 60 cases were for Patau syndrome or Edward's syndrome without other anomalies.[48]

Protests

edit
 
Protesters in Gdańsk, 24 October 2020, calling to "abort" the Polish government.
 
Blocked Grunwald Bridge in Wrocław, 26 October 2020

Timeline

edit

October 2020

edit

Street protests began on 22 October 2020, following the ruling, and continued throughout the weekend. Women's Strike leaders Marta Lempart, Klementyna Suchanow and Agnieszka Czerederecka, who played a key role in the protests, were legally charged for their role in the protests.[39]

Street protests took place in 60 Polish towns on the night of 23 October, and again on 24 October 2020. Protests took place in town centers, in front of PiS offices, and offices of religious administrations,[43] as well as in front of the homes of both far-right activist Kaja Godek and PiS politician Krystyna Pawłowicz.[56]

On 25 October 2020, protesters staged sit-ins in Catholic churches. They held banners, throwing leaflets with postulates and women's strike symbols,[57] disrupting Sunday Mass in several cities, including Katowice and Poznań,[58] and churches across the country were vandalized.[59]

On 26 October 2020, protesters in 150 Polish towns and cities participated.[60][61]

On 27 October 2020, the Women's Strike presented a list of demands: (1) fix the situations of the Constitutional Tribunal, the Supreme Court and the Ombudsman, (2) amend the budget – with more funds for health protection and assistance for entrepreneurs – (3) enact full women's rights – legal abortion, sex education, contraception – (4) stop the financing of the Catholic Church from the state budget, (5) end religious instruction in schools, and (6) enact the resignation of the government. Furthermore, they announced the creation of a Consultative Council, modelled on the Belarusian Coordination Council, a platform for dialogue to resolve the sociopolitical situation in Poland.[62]

 
Road blockade in Kraków, 26 October 2020

On 28 October 2020, there was a nationwide women's strike under the slogan "I'm not going to work" (Polish: Nie idę do roboty). Many workplaces and offices allowed their employees to take part in the protest. Besides universities, local media including Gazeta.pl,[27] Gazeta Wyborcza,[28] NaTemat.pl,[29] and Newsweek Polska[30] engaged in the protest by publishing editorials supporting the movement. Companies, including mBank, also joined.[33] Far-right and nationalist militias violently removed protesters from churches.[63][64][65] According to the Chief Commander of Police Jarosław Szymczyk, approximately 430,000 people participated in 410 protests across the country.[66]

On 30 October 2020, around 100,000 people participated in a mass protest in Warsaw.[67] Zoliborz, a district where Jarosław Kaczyński lives, was blocked by the police who did not let the protest reach his house.[68]

November 2020

edit

On 1 November 2020, many protests were related to the Prime Minister's decision to close cemeteries from 31 October to 2 November 2020, which affected flower producers and sellers (All Saints Day was observed that weekend). Flowers and candles were placed under PiS offices all over Poland.[69][70][71][72][73][74] On November 2, the protests took place, among others, in Wroclaw.[74]

On 3 November 2020, further demonstrations took place, some in reference to the announcement by the Minister of Education and Science, Przemysław Czarnek, concerning the consequences for teachers who were to encourage their students to participate in the protests.[75] In Warsaw, the police intervened against two artists who undressed in front of the Presidential Palace as a form of support for the protesting women.[76]

 
9 November 2020 protest against Minister of Science and Education Przemysław Czarnek at the local education administrative office in Toruń.

On 6 November 2020, a big OSK protest took place in Zakopane.[77]

On 8 November 2020, the 15-metre-high steel Christian cross on the Great Giewont peak in the Tatra Mountains was briefly covered by a banner showing the OSK red lightning symbol and the text "Domestic violence is not a tradition." The banner almost completely covered the cross. Images of the cross covered by the banner were distributed on the Internet. According to Gazeta Krakowska, the context of the images was the fact that the Zakopane city council was the only local council that had not introduced legislative actions against domestic violence over the previous ten years, and it justified its decision on the grounds that the legislation would violate family traditions. In mid-2020, the cross had previously been used to display an election poster for Andrzej Duda and a rainbow flag representing LGBT rights.[77]

The 9 November 2020, protests in Warsaw included slogans against the new Minister of Science and Education, Przemysław Czarnek, like "We want education not indoctrination" and "Czarnek, go to hell" (Polish: Czarnek, idź do diabła, lit. 'Czarnek, go to the devil'). Cat and mouse games between police trying to block the protest and protesters changing paths occurred throughout the evening. The protesters called for Czarnek to resign, for the striking Teachers' demands to be fulfilled, for university autonomy, for "accurate" (Polish: rzetelnej) sexual education, for the removal of sexist, anti-LGBT and racist content from schoolbooks and the removal of religious instruction from schools. Several participants whose identities were checked by police refused to pay on-the-spot fines and one woman was thrown on the ground by police.[78] One protester, Gabriela, spoke in defence of a woman who was being interviewed by police. Gabriela stated to a police officer, "You're not behaving like a policeman!" and she "heatedly" discussed the situation of Polish police with him. She was detained overnight and charged under Article 226 of the Polish criminal code for insulting a police officer, and under Article 224 para. 2 for using "violence or a threat" to prevent a police officer from carrying out lawful action.[79]

On 18 November 2020, 3000 police officers surrounded the Sejm, which was starting a new sitting, in preparation for an expected protest. OKO.press interpreted the high number of police to Jarosław Kaczyński's personal "trauma" induced by December 2016 protests at the Sejm, to Kaczyński's anger at police insufficiently controlling the October–November 2020 protests, and to senior police officials Jarosław Szymczyk and Paweł Dobodziej worrying about keeping their jobs despite Kaczyński's anger with the police.[80] The police cordon around the Sejm made it difficult for members to access the building. According to member of Sejm Krzysztof Gawkowski, police used force against the deputy Speaker Włodzimierz Czarzasty.[81]

