The George Floyd protests were a series of protests and demonstrations against police brutality that began in Minneapolis in the United States on May 26, 2020.[7][8] The protests and civil unrest began in Minneapolis as reactions to the murder of George Floyd, a 46-year-old unarmed African American man, by city police during an arrest. They spread nationally and internationally. Veteran officer Derek Chauvin was recorded as kneeling on Floyd's neck for 9 minutes and 29 seconds; Floyd complained of not being able to breathe,[9] but three other officers looked on and prevented passersby from intervening.[16] Chauvin and the other three officers involved were later arrested.[17] In April 2021, Chauvin was found guilty of second-degree murder, third-degree murder, and second-degree manslaughter.[18] In June 2021, Chauvin was sentenced to 22+1⁄2 years in prison.[19]
| George Floyd protests | |
|---|---|
| Part of the United States racial unrest (2020–2023) and the Black Lives Matter movement | |
Clockwise from top:
| |
| Date | In whole of the United States: May 26, 2020 – May 26, 2021 (1 year)
In Minneapolis–Saint Paul: May 26, 2020 – May 2, 2023 (2 years, 11 months and 1 week) George Floyd Square: May 26, 2020 – present (4 years, 6 months and 1 day) |
| Location | |
| Caused by |
|
| Methods | Protests, demonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, online activism, strike action, riots |
| Resulted in |
|
| Deaths, arrests and damages | |
| Death(s) | 19 confirmed (May 26 – October 31, 2020)[3] |
| Arrested | 14,000+[4] |
| Property damage | |
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
The George Floyd protest movement began hours after his murder as bystander video and word of mouth began to spread.[20] Protests first emerged at the East 38th and Chicago Avenue street intersection in Minneapolis, the location of Floyd's arrest and murder, and other sites in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota.[21] Protests quickly spread nationwide and to over 2,000 cities and towns in over 60 countries in support of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement.[22][23][24] Polls in the summer of 2020 estimated that between 15 million and 26 million people had participated at some point in the demonstrations in the United States, making the protests the largest in U.S. history.[25][26][27]
While the majority of protests were peaceful,[28] demonstrations in some cities escalated into riots, looting,[29] and street skirmishes with police and counter-protesters. Some police responded to protests with instances of violence, including against reporters.[30][31][32] At least 200 cities in the U.S. had imposed curfews by early June 2020, while more than 30 states and Washington, D.C. activated over 96,000 National Guard, State Guard, 82nd Airborne, and 3rd Infantry Regiment service members.[33][34][35][36] The deployment, when combined with preexisting deployments related to the COVID-19 pandemic and other natural disasters, constituted the largest military operation other than war in U.S. history.[37] By the end of June 2020, at least 14,000 people had been arrested.[4][38][39] By June 2020, more than 19 people had died in relation to the unrest. A report from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project estimated that between May 26 and August 22, 93% of individual protests were "peaceful and nondestructive"[40][41] and research from the Nonviolent Action Lab and Crowd Counting Consortium estimated that by the end of June, 96.3% of 7,305 demonstrations involved no injuries and no property damage.[42] However, arson, vandalism, and looting that occurred between May 26 and June 8 caused approximately $1–2 billion in insured damages nationally, the highest recorded damage from civil disorder in U.S. history, and surpassing the record set during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[6][43]
The protests precipitated a worldwide debate on policing and racial injustice that has led to numerous legislative proposals on federal, state, and municipal levels in the U.S. intended to combat police misconduct, systemic racism, qualified immunity and police brutality.[44][45] The protests led to a wave of monument removals, name changes, and societal changes throughout the world[46] and occurred during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic and amid the 2020 U.S. presidential election season.[47][48] Protests continued through 2020 and into 2021,[49] most notably in Minneapolis at the 38th and Chicago Avenue street intersection where Floyd was murdered that activists have referred to as George Floyd Square.[50][51] Several demonstrations coincided with the criminal trial of Chauvin in March and April 2021 and the one-year anniversary of Floyd's murder in May 2021. Officials in Minnesota and elsewhere proactively mobilized counter-protest measures for Chauvin's trial, but it did not result in unrest like what happened immediately after Floyd's murder.[52]
Local officials in Minneapolis–Saint Paul prepared counter-protest measures in early 2022 for the start of the federal trial for the other three police officers at the scene of Floyd's murder.[53][54] Relatively small protests took place during the trial and after the verdict announcement.[55] On May 25, 2021, the one-year anniversary of Floyd's murder, a number of protests took place; most of these were short-lived, with calm being restored on the early hours of May 26, 2021.[56] While the nationwide protests ended, the occupation of George Floyd Square in Minneapolis–Saint Paul persisted into 2024,[57] however as of 2022 vehicular traffic was finally allowed to pass through it.[58][59][60][61][62] On May 2, 2023, Tou Thao was found guilty of aiding and abetting manslaughter—the last federal or state court case related to Floyd's murder. The conviction fulfilled a key demand of protesters that all four police officers be held legally accountable for murdering George Floyd.[63][64] The protest at George Floyd Square continued into 2024.[65]
Background
Police brutality protests in the United States
Cases of police misconduct and fatal use of force by law enforcement officers[66] in the U.S., particularly against African Americans, have long led the civil rights movement and other activists to protest against a lack of police accountability in incidents they see as involving excessive force. Many protests during the civil rights movement were in response to the perception of police brutality, including the 1965 Watts riots which resulted in the deaths of 34 people, mostly African Americans.[67] The largest post-civil rights movement protest in the 20th century was the 1992 Los Angeles riots, which were in response to the acquittal of police officers responsible for excessive force against Rodney King, an African American man.[68]
The Black Lives Matter movement was originally started in 2013, after Trayvon Martin’s killer was found not guilty in court.[69] In 2014, the shooting of Michael Brown by police in Ferguson, Missouri, resulted in local protests and unrest while the killing of Eric Garner in New York City resulted in numerous national protests. In 2015, the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore police custody resulted in riots in the city and nationwide protests as part of the Black Lives Matter movement.[70] Several nationally publicized incidents occurred in Minnesota, including the 2015 shooting of Jamar Clark in Minneapolis; the 2016 shooting of Philando Castile in Falcon Heights;[71] and the 2017 shooting of Justine Damond. In 2016, Tony Timpa was killed by Dallas police officers in the same way as George Floyd.[72] In August 2019, Elijah McClain died after Aurora police ordered paramedics to administer ketamine under dubious circumstances.[73] In March 2020, the fatal shooting of Breonna Taylor by police executing a search warrant at her Kentucky apartment was also widely publicized.[74] After Eric Garner and George Floyd repeatedly said "I can't breathe" during their arrests, the phrase became a protest slogan against police brutality.
The murder of George Floyd sparked mass protests and calls for police reform in the face of ongoing police violence against African-Americans. Large companies such as Nike and Walmart aimed to express their support for the movement through branding themselves as antiracist. Despite some politicians expressing backlash for the Black Lives Matter protests, politicians such as Republican Senator Mitt Romney participated.[75] The movement sought to express their understanding of police brutality as a result of anti-black sentiment, which is seen as structural in nature.[76]
Murder of George Floyd
.jpg)
According to a police statement, on May 25, 2020, at 8:08 p.m. CDT,[77] Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officers responded to a 9-1-1 call regarding a "forgery in progress" on Chicago Avenue South in Powderhorn, Minneapolis. MPD Officers Thomas K. Lane and J. Alexander Kueng arrived with their body cameras turned on. A store employee told officers that the man was in a nearby car. Officers approached the car and ordered George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, who according to police "appeared to be under the influence", to exit the vehicle, at which point he "physically resisted". According to the MPD, officers "were able to get the suspect into handcuffs, and noted he appeared to be suffering medical distress. Officers called for an ambulance." Once Floyd was handcuffed, officers Kueng and Lane attempted to help Floyd to their squad car, but at 8:14 p.m., Floyd stiffened up and fell to the ground. MPD Officers Derek Chauvin and Tou Thao then arrived and made more failed attempts to get Floyd into the squad car.[78]