The protest started at 18:00 local time near the Sejm. Protesters moved from the Sejm to Three Crosses Square, moved along nearby streets in central Warsaw and tried to regroup back at Three Crosses Square. Marta Lempart of OSK described the police as "Kaczyński's private security force, pretending to be police". The protesters continued to the Telewizja Polska (TVP) headquarters at 17 Woronicza Street. Slogans included "Let's block TV-PiS", "Minsk, Warsaw, same situation" and "Polish police are protecting a dictator". By 21:00, five protesters had been detained on Piękna Street near the Sejm.[81]

At 21:40, the police kettled the protesters in front of TVP headquarters.[81] Member of Sejm Marcelina Zawisza unsuccessfully tried to persuade police to allow a mother with her child, passers-by, trapped in the cordon by chance, to leave safely. The police refused, stating, "No, because no." Police refused to say who was the officer in charge of the police action.[82] Maciek Piasecki stated that police started using force "completely unprovoked". The protesters called for the police to allow them to leave the kettle. Police "blindly" pepper-sprayed the protesters. Plainclothes police officers attacked a group of protesters and beat a woman lying on the ground with an expandable baton. Plainclothes officers put on police arm bands and "hid behind" uniformed officers. Member of Sejm Magdalena Biejat showed her Sejm identity card and requested police to stop using violence. A police officer pepper-sprayed her in response.[82] Franciszek Sterczewski and Monika Rosa, members of Sejm, were present. The police required protesters to go through identity controls in order to exit the kettle.[81]

On 19 November 2020, a solidarity demonstration for a 25-year-old woman, Iza, detained during the protests in late October, started at 11:00 in front of the Warsaw Regional Court [pl]. A letter from Iza was read to the crowd. Police kettled 20 of the protesters. The police grabbed a protester, who they threw to the ground, dragged over steps and pushed into a police van. Natalia Broniarczyk of Aborcyjny Dream Team described the detention as "very brutal" including "pushing to the ground with knees". Protesters outside the kettle sat on the street to block the police van. Police brutally removed the sitting protesters, and detained around twelve. Members of Sejm Klaudia Jachira Monika Falej, present at the events, accused the police of escalating the conflict. A third set of detentions occurred when protesters blocked an anti-abortion bus. By 15:00, demonstrators shifted to Żytnia Street in a solidarity demonstration for the newly detained protesters.[83]

On 23 November 2020, protests took place in Warsaw and around Poland, in Biały Dunajec, Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Gdynia, Lublin, Nowy Dwór Gdański, Podhale, Toruń, Wejherowo and Wrocław. In Warsaw, a protest against Science and Education Minister Przemysław Czarnek took place, with slogans including "Free abortion, free education" and "Minsk, Warsaw, same situation". Photojournalist and war correspondent Agata Grzybowska was detained during the protest while showing her journalist's identification. Journalists around her loudly informed police that she was a journalist. Police later alleged that Grzybowska had assaulted a police officer. A police van deliberately ran over the hand of a protester blocking the path of the van, breaking his bones.[84][85] Grzybowska was released at 19:00, two hours after her detention. By 02:00 on 24 November, 400 journalists and photojournalists had signed an appeal calling for police to respect the freedom of the press and stop harassing journalists.[86]

December 2020

edit

On 13 December, protesters, including members of Sejm, marched in Warsaw from Roman Dmowski Roundabout [pl] at around midday and arriving at Kaczyński's house in Żoliborz at around 14:20 CET. The protesters ran and threaded through Warsaw streets and parks, frequently changing their route, bypassing a massive police presence of cordons and police vans.[87]

January 2021

edit
 
Protester on Dmowski Roundabout in Warsaw, with the flag of the Polish Socialist Party, 27 January 2021

Street protests restarted on the evening of 27 January 2021, hours after the Constitutional Tribunal ruling was formally published in Dziennik Ustaw. Protesters in Warsaw gathered in front of the Constitutional Tribunal on Szucha Avenue, then marched to the PiS headquarters. The street was cordoned off by police. The protesters returned to Dmowski Roundabout, where the protest ended. The mayor of Warsaw, Rafał Trzaskowski, described the publication of the Tribunal ruling as "against the will of Poles".[88]

Aims

edit

The initial aims of the protests were an expression of anger against the Constitutional Tribunal ruling and the defence of women's rights. These extended to a broader range of goals over the following days.[89] On 27 October, the All-Poland Women's Strike summarised the aims from banners, slogans and protesters' discussions, stating that the aims of the protests included a return to the rule of law.[90] Further demands included full women's rights, legal abortion, sex education, and contraception; interpreting the Constitutional Tribunal's ruling as stated by the president of the tribunal Julia Przyłębska, as her personal testimony instead of a legal ruling; "the return of a real (independent) Constitutional Tribunal"; "the return to a neutral (independent) Supreme Court of Poland that is not controlled by PiS"; "the appointment of a real (independent) Polish Ombudsman, to succeed Adam Bodnar, who reached the end of his term"; and the overthrow of the rule of the Law and Justice party.[90]

On 1 November 2020, the All-Poland Women's Strike created the Consultative Council, to develop strategies to implement the aims of the protesters.[91][92] The Council introduced its 20 members and their demands, which included abortion and full women's rights, LGBTQ+ community rights, removal of religion from schools, dealing with climate catastrophe, as well as taking care of animal rights, education, and health service. The Council demanded that money be redirected from church and PiS to health care, and demand that "the government increases healthcare funding to 10 percent within a week."[93][94]

Foreign solidarity

edit
 
Protest in front of the Polish Embassy in London

Demonstrations against the ruling and in support of the protests were organised in Amsterdam, Athens, Belgrade, Berlin, Bochum, Bristol, Brussels, Budapest, Chicago, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow (in Scotland there were 14 solidarity demonstrations in total), Göteborg, Hamburg, Helsinki, Kyiv, Leeds, Leipzig, Lisbon, London, Luxembourg, Malmö, Manchester, Mexico City, Munich, Nicosia, Nottingham, Paris, Porto, Prague, Reykjavík, Sheffield, Sydney, Stockholm, Tartu, Tel Aviv, Tokyo, Vienna, and others.[60][95][96]

Tactics

edit

Offensive language

edit

One of the major tactics used by protesters was to use a wide variety of slogans using socially offensive language. The slogans from the first week of protests were deliberately vulgar, with protesters justifying the vulgarity as a response to the government and the Catholic Church's alleged lack of respect for women.