Floyd, who was still handcuffed, went to the ground face down. Officer Kueng held Floyd's back and Lane held his legs. Chauvin placed his left knee in the area of Floyd's head and neck. A Facebook Live livestream recorded by a bystander showed Officer Derek Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck.[79][80] Floyd repeatedly tells Chauvin "Please" and "I can't breathe", while a bystander is heard telling the police officer, "You got him down. Let him breathe."[81] After some time, a bystander points out that Floyd was bleeding from his nose while another bystander tells the police that Floyd is "not even resisting arrest right now", to which the police tell the bystanders that Floyd was "talking, he's fine". A bystander replies saying Floyd "ain't fine". A bystander then protests that the police were preventing Floyd from breathing, urging them to "get him off the ground ... You could have put him in the car by now. He's not resisting arrest or nothing."[80] Floyd then goes silent and motionless. Chauvin does not remove his knee until an ambulance arrives. Emergency medical services put Floyd on a stretcher. Not only had Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for about seven minutes (including four minutes after Floyd stopped moving) but another video showed an additional two officers had also knelt on Floyd while another officer watched.[82][83]
Although the police report stated that medical services were requested prior to the time Floyd was placed in handcuffs,[84] according to the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Emergency Medical Services arrived at the scene six minutes after getting the call.[85][improper synthesis?] Medics were unable to detect a pulse, and Floyd was pronounced dead at the hospital.[86][85] A May 26 autopsy conducted by the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office found that there were "no physical findings that support a diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia or strangulation"; the preliminary findings stated that underlying health conditions, the police restraint, and potential intoxicants likely contributed to Floyd's death.[87][88]
On May 26, Chauvin and the other three officers were fired.[89] Chauvin was charged with third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter;[90] the former charge was later changed to second-degree murder.[91]
On June 1, a private autopsy commissioned by the family of Floyd found the death to be a homicide and that Floyd had died due to asphyxiation from sustained pressure, which conflicted with the original autopsy report done earlier that week.[92] Shortly after, the official post-mortem declared Floyd's death a homicide.[93] Video footage of Officer Derek Chauvin applying 8 minutes 15 seconds of sustained pressure to Floyd's neck generated global attention and raised questions about the use of force by law enforcement.[94] On June 25, 2021, Chauvin was sentenced to 22 years and 6 months in prison with the possibility of supervised release after serving two-thirds of his sentence or 15 years for second-degree murder.[19]
Protests
In Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Organized protests began in Minneapolis on May 26, the day after George Floyd's murder and when a video of the incident had circulated widely in the media. By midday, people had gathered by the thousands and set up a makeshift memorial.[95][96] Organizers of the rally emphasized keeping the protest peaceful.[97] Protesters and Floyd's family demanded that all four officers at the scene of his arrest and killing be charged with murder and that judicial consequences be swift.[98][99] That evening, the protest rally turned into a march to the Minneapolis Police Department's third precinct station where the officers were believed to work. After the main protest group disbanded on the night of May 26, a much smaller group, numbering in the hundreds, spray-painted the building, threw rocks and bottles, broke a window at the station, and vandalized a squad car. A skirmish soon broke out between the vandals and protesters trying to stop them.[96][97][100][101] At around 8 p.m., police fired tear gas and rubber bullets at demonstrators, some of whom had thrown water bottles at police officers.[102]
Protests were held at several locations throughout the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area in subsequent days. The situation escalated the nights of May 27 to 29 where widespread arson, rioting, and looting took place, which were noted as a contrast to daytime protests that were characterized as mostly peaceful events.[101] Some initial acts of property destruction on May 27 by a 32-year-old man with ties to white supremacist organizations, who local police investigators said was deliberately inciting racial tension, led to a chain reaction of fires and looting.[103] The unrest, including people overtaking the Minneapolis third precinct police station and setting it on fire the night of May 28, garnered significant national and international media attention.[100][104] After state officials mobilized Minnesota National Guard troops in its largest deployment since World War II,[105][106] the violent unrest subsided and mostly peaceful protests resumed.[100] However, the violence by early June 2020 had resulted in two deaths,[107][108] 604 arrests,[109][110] an estimated $550 million[5] in property damage to 1,500 locations, making the Minneapolis–Saint Paul events alone the second-most destructive period of local unrest in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[111][112][113][110] About 60% of the local financial losses were uninsured.[114]
In Minneapolis, protesters barricaded the street intersection at East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue where Floyd was murdered and transformed it into a makeshift memorial site, which was adorned with public art installments and described as like a "shrine". Thousands of visitors protested and grieved at the site.[115][116] When Minneapolis city officials attempted to negotiate the re-opening of the intersection in August 2020, protesters demanded that before removing cement barricades the city meet a list of 24 demands,[117] which included holding the trial for the four officers present during Floyd's murder.[118]
On September 11, 2020, hundreds rallied outside a downtown Minneapolis court building where a pretrial hearing was held for the four police officers involved in Floyd's murder.[119] On October 7, 2020, several protests were held in Minneapolis to express anger over Chauvin's release from jail pending trial after he posted bond for his $1 million bail. Minnesota Governor Tim Walz deployed 100 National Guards troops, 100 Minnesota state police troops, and 75 conservation officers.[120] Fifty-one arrests were reported that night, mostly for misdemeanor offenses, such as unlawful assembly.[121]
In early 2021, Minneapolis and Hennepin County officials spent $1 million on fencing and other barricades for police stations and other government buildings to prepare for potential civil unrest during the trial of Derek Chauvin in March. State and local officials also made plans to deploy thousands of police officers and National Guard soldiers.[122] In early March, in the days preceding Chauvin's trial, local organizers staged peaceful protests[123] with thousands of people marching in the streets.[124] The situation at George Floyd Square in Minneapolis grew tense when a person was fatally shot inside the protester-held "autonomous zone" during an altercation on March 6, 2021.[123][125] In March and April 2021, groups of protesters gathered at George Floyd Square and outside Hennepin County Government Center in Minneapolis during Chauvin's trial,[126] but the streets of Minneapolis were largely empty of mass demonstrations like those in late May and early June 2020.[127]
.jpg)
In April 2021, 3,000 National Guard troops and law enforcement officers were called from neighboring states in preparation for potential unrest over the outcome of the Derek Chauvin trial. On April 20, 2021, Derek Chauvin was found guilty of murdering George Floyd. By then, Floyd's murder had resulted in one of the largest civil rights protest movements in recent decades, and the Minneapolis–Saint Paul region had experienced a prolonged series of protests and intermittent unrest over issues of police brutality and racial injustice.[128][129] As news of the Chauvin's guilty verdict spread on April 20, 2021, a crowd of one-thousand people marched in downtown Minneapolis and others gathered at 38th and Chicago Avenue to celebrate the outcome.[50][51] Demonstrations in Minneapolis during Chauvin's criminal trial and verdict announcement were largely peaceful.[130]
Following Chauvin's verdict, many activists in Minneapolis did not perceive that "Justice for Floyd" was final as J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas Lane and Tou Thao still awaited trial, and issues of systemic racism and police reform had not been addressed satisfactorily.[131] George Floyd Square occupation protest organizers, who had transformed the street intersection where Floyd was murdered into an "autonomous zone" adorned with public art, said they would continue to protest.[132][51][133][134][135] Activists changed a marquee that had counted down the days to Chauvin's trial to read, "Justice served?", and chanted, "One down! Three to go!", in reference to the looming trials of officers of the other three officers who participated in Floyd's arrest and subsequent murder.[136] The street intersection area had been a "continuous site of protest" since the day Floyd was murdered,[137] and at nearly a year after his murder, thousands of people from multiple countries had visited the active,[138] ongoing[139] protest and memorial site there.[139]
People gathered at multiple locations in Minneapolis for the announcement of Chauvin's sentencing on June 25, 2021, when he received a 22.5-year prison term. Family and civil rights activists expressed disappointment and said it should have been for the 30-year maximum, and they advocated for passage of the federal George Floyd Justice in Policing Act legislation. Several demonstrations were held in Minneapolis the evening of June 25. Civil rights activists and protesters noted the forthcoming civil rights case against the four police officers at the scene of Floyd's murder, and the criminal case against former officers Kueng, Lane, and Thao scheduled for March 2022.[140][141][142]