Publicist Piotr Pacewicz [pl] of OKO.press collected and classified slogans into categories. His classification included: women's rights – "My body is not a coffin" (Polish: Moje ciało to nie trumna); political institutions altogether – "The government is not a pregnancy, it can be removed" (Polish: Rząd nie ciąża, da się usunąć); Jarosław Kaczyński himself – "Jarek, you shat yourself, get up" (Polish: Jarek posrałeś się, wstawaj), "The cat can stay, the government get the fuck out" (Polish: Kot może zostać, rząd może wypierdalać, a reference to Jarosław Kaczyński's cat); the Catholic Church – "Fuck yourself in your own organs" (Polish: Napierdalajcie we własne organy); and PiS itself – "Fuck PiS" (Polish: Jebać PiS); along with a humorous mix of politeness and vulgarity – "Could you please fuck off" (Polish: Bardzo proszę wypierdalać).[97]

Citizens' legislative initiative

edit

On 12 November 2020, twelve women's groups and women members of the Sejm created a committee to write a citizens' legislative initiative Legal abortion without compromises (Polish: Legalna aborcja bez kompromisów). Women parliamentarians included in the committee included Wanda Nowicka, Katarzyna Kotula, Katarzyna Ueberhan, Monika Falej, Katarzyna Kretkowska, Joanna Senyszyn, Magdalena Biejat, Marcelina Zawisza and Joanna Scheuring–Wielgus. The aim was that the draft bill should legalise and decriminalise abortion. As of 12 November, the limiting week within pregnancy to which abortion would be allowed remained open to debate.[98]

Natalia Broniarczyk of Abortion Dream Team stated that it was "finally time to trust [women]" who "took a responsible decision concerning their health and life" and that no restrictive anti-abortion law would prevent women from making their own decisions. Marta Lempart of OSK stated that it was possible to falsely claim that anti-abortion law prevented abortions, to pretend that the cost of abortions was unknown, and to pretend to have no friends of friends who had had abortions, but that the Catholic Church and right-wing politicians were responsible for the lies, while the women activists supported reality.[98]

Strike plan

edit

On 11 November 2020, Klementyna Suchanow of OSK stated that the government had failed to increase the health budget to ten percent of the GDP within the Consultative Council's one-week deadline. To obtain the increase in the health budget to ten percent, a general strike was under negotiation for early December with the medical community. Suchanow described the situation in the health services as "dramatic", "nearing armageddon", and "falling apart".[99]

Government response

edit

The national public prosecutor Bogdan Święczkowski stated that the protest organizers might face charges of "causing danger to the life and health of many people by causing an epidemiological threat".[41] Education minister Przemysław Czarnek also threatened to cut the funding of universities which supported the protests.[100]

After two team members of the Polish Institute in Tel Aviv took part in protests and held signs reading "Jews also fuck PiS" (Polish: "Żydzi też jebią PiS"), ambassador Marek Magierowski gave them the option of either resigning or facing disciplinary action.[101]

Jarosław Kaczyński's statement

edit

Jarosław Kaczyński, who is considered Poland's de facto leader[102] (he previously held the posts of Prime Minister and president of PiS, then Deputy Prime Minister), issued on 27 October a statement in which he called for the "defence of the churches, Poland and patriotism", stated that "the authorities have the full right to oppose these protests" and called "all PiS members and our supporters" to "defend [the churches] at all costs" (Polish: Musimy ich bronić za każdą cenę).[103] Kaczyński also said that the protest were in violation COVID-19 restrictions in place.[104] Kaczyński's speech was compared to Wojciech Jaruzelski's address declaring martial law in 1981. Many commentators and journalists interpreted the speech as a call for civil war and a declaration of war on society, based on Kaczyński's expression "at all costs".[105][106][107]

President Andrzej Duda's statement

edit

In an October 2020 interview with Polsat News, Andrzej Duda stated that he understands the women who protest and said that while he is opposed to "eugenic abortion", he thinks that work has to be done regarding situations in which fetal defects are lethal and that in this regard the right to choose should remain.[108] He further stated that the physical defence of churches should be the role of the police and not counter-demonstrators.[109]

Parliamentary response

edit

In October 2020 the coalition partner of PiS, the Agreement party, published a statement calling for introducing precise legal provisions concerning the protection of what they referred to as an "unborn child" with Down syndrome and the mother's right to make decisions in "very rare cases of incurable lethal defects" of the foetus.[110]

Bill proposal

edit

On 30 October 2020, President Duda unveiled a bill prepared by his cabinet. He said "I am counting on a broad political consensus on this matter" and expected it to defuse the tensions.[111] He explained that "after the enactment of this bill, there will still be three grounds for legal abortion in Polish law: [1] because of a threat to the life and health of the mother, [2] because of rape or incest and [3] because of severe and irreversible damage to the foetus which leads to the death of the child". The third case is detailed as such by the bill's draft: "Prenatal tests or other medical indications indicate a high probability that a child will be born dead or burdened with an incurable disease or defect leading inevitably and directly to the death of the child, regardless of the therapeutic measures applied."[111]

Delayed publication

edit

On 3 November 2020, the government announced that it intended to delay the publication and implementation of the controversial ruling. Warsaw University law professor Marcin Matczak called it "by far the worst option", and Anna Wójcik called it a "political decision", as Polish law requires judgements to be published in the Journal of Laws without delay.[112][113] The Polish Government asked the Constitutional Tribunal a judicial opinion to help define the ruling exactly.

On 26 January 2021 the Polish Government published a communiqué explaining that, following the release of the Constitutional Tribunal's judicial opinion, both the ruling and the opinion would be published in the Dziennik Ustaw that day,[114] with the new ban enforced the next day.