Though the City of Minneapolis began the process of reopening the street intersection at George Floyd Square to vehicular traffic in June 2021, organizers of the protest movement rooted there still considered their presence an "occupation" and "resistance".[143] The square hosted a celebration of life for Floyd on October 14, 2021.[144] By December 23, 2021, the occupied protest had persisted at George Floyd Square for 19 consecutive months.[58] Activists in Minneapolis had vowed to continue protesting until the outcome of the criminal case of all involved officers at the scene of Floyd's murder. The criminal trial was scheduled to begin on June 13, 2022.[145][146][147]
In early 2022, local officials prepared counter-protest measures and for potential unrest ahead of the January 20 schedule start of the federal civil rights trial of Kueng, Lane, and Thao. Officials erected security fencing around the Warren E. Burger Federal Building in Saint Paul, Minnesota, that contained the courtroom for the trial.[53][54][148][130] Protest demonstrations were held in the streets surrounding the courtroom building during the trial.[149][150] On February 24, 2022, Kueng, Lane, and Thao were convicted on all federal civil rights charges they faced at trial. A small group of protesters gathered outside the court building in Saint Paul and at the location in Minneapolis where Floyd was murdered while the verdict was read.[55]
George Floyd Square in Minneapolis continued to be a place of protest for over two years after Floyd's murder,[151][152] with the movement there persisting into 2023.[153] On May 2, 2023, Tou Thao was found guilty of aiding and abetting manslaughter, which marked the conclusion of all state and federal court cases for the four Minneapolis police officers. Thao's conviction signaled that a key demand of the George Floyd Square's Justice Resolution 001 had been met, that all four police officers be held legally accountable for murdering George Floyd.[63][64] By the forth anniversary of Floyd's murder in 2024, the streetway remained a continued place of protest.[65]
Elsewhere in the United States
2020
Protests outside the Minneapolis area were first reported on May 27 in Memphis and Los Angeles. By May 28, protests had sprung up in several major U.S. cities with demonstrations increasing each day.[154][155][156] By June, protests had been held in all U.S. states. At least 200 cities had imposed curfews, and at least 27 states and Washington, D.C., activated over 62,000 National Guard personnel in response to the unrest.[157][36]
In Seattle, starting in early June, protesters occupied an area of several city blocks after the police vacated it, declaring it the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, where according to protesters "the police are forbidden, food is free and documentaries are screened at night". On June 11, President Trump challenged mayor Jenny Durkan and governor Jay Inslee to "take back your city", and implying, according to Durkan, the possibility of a military response.[158][159]
On June 10, thousands of academics, universities, scientific institutions, professional bodies and publishing houses around the world shut down to give researchers time to reflect and act upon anti-Black racism in academia.[160] Organizations involved with #ShutDownSTEM day included Nature Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the American Physical Society.
On June 14, an estimated 15,000 people gathered outside the Brooklyn Museum at Grand Army Plaza for the Liberation March, a silent protest in response to police brutality and violence against black transgender women. Frustrated by the lack of media coverage over the deaths of Nina Pop, who was stabbed in Sikeston, Missouri, on May 3 and Tony McDade, who was shot by police in Tallahassee, Florida, on May 27, artist and drag performer West Dakota and her mentor, drag queen Merrie Cherry, decided to organize a silent rally inspired by the 1917 NAACP Silent Parade.[161][162] The march generated widespread media attention as one of the largest peaceful protests in modern New York City history.[163][164]
On June 19, Juneteenth, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) shut down ports on the West Coast in solidarity with protesters. An educator from the University of Washington said that the union has a history of protest and leftist politics since its founding: "[The ILWU] understood that division along the lines of race only benefited employers, because it weakened the efforts of workers to act together and to organize together.[165] The UAW also asked members to join the protests by standing down for 8 minutes and 46 seconds, the amount of time Chauvin was initially reported to have held his knee to Floyd's neck.[166][167]
_George_Floyd_Protest,_Columbus_(May_30th)_IMG_2873_(49953566713).jpg)
On June 17, in response to the protests, three different police reform plans, plans from the Republicans, the Democrats, and the White House, were unveiled aiming to curb police brutality and the use of violence by law enforcement.[168] On June 25, NPR reported that the hopes for passage were doubtful because they were "short-circuited by a lack of bipartisan consensus on an ultimate plan [and] the issue is likely stalled, potentially until after the fall election".[169]
Protests continued over the weekend of June 19 in many cities, and observations of Juneteenth gained a new awareness.[24] Jon Batiste, bandleader for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, took part in a Juneteenth day of protests, marches, rallies and vigils to "celebrate, show solidarity, and fight for equal rights and treatment of Black people" in Brooklyn. Batiste also appeared in concert with Matt Whitaker in a performance presented in partnership with Sing For Hope, performed on the steps of the Brooklyn Public Library.[170]
By the end of June, more than 4,700 demonstrations had occurred in the United States—a daily average of 140—with an estimate of 15 million and 26 million total participants.[171] Protests had occurred in over 40% of the counties in the United States.[26] Protests in the aftermath of Floyd's murder were then considered the largest in United States history.[26][171]
As of July 3, protests were ongoing.[26] On July 4, the Independence Day holiday in the United States, several protests were held, including in several cities where protests had been going on since the day after Floyd's murder.[172] On July 20, the Strike for Black Lives, a mass walkout intended to raise awareness of systemic racism, featured thousands of workers across the United States walking off their jobs for approximately 8 minutes, in honor of Floyd.[173]
The theme for the March on Washington held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 2020, was, "Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks", a reference to Floyd's arrest by Chauvin.[174]
Over the Labor Day holiday weekend, which the Saturday marked 100 nights of protests since Floyd's murder, marches and rallies where held in many cities.[175] In Miami, Florida, protesters on September 7, 2020, commemorated Floyd's murder and pressured local authorities to enact changes to policing policies, such as banning chokeholds during arrests.[176]
To mark what would have been Floyd's 47th birthday, groups across the United States staged protest events on October 14, 2020.[177] Rallies and vigils were held in Minneapolis, Brooklyn, and Los Angeles, among other places. In Portland, Oregon, where Black Lives Matter protests had been held daily since Floyd's murder, demonstrators staged a sit-in.[178]
For some Black Americans, particularly a group interviewed in George Floyd's hometown in Houston, Texas, the protests over Floyd's murder transformed to greater political activity and increased voter turnout in the November 2020 election.[179] Terrance Floyd, George's brother, and other family members rallied voters in support of the candidacy of Joe Biden, and they made an appearance with the Biden family at a campaign event in Tallahassee, Florida. Terrence Floyd also rallied voters in New York City on the November 3, 2020, Election Day.[180]
By December, the protest movement was still "deeply rooted" at George Floyd Square, an occupied protest of the East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue intersection in Minneapolis where Floyd was killed.[116]
2021
In many parts of the United States, protests over Floyd's murder gradually diminished over time. In Portland, Oregon, however, Floyd's murder resulted in a yearlong period of "near-continuous protests" over racial injustice and police violence, at times featuring clashes between demonstrators and authorities and resulting in property damage.[181]
In Boston, activists rallied on March 4, 2021, to demand the conviction of all four officers present at the scene of Floyd's murder and for local authorities to investigate past cases where police officers used excessive force.[182] Two days later, thousands marched in Boston to call for justice for Floyd as part of a coordinated, 17-state set of rallies.[183] In Salt Lake City, activists protested Floyd's murder by staging a car caravan on March 6, 2021.[184] Prayer vigils seeking justice for Floyd were held in conjunction with the Chauvin trial at several locations. In Houston, Texas, Floyd's family held an event on April 9, 2021.[185] In Maryland, a group gathered to pray that for justice for Floyd and his family as the jury began deliberations in the Chauvin criminal trial on April 19, 2021.[186] As a jury deliberated in Chauvin's criminal trial, a vigil for Floyd was held on April 19, 2021, in Melbourne, Florida.[187]
People in many cities in the United States reacted to Chauvin's murder conviction on April 20, 2021, with largely peaceful demonstrations. Some jurisdictions had proactively mobilized National Guard troops and declared states of emergency in preparation for possible violence,[188] and some businesses had boarded up to prevent potential looting.[189] Many activists perceived the guilty verdict as just one step in the process to obtain justice over Floyd's murder.[190] At nearly a year after Floyd's murder, civil rights activists continued to call for passage of the federal George Floyd Justice in Policing Act.[191][192] Many activists believed that "justice for George Floyd" required changing the systems of policing and criminal justice in a way that would have prevented his murder.[193][191][192]