Military Gendarmerie

edit
 
Police forces securing the road blockade in Kraków, 26th October

On 23 October 2020, the prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki issued an order for the Military Gendarmerie to help the civilian police in the "protection of safety and public order" starting from 28 October 2020 (a nationwide women's strike was scheduled for that day[115]). The cited justification for the order was the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland.[116] TVN24 commented that the order had to do with the protests. The Polish Ministry of Defence stated on Twitter that the Gendarmerie's policing role was "standard" and unrelated to the abortion rights protests.[117]

On 30 October 2020, the Gendarmerie was deployed in front of government buildings and churches in Warsaw, including the Three Crosses Square, the palace of the Bishop of Warsaw, and the Holy Cross Church.[citation needed][118]

Relations with the Catholic Church

edit

Profanity and graffiti

edit
 
Protest in Toruń, 24 October 2020, with a banner stating "Fuck the clergy" (Polish: "jebać kler").

The protests included slogans with widespread use of the profanities "fuck" (Polish: jebać), and "fuck off" (Polish: wypierdalać), opposing the Catholic Church, holding up banners in churches, painting of graffiti on church and cathedral walls throughout the country, described as the "vandali[sing]" of churches by The New York Times (NYT), and disrupting Masses. NYT described the protests as breaking a "longstanding taboo against challenging the [Catholic] church".[119] The Church itself has called for "respect for churches".[104]

Apostasy

edit

During the October protests, enquiries regarding the procedure for apostasy (deregistering from the Polish Catholic Church), which requires a personal visit to a parish priest increased in popularity.[120][121][122] Web search engine queries showed high frequencies for "apostasy" (Polish: apostazja) and "how to apostatize" (Polish: jak dokonać apostazji). A Facebook event titled "Quit the church at [Christmas]" was followed by near to 5,000 people.[123] National Geographic published a guide to the apostasy procedure and commented on the rapidly growing interest in apostasy in Poland.[124] A spokesperson for Episcopal Conference of Poland (Episcopate), Paweł Rytel-Andrianik, described the 2016 Episcopate decree as a "decree on apostasy" that also allows returning to Church membership. Jacek Tabisz of the Polish Rationalists Association [pl] described the 2016 decree as easing the procedure since the previous procedure had required two witnesses. The Polish Rationalists Association had often been asked for help in finding witnesses.[125]

Repression and consequences

edit

State institutions

edit

Amnesty International stated on 29 October that protesters had "faced excessive use of force by police officers, and [had] been arbitrarily detained without access to lawyers" during the protests.[126]

The authorities announced several consequences both for the protesters and their organizers:

Non-state agitators

edit

Agitators identifying themselves with white armbands attacked protesters in the 30 October Warsaw protest. Former Minister and member of parliament Bartłomiej Sienkiewicz attempted to defend some of the protesters; he was pepper-sprayed at a distance of about 1.5 metres in his face by one of the fighters. Sienkiewicz described the fighters, who he described as neo-Nazis (Polish: naziole), being armed with batons and knives. Police were absent from the Rondo de Gaulle'a (roundabout) where the attack occurred. Sienkiewicz attributed encouragement of the fighters to Jarosław Kaczyński. Police later detained some of the fighters who attacked the protesters and published photos of some of the fighters' weapons.[134]

Public opinion

edit

Attitude towards the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal (28 October 2020, Kantar Public)[135]

  Do not support the ruling (73%)
  Support the ruling (13%)
  No opinion (14%)

Before the ruling:

  • A February 2019 Ipsos poll in Poland found that 53% of Poles (57% of women, 49% of men) support the right to abortion-on-demand up to the 12th week of pregnancy, 35% are opposed (35% of women, 35% of men) and 7% (9% of women, 16% of men) had no opinion.[136]
  • An April 2019 Kantar poll in Poland found 58% of Poles supported the right to abortion-on-demand up to the 12th week of pregnancy, 35% opposed and 7% had no opinion.[137]

After the ruling:

  • A poll from 28 October 2020 found that 22% of Poles supported abortion-on-demand, 62% supported it only in certain cases, and 11% thought it should be completely illegal.[138]
  • On 28 October 2020, four polls were published in which respondents were asked about their support or opposition to the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal:
  • Kantar poll: 73% of responders did not support the ruling, 13% supported the ruling, and 14% had no opinion.[135] In this same poll, 54% of voters supported the protests, 43% were against, 4% had no opinion.
  • IBRiS poll: 66% did not support the ruling, 25% supported it, and 9% had no opinion. In this same poll, people were also asked about a possible referendum, with the result that 69% believed that a referendum should be held in Poland on the admissibility and conditions of allowing abortion, 24% were against, and 7% had no opinion.[139]
  • SW Research poll: 71% of responders did not support the ruling, 13% supported the ruling, and 16% had no opinion.[140]
  • Pollster poll: 64% of responders support the protests, 33% are against, and 3% have no opinion.[141]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "Protesty w kościołach. Episkopat zabrał głos" (in Polish). polsatnews.pl. 28 October 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Rzecznik Episkopatu: Udział wierzących w protestach ws. aborcji to grzech" (in Polish). rmf24.pl. 31 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  3. ^ "Strajk Kobiet. ONR tworzy bojówki. Brygady Narodowe mają bronić kościołów" (in Polish). wp.pl. 28 October 2020.
  4. ^ "Protest kobiet w Białymstoku zaatakowany. MW: chcieli wojny, to ją mają" (in Polish). Radio Zet. 28 October 2020.
  5. ^ "Białystok. Atak na uczestników Strajku Kobiet. Młodzież Wszechpolska nie kryje radości" (in Polish). O2.pl. 29 October 2020.
  6. ^ "Młodzież Wszechpolska o protestach w obronie praw kobiet: "Działania nieodpowiedzialne"" (in Polish). Kurier Lubelski. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Barbarzyństwo w spódnicy" (in Polish). Camp of Great Poland. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Szef "Straży Narodowej" chce ochrony policji" (in Polish). onet.pl. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  9. ^ "Szef Falangi: 10 tys. narodowców w Warszawie. Nawet połowa z nich przeszkolona z taktyki walki" (in Polish). Onet.pl. 30 October 2020.
  10. ^ "Narodowcy szykują się na weekend. "Mobilizujemy ludzi. Niewykluczone, że dojdzie do walk na większą skalę"" (in Polish). Wprost. 30 October 2020.
  11. ^ a b c Szymon Spandowski (30 October 2020). "Tadeusz Rydzyk i Strajk Kobiet. Dyrektor Radia Maryja posądza protestujących o satanizm. Chce to Bogu wynagrodzić. Jak?" (in Polish). Polska Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  12. ^ "Strajk Kobiet. Nie idą do pracy, Lewica dziękuje pracodawcom". interia.pl. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  13. ^ "#WyrokNaKobiety – NIE dla zaostrzenia prawa aborcyjnego!" (in Polish). Razem. 2 October 2020.
  14. ^ "PIS - ZGOTOWAŁ KOLEJNE # PIEKŁO I WSIEKŁOŚĆ KOBIET # - NIEWYOBRAŻALNE, ALE PRAWDZIWE". sld.org.pl (in Polish). Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej. 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  15. ^ "Biedroń chce potępienia orzeczenia TK przez Parlament Europejski. Pisze o "haniebnym wyroku"". wprost.pl (in Polish). wprost. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  16. ^ "PPS wobec wyroku TK" (in Polish). PPS. 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  17. ^ "Stanowisko KPP wobec orzeczenia TK zakazującego aborcji" (in Polish). KPP. 25 October 2020.
  18. ^ "Koalicja Obywatelska tworzy Sieć Obrony Protestujących" (in Polish). onet.pl. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  19. ^ "Stanowisko Partii Zieloni ws. prób zaostrzenia prawa aborcyjnego w Polsce" (in Polish). The Greens. 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  20. ^ a b c d e "Kolejny dzień protestów w sprawie aborcji. Prezydencki projekt, wielka demonstracja w Warszawie i ataki na uczestników" (in Polish). onet.pl. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Duńska partia chce zaoferować bezpłatne zabiegi aborcji dla Polek" (in Polish). onet.pl. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  22. ^ "Władza zamiast chronić wypowiada obywatelom wojnę" (in Polish). Ruch Autonomii Śląska. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  23. ^ Pracownicza, Inicjatywa (26 October 2020). "Inicjatywa Pracownicza przeciwko zakazowi aborcji" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  24. ^ "Oświadczenie WZZ "Sierpień 80" w sprawie strajku kobiet". wzz.org.pl. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  25. ^ a b c d e "Solidarni w obronie naszych praw i wolności". Gazeta Wyborcza. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Greenpeace wspiera Strajk Kobiet. Aktywistki i aktywiści wywiesili piętnastometrowy transparent w centrum Warszawy". Greenpeace Polska. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  27. ^ a b "W tym miejscu miał być tekst informacyjny, ale strajkujemy!". wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  28. ^ a b "Akcja: WESPRZYJ #WYPIERDALAĆ. Prenumerata "Wyborczej" dla Strajku Kobiet". wyborcza.pl. 28 October 2020.
  29. ^ a b "Portal naTemat.pl zmienia wszystkie zdjęcia na stronie ze względu na protesty kobiet ws. aborcji". youtube.com. 27 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  30. ^ a b "JESTEŚMY Z PROTESTUJĄCYMI". newsweek.pl. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  31. ^ "Strajk kobiet się nie zatrzymuje.Gdzie odbywają się protesty". wyborcza.pl. 28 October 2020.
  32. ^ a b "Strajk kobiet. Studentki KUL alarmują, że zamyka się im usta: Przerażające, co się dzieje". tokfm.pl. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  33. ^ a b "mBank wspiera kobiety. W Ikei zabroniono pracownikom noszenia symboli Strajku Kobiet. Jak zachowały się inne firmy?". wyborcza.pl. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Polish businesses declare support for abortion protests, prompting boycotts from some customers" (in Polish). Notes from Poland. 30 October 2020.
  35. ^ "Żukowska o relacjach z posłankami PiS: tam jest ślepe uwielbienie dla Kaczyńskiego" (in Polish). onet.pl. 30 October 2020.
  36. ^ "Wrocław. Strajk Kobiet. Biedroń". Wirtualna Polska.
  37. ^ a b "Trybunał Konstytucyjny: Planowanie rodziny, ochrona płodu ludzkiego i warunki dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży". 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  38. ^ a b "Dz.U. 1993 nr 17 poz. 78, Ustawa z dnia 7 stycznia 1993 r. o planowaniu rodziny, ochronie płodu ludzkiego i warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży". Sejm of the Polish Republic (in Polish).
  39. ^ a b Kromer, Oktawia (9 July 2021). "Lempart, Suchanow i Czerederecka z aktem oskarżenia za protesty Strajku Kobiet" [Lempart, Suchanow and Czederecka charged for Women's Strike protests]. Gazeta Wyborcza. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  40. ^ "Poland abortion: Top court bans almost all terminations". bbc.com. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  41. ^ a b Tilles, Daniel (29 October 2020). "Polish prosecutors seek charges against organisers of abortion protests for endangering public". Notes From Poland. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  42. ^ Magdziarz, Anatol; Santora, Marc (30 October 2020). "Women Converge on Warsaw, Heightening Poland's Largest Protests in Decades". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  43. ^ a b Szczęśniak, Agata (24 October 2020). "'Boję się żyć w Polsce', 'Nasza godność, wasza podłość'. Tak protestuje Polska" ['I'm afraid to live in Poland', 'Our dignity, your disgrace'. Thus Poland protests]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  44. ^ "Poland: Constitutional Court Rolls Back Abortion". FSSPX.Actualités / FSSPX.News. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  45. ^ "K 26/96 – Orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego". OpenLEX (in Polish). Kluwer Wolters. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  46. ^ a b Hirvonen, Ewa (28 November 2017). "Polish Abortion Tourism" (PDF). Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  47. ^ Sedgh, G.; Singh, S.; Shah, I.H.; Åhman, E.; Henshaw, S.K.; Bankole, A. (2012). "Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008" (PDF). The Lancet. 379 (9816): 625–32. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8. PMID 22264435. S2CID 27378192. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2012. Because few of the abortion estimates were based on studies of random samples of women, and because we did not use a model-based approach to estimate abortion incidence, it was not possible to compute confidence intervals based on standard errors around the estimates. Drawing on the information available on the accuracy and precision of abortion estimates that were used to develop the subregional, regional, and worldwide rates, we computed intervals of certainty around these rates (webappendix). We computed wider intervals for unsafe abortion rates than for safe abortion rates. The basis for these intervals included published and unpublished assessments of abortion reporting in countries with liberal laws, recently published studies of national unsafe abortion, and high and low estimates of the numbers of unsafe abortion developed by WHO.
  48. ^ a b Zakolska, Olga (18 August 2020). "Oficjalne dane o legalnej aborcji w Polsce: 1110 zabiegów przerwania ciąży w 2019 r." [Official data on legal abortion in Poland: 1110 abortion operations in 2019]. Puls Medyczny (in Polish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  49. ^ Biernat, Stanisław; Dębowska–Romanowska, Teresa; et al. (10 February 2020). "'Constitutional Tribunal has virtually been abolished,' announce retired judges". Ruleoflaw.pl. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  50. ^ a b c d e Regalski, Patryk (2020). "Eugenic Abortion Before the Polish Constitutional Court". European Center for Law and Justice. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  51. ^ "Referral to the Constitutional Tribunal" (PDF). Constitutional Tribunal of Poland. 19 November 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  52. ^ "Rule of Law: European Commission acts to defend judicial independence in Poland". European Commission. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  53. ^ a b c "Poland: The Constitutional Court Repeals Eugenic Abortion". ECLJ. 23 October 2020.
  54. ^ "Ruling on the case K 1/20". Polish Constitutional Tribunal.
  55. ^ "Poland: Nationwide protests against further restrictions to abortion". Amnesty International. 17 January 2018. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  56. ^ "Protest przed domem Krystyny Pawłowicz.Terroryści" [Protest in front of the house of Krystyna Pawłowicz.Terrorists]. polsatnews (in Polish). 27 October 2020.
  57. ^ "Protesty w kościołach". 25 October 2020 – via www.onet.pl.
  58. ^ Ptak, Alicja; Stezycki, Kuba (26 October 2020). "Polish protesters disrupt church services over near-total abortion ban". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  59. ^ Wróblewski, Michał (25 October 2020). "Aborcja. Strajk kobiet w całej Polsce. Kościoły pomazane sprayem, protestujący zakłócają msze". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  60. ^ a b "Poland abortion ruling: Police use pepper spray against protesters". BBC News. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  61. ^ "Poland abortion ruling: Protesters block roads across country". BBC News. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  62. ^ "Dymisja rządu i Julii Przyłębskiej. Czego jeszcze żąda Ogólnopolski Strajk Kobiet". wyborcza.pl. 27 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  63. ^ "Polish Far-Right Forming 'National Guard' to Protect Churches Following Abortion Protests". www.vice.com. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  64. ^ "Proboszcz Św. Krzyża o bojówce narodowców: bronią kościoła przed dziczą; policja chciała ich pomocy". oko.press. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  65. ^ Santora, Marc; Pronczuk, Monika; Magdziarz, Anatol (28 October 2020). "Polish Women Lead Strike Over Abortion Ruling Amid Threats of Crackdown". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  66. ^ "Komendant Główny Policji o protestach: zatrzymano blisko 80 osób; prowadzonych jest ponad 100 postępowań ws. dewastacji". www.gazetaprawna.pl. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  67. ^ "W całej Polsce protesty przeciwko zaostrzeniu aborcji. Trwa "Marsz na Warszawę", doszło do starć [RELACJA NA ŻYWO]". Onet Wiadomości (in Polish). 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  68. ^ "Zwolennicy aborcji kierują się na Żoliborz". www.tvp.info (in Polish). 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  69. ^ "Zanieśli znicze i chryzantemy przed siedzibę Prawa i Sprawiedliwości. "Strajk Kobiet" w dniu Wszystkich Świętych. Zobacz zdjęcia". Kurier Lubelski (in Polish). 1 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  70. ^ Andruszkiewicz, Ewa (1 November 2020). "Strajk Kobiet 1.11.2020. Chryzantemy i znicze przed pomorskim biurem posłów PiS na Targu Drzewnym w Gdańsku". Dziennik Bałtycki (in Polish). Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  71. ^ "Chryzantemy i znicze pod siedzibą PiS w Szczecinie. To wyraz protestu przeciwko zamknięciu cmentarzy [ZDJĘCIA, WIDEO]". szczecin.se.pl. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  72. ^ "Protest kobiet w Lublinie 1 listopada. Bez okrzyków, ale z tekturową trumną dla PiS". Dziennik Wschodni (in Polish). Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  73. ^ "3 listopada – kolejny dzień Strajku Kobiet". www.wroclaw.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  74. ^ a b "Kolejny dzień strajku kobiet w Polsce. Blokady, marsze, wizyta przed TVP". Onet Wiadomości (in Polish). 