On April 23, 2021, in Austin, Texas, activists rallied outside the state's capitol to call for passage of the Texas’ George Floyd Act—reform legislation introduced to ban chokeholds and require officers to intervene to stop excessive use of force—that had stalled in the state legislature.[194] On May 6, 2021, Black mothers led a march in Washington, D.C., to encourage passage federal police reform legislation named after Floyd.[195] On May 19, 2021, in Nevada, protesters jammed phone lines to the state legislature after police reform legislation introduced as result of the global protest movement begun by Floyd's murder did not advance.[196]
By late May 2021, Floyd's murder, and the video of it, had given way to a yearlong, nationwide movement featuring the largest mass protests in United States history.[20] To commemorate the one-year anniversary of his murder in a several-day event titled "One Year, What's Changed", the George Floyd Memorial Foundation, a non-profit organization founded by Floyd's family, planned marches and rallies in Minneapolis, New York, and Houston for May 23, 2021, and called for two days of virtual activism everywhere in the United States in support of federal police reform legislation.[197][198][199]
At a rally in New York City outside Brooklyn Borough Hall on May 23, 2021, Terrance Floyd, George's brother, called on the crowd to continue advocating for police reform and for communities to “stay woke”.[200] Civil rights activist Al Sharpton said, "convicting Chauvin is not enough", and encouraged congress to pass the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, as well as continued activism ahead of the criminal trials of Lane, Kueng, and Thao and the federal civil rights trial of all four officers.[201]
By May 25, 2021, the anniversary of Floyd's murder, the United States had experienced a yearlong movement to address racial injustice in policing.[202] Several street protests were held in many locations in the United States to mark the anniversary.[171] There was mass disturbance on May 25, 2021, to mark the anniversary of George Floyd's murder including rioting but situations were finally said to have calmed down in the early hours of May 26, 2021.[56] In New York City, protesters marched and then knelt for 9 minutes and 29 seconds while blocking traffic.[203][171] A rally in Portland, Oregon, was peaceful in the afternoon, but at night, 150 demonstrators set fire to a dumpster outside the Multnomah County Justice Center and damaged other property. Police declared the gathering a riot and made five arrests.[204][205][171] Most demonstrations—which included street marches, prayer services, and festivals—in the United States were peaceful. At many rallies, protesters expressed disappointment with the lack of change to policing policies and budgets, and some said they would continue protesting and advocating for their desired goals.[171]
International
Floyd's murder came as the global Black Lives Matter movement had been slowly building for years, but outrage over what was captured in a bystander's video and Floyd's dying words, "I can't breathe", resulted in solidarity protests in more than 50 countries and led to what was described as a "social awakening" on issues of racial injustice and brought renewed attention on past police brutality cases.[206] Protests in Canada, Europe, Oceania, Asia, and Africa rallied against what they perceived as racial discrimination and police brutality, with some protests aimed at United States embassies.[207]
Over the weekend of June 6 and 7, surfers around the world held a "Paddle Out", which is a Hawaiian mourning tradition. The tribute was held for George Floyd and all the lives lost to police violence. Thousands observed the tradition in Honolulu, Hawaii,[208] La Jolla, Hermosa Beach and Santa Monica, California, Galveston, Hackensack, New Jersey, Rockaway Beach, New York,[209] Biarritz, France, Senegal and Australia.[210][211]
By the conclusion of the criminal trial of Derek Chauvin on April 20, 2021, millions of people worldwide had viewed video footage of Floyd's murder and protests were ongoing internationally over issues of police brutality and systemic racism.[212] The murder conviction of Chauvin was celebrated by activists in many countries and several of them expressed their desire for further progress on racial justice and police accountability issues.[213][214] Protesters globally called on lawmakers in the United States to address the issues of police violence and the police-state structure.[193]
Protesters in London rallied outside the United States embassy on May 22, 2021. Protesters remarked that the Chauvin murder conviction was "a small amount of justice of what [George Floyd] really deserves". The protest was among of new set of peaceful protests in the United Kingdom to mark the one-year anniversary of Floyd's murder.[215] On May 25, 2021, protesters took the streets in Germany[216] and demonstrators took a knee in and raised their fists at rallies in Glasgow, London, and Edinburgh.[171] Rallies were held outside U.S. Embassies in Greece and Spain.[217][218]