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  75. ^ "Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk i wiele innych miast. Protesty nie ustają". wydarzenia.interia.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  76. ^ "Para rozebrała się przed Pałacem Prezydenckim. Interweniowała policja". polsatnews.pl (in Polish). Polsat News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  77. ^ a b Mateusiak, Tomasz (8 November 2020). "Górale dostaną szału! 'Strajk Kobiet' wywiesił swój baner na krzyżu na Giewoncie" [The highlanders are going crazy! 'Women's Strike' hung its banner on the Giewont cross]. Gazeta Krakowska (in Polish). Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  78. ^ Nowak, Marta (9 November 2020). "Strajk Kobiet i policyjne pałki w poniedziałkowy wieczór. 'Blokowali jedną ulicę, szliśmy drugą'" [Women's Strike and police batons Monday evening. 'They blocked one street, we took another']. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  79. ^ Ambroziak, Anton (10 November 2020). "Protestowała przeciw Czarnkowi. Policjant rzucił ją na ziemię, przeciągnął do radiowozu" [She protested against Czarnek. Police threw her to the ground and took her in a police van]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  80. ^ Gruca, Radosław (18 November 2020). "Sejm otoczony. Policjanci leczą traumę Kaczyńskiego. 'Działają kompletnie na ślepo'" [Sejm surrounded. Police are healing Kaczyński's trauma. 'They acting completely mindlessly']. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  81. ^ a b c d Nowak, Marta K. (18 November 2020). "Kaczyński: Macie krew na rękach. Policja zamknęła demonstrantów w 'kotle' pod TVP i rozpyliła gaz" [Kaczyński: You have blood on your hands. Police 'kettled' the demonstrators in front of TVP and pepper-sprayed them]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  82. ^ a b Ambroziak, Anton (19 November 2020). "Biejat: Ludzie krzyczeli, że 'naziści biją'. To nie były bojówki, tylko policja [wywiad]" [Biejat: People yelled out that 'nazis are beating [people]. They weren't hooligans, just police [interview]]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  83. ^ Ambroziak, Anton (19 November 2020). "'Dociskali kolanem do ziemi, byli bardzo brutalni' – zatrzymania po solidarnościowej manifestacji pod sądem" ['They were pushing people down with their knees, it was very brutal' – detainees after a solidarity demonstration in front of the court]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  84. ^ Halicki, Piotr; Rumieńczyk, Bartosz (23 November 2020). "Dziennikarka zatrzymana przez policję. Nagranie wideo" [Journalist detained by police. Video recording]. Onet (in Polish). Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  85. ^ Ambroziak, Anton (23 November 2020). "Aktywiści przykuli się do bram MEN. Radiowóz potrąca protestującego, zatrzymano fotoreporterkę [relacja]" [Activists gather at the gate of the Ministry of National Education. A police van hits a protester, a photojournalist is detained [report]]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  86. ^ "Apel dziennikarzy do Policji: przestańcie ograniczać wolność mediów, uniemożliwiać nam pracę" [Journalists' appeal to the Police: stop limiting media freedom and blocking our work]. OKO.press (in Polish). 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  87. ^ Ambroziak, Anton (14 December 2020). "Od Ronda Praw Kobiet pod dom Kaczyńskiego. Trwa spacer po wolność w Warszawie [relacja]" [From the Women's rights Roundabout to Kaczyński's home. A walk for freedom is taking place in Warsaw [report]]. OKO press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  88. ^ Kwai, Isabella; Pronczuk, Monika; Anatol, Magdziarz (27 January 2021). "Near-Total Abortion Ban Takes Effect in Poland, and Thousands Protest". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  89. ^ Szczęśniak, Agata (28 October 2020). "Suchanow: 'Ludzie chcą obalić rząd'" [Suchanow: 'People want to remove the government']. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  90. ^ a b Siedlecka, Ewa (28 October 2020). "Siedlecka: To jest wojna, która zmienia się w rewolucję" [Siedlecka: It's war that is changing into revolution]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  91. ^ Karwowska, Anita; Paś, Waldemar (27 October 2020). "Dymisja rządu i Julii Przyłębskiej. Czego jeszcze żąda Ogólnopolski Strajk Kobiet? Co się wydarzy w środę 28 października?" [Government and Julia Przyłębska to resign. What else does All-Poland Women's Strike want? What will happen on Wednesday 28 October?]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  92. ^ "Rada konsultacyjna Strajku Kobiet przedstawiła swój skład i pierwsze postulaty" [The Women's]. Onet.pl (in Polish). 1 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  93. ^ "Rada konsultacyjna Strajku Kobiet przedstawiła swój skład i pierwsze postulaty". onet.pl. 1 November 2020. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  94. ^ Czarnacka, Agata (1 November 2020). "13 postulatów Strajku Kobiet. O co walczą?" [Women's Strike's thirteen demands. What are they fighting for?]. Polityka (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  95. ^ Sonia Tulczyńska-Starnawska (27 October 2020). "STRAJK KOBIET 2020. Lista miast w Polsce, w których będą protesty [MAPA]" (in Polish). czestochowa.naszemiasto.pl. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  96. ^ "Protest w Tokyo" (in Polish). tvn24.pl. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  97. ^ Pacewicz, Piotr (30 October 2020). "Mowa kobiecej rewolucji, czyli niepohamowana wolność [120 haseł w 16 kategoriach]" [The words of the women's revolution, unlimited freedom [120 slogans in 16 categories]]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  98. ^ a b Chrzczonowicz, Magdalena (12 November 2020). "Organizacje kobiece i Lewica chcą legalnej aborcji, bez kompromisów. Będzie zbiórka podpisów" [Women's organisations and The Left [party] want legal abortion without compromises. Signatures will be collected]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  99. ^ Kępka, Szymon (9 November 2020). "Strajk Kobiet nie chce blokować Marszu Niepodległości. 'Olewamy tych brunatnych panów'" [Women's Strike does not want to block the Independence March. 'We'll avoid the brownshirts']. TOK FM (in Polish). Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  100. ^ "Przemysław Czarnek ostrzega uczelnie. Mogą stracić pieniądze, jeśli dały studentom wolne na protest". Business Insider (in Polish). 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  101. ^ "Pracownicy placówki w Izraelu demonstrowali z wulgarnym transparentem". www.tvp.info (in Polish). 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  102. ^ Koper, Anna; Goclowski, Marcin (3 April 2020). "Spat over presidential election tests Poland's ruling coalition". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  103. ^ "PiS leader Kaczyński calls on Poles to defend churches "at all costs"". tvn24.pl. 27 October 2020.
  104. ^ a b "Poland's leader wants churches defended, condemns protests".