For some, the so-called "George Floyd effect" had demonstrators and activists connecting historic racism and social injustice to contemporary, local examples of police brutality.[219] Movements spawned by Floyd's murder, which served as a catalyst,[214] were still active in Australia, Brazil, India, Japan, New Zealand, Nigeria, United Kingdom, and elsewhere by May 2021.[206] In Canada and France, where Floyd's murder initiated protests, activists were unsatisfied with the levels of reform made by officials at nearly a year after Floyd's murder.[220][221]
In Australia, the Black Lives Matter movement sparked calls for white people to be more aware of race relations within the country. "Australia Day" is celebrated in the nation as the date the country was founded. The Black Lives Matter movement in Australia sought emphasis on acknowledging the colonial history of Australia, however, by changing "Australia Day" to "Invasion Day" in recognition of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who were massacred when the European settlement was established in Australia on January 26th, 1788.[222]
In Japan, the Black Lives Matter movement seemed to become more prominent after the murder of George Floyd. Scholars cite evidence that the global movement was illustrated in Japan through transnational connective action. Because Japan as a more homogenous country as compared to the United States, there was a more culturally specific meaning to the movement, and much of the activism in Japan also sought conversations about colorism. [223] Naomi Osaka, a Japanese-American tennis player, expressed excitement as she had never seen a Black Lives matter protest in Japan before 2020. Along with other athletes, Osaka also put out statements withdrawing from an athletic tournament to protest the murder of George Floyd and similar incidents. Her statements, in English and Japanese, discussed her identity as a woman of color and sought to bring public attention to the issue of racial violence. However, celebrity activism in Japan is generally not as accepted as in the United States, and her statements faced some criticism in both America and Japan.[224]
In Nigeria, many protests took place in October 2020 surrounding the issue of police brutality. On October 20th, 2020, unarmed protesters were shot by nearby police forces, resulting in 20 casualties. This event, now known as Black Tuesday or the Lekki tollgate massacre, has brought increased attention to the ENDSARS movement in Nigeria, which seeks to end Nigeria's Special Anti-Robbery Squad, also known as SARS. Reports of SARS' torture and extrajudicial killings had sparked protests for years before 2020. However, the death of George Floyd increased protests against police brutality in an international context, with Black transnational activism in Nigeria condemning their domestic police forces and those who they believe perpetuate police brutality internationally.[225]
Government response
United States
At least 200 cities in the U.S. had imposed curfews by early June 2020, while more than 30 states and Washington, D.C., activated over 96,000 National Guard and State Guard service members.[33][34][35][36] The deployment constituted the largest military operation other than war in U.S. history.[37]
.jpg)
Middle: National Guard snipers atop the North Carolina State Capitol building on June 1, 2020
Bottom: President Donald Trump walks to St. John's Church amid protests in Washington, D.C., on June 1, 2020
United States President Donald Trump demanded governors and city governments crackdown on protesters and controversially threatened to deploy the 82nd Airborne and 3rd Infantry Regiment in response to the unrest.[33] On May 29, Trump tweeted "when the looting starts, the shooting starts", which Twitter marked as "glorifying violence".[226][227] Trump later said he was not advocating violence, noting that the tweet could be read as either a threat or a statement of fact and that he intended for it to be read as "a combination of both".[228] On June 3, he said "If a city or state refuses to take the actions necessary to defend the life and property of their residents, then I will deploy the United States military and quickly solve the problem."[229] This would have required invoking the Insurrection Act of 1807,[229] last used to quell the 1992 Los Angeles riots on May 1, 1992, by Executive Order 12804. Arkansas senator Tom Cotton also pushed for the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division to be deployed to quell the unrest, calling protesters "Antifa terrorists".[230] Massachusetts Representative Seth Moulton said federal troops should "lay down [their] arms" if deployed in the United States.[231]
On June 4, federal agencies added about 1.7 miles (2.7 km) of fencing around the White House, Lafayette Square, and The Ellipse.[232] Protesters used the fencing to post signs and artwork expressing their views.[233] On June 11, the fencing