  105. ^ ""Kaczyński wypowiedział wojnę społeczeństwu". Opozycja krytykuje apel prezesa PiS". rmf24.pl. 27 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  106. ^ "Kaczyński słabnie, dlatego chce wojny domowej". newsweek.pl. 28 October 2020.
  107. ^ "Protesty w Polsce. Komentarze po oświadczeniu Kaczyńskiego". polsatnews.com. 27 October 2020.
  108. ^ "Andrzej Duda przerywa milczenie. Zabrał głos w sprawie wyroku TK". wydarzenia.interia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  109. ^ ""Wzywam do spokoju". Prezydent Andrzej Duda o wystąpieniu Jarosława Kaczyńskiego – Polsat News". polsatnews.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  110. ^ "Porozumienie Gowina apeluje o powściągliwość". www.rp.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  111. ^ a b "Andrzej Duda przygotował ustawę ws. aborcji". Wiadomości (in Polish). 2 November 2020.
  112. ^ "Poland delays implementing abortion ruling amid protests". AP NEWS. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  113. ^ "Poland delays abortion ban amid nationwide protests". the Guardian. Associated Press in. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  114. ^ "Centrum Informacyjne Rządu on Twitter: "Trybunał Konstytucyjny przedstawił pisemne uzasadnienie do wyroku dotyczącego ochrony życia. Zgodnie z wymogami konstytucyjnymi wyrok zostanie opublikowany dzisiaj w Dzienniku Ustaw."". Twitter. 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  115. ^ "Środa wolna od pracy? Kolejny dzień protestu przeciw wyrokowi Trybunału Konstytucyjnego". bankier.pl. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  116. ^ Mateusz, Morawiecki (23 October 2020). "Zarządzenie Nr 180 Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 23 października 2020 r." [Decree No 180 of the President of the Council of Ministers of 23 October 2020] (PDF). government of Poland. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  117. ^ "Żandarmeria Wojskowa skierowana do pomocy policji. Ministerstwo obrony: to standardowe działania" [Military Gendarmerie ordered to help the police. Ministry of Defence: it's a standard procedure]. TVN24 (in Polish). 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  118. ^ "Żandarmeria Wojskowa otoczyła kościoły w Warszawie – Radio Kolor 103 FM". radiokolor.pl. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  119. ^ Pronczuk, Monika (27 October 2020). "Why a New Abortion Ban in Poland is Tearing the Country Apart". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  120. ^ Chabasiński, Rafał (25 October 2020). "Procedura apostazji – jak wystąpić z Kościoła?" [The apostasy procedure – who can you quit the Church?]. bezprawnik (in Polish). Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  121. ^ "Procedura wystąpienia z Kościoła" [Procedure for quitting the Church]. Apostazja Info (in Polish). 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  122. ^ Stanisław, Gądecki; Miziński, Artur G. (7 October 2015). "Dekretu Ogólnego Konferencji Episkopatu Polski w sprawie wystąpień z Kościoła oraz powrotu do wspólnoty Kościoła" [General Decree of the Episcopal Conference of Poland regarding quitting the Church and returning to the Church community] (PDF). Episcopal Conference of Poland (in Polish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  123. ^ "Apostazja – czym jest i jak wiele osób dokonuje jej w Polsce?" [Apostasy – what it is and how many people do it in Poland?]. Polsat news (in Polish). 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  124. ^ Grzelak, Katarzyna (27 October 2020). "Coraz więcej Polaków chce dokonać apostazji. Czym jest i jakie niesie ze sobą skutki?" [More and more Poles want to apostasize. What is it and what are the consequences?]. National Geographic (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  125. ^ Witkowska, Matylda (1 November 2020). "Jak przeprowadzić apostazję? Apostazja: co to jest? Procedura została uproszczona. Teraz jeszcze łatwiej dokonać apostazji 1.11.2020" [How do you apostasize? Apostasy: what is it? The procedure was simplified. Now it's even easier to apostasize 1.11.2020]. Dziennik Łódzki (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  126. ^ "Poland: Authorities must protect peaceful protests against abortion restrictions". Amnesty International. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  127. ^ "Strajk kobiet. Minister odbiera granty. "Gdy zakręci się kurek, łatwo doprowadzić do nieodwracalnych szkód"". money.pl. 30 October 2020.
  128. ^ "Prokuratura będzie ścigać organizatorki Strajku Kobiet. Grożą im surowe kary". natemat.pl. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  129. ^ "Spór o aborcję: Organizujący protesty będą ścigani, grozi im nawet 12 lat pozbawienia wolności". rp.pl. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  130. ^ "Prokuratura chce ścigać organizatorów demonstracji w sprawie aborcji. Grozi im więzienie". onet.pl. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  131. ^ "KRRiT apeluje ws. Strajku Kobiet. Pod lupą nie tylko TVN24". wiadomosci.wp.pl. 29 October 2020.
  132. ^ "Przyłębska: Przyjaciółka ważnych polityków". fakt.pl. 28 October 2020.
  133. ^ "Studentki i studenci KUL mają prawo prezentować swe poglądy. Rzecznik do Rektora". rpo.gov.pl. 30 October 2020.
  134. ^ Mikołajewska, Bianka (30 October 2020). "Sienkiewicz: policja musi walczyć z ludźmi, których Kaczyński przywołał na pomoc. Dostałem od nich gazem" [Sienkiewicz: the police must fight with the people who Kaczyński appealed to for help. I was pepper sprayed by them]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  135. ^ a b "Sondaż dla "Wyborczej". Polki i Polacy nie popierają wyroku TK w sprawie aborcji". wyborcza.pl. 28 October 2020.
  136. ^ Chrzczonowicz, Magdalena (1 March 2019). "Aż 53 proc. za aborcją na żądanie do 12. tygodnia. Bliżej Europy, dalej od Kościoła [sondaż OKO.press]" [53 percent for abortion on-demand to the twelfth week. Closer to Europe than to the Church [OKO.press opinion poll]]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  137. ^ "Sondaż: Rośnie poparcie dla aborcji na żądanie do 12. tygodnia ciąży". Newsweek. 17 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  138. ^ "Sondaż: orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w sprawie aborcji popiera 13 procent pytanych". TVN24 (in Polish). Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  139. ^ "Sondaż dla Onetu: Jedna czwarta Polaków dobrze ocenia wyrok Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. 69 proc. chce referendum". wiadomosci.onet.pl. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  140. ^ "Sondaż: 70,7 proc. Polaków negatywnie o wyroku TK". rp.pl. 28 October 2020.
  141. ^ "To już jest DRUGA Białoruś?! Przerażająca wiadomość dla PiS. Fakty są NIEUBŁAGANE". se.pl. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Protests against abortion restriction in Poland, October 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020–2021_women%27s_strike_protests_in_Poland&oldid=1252540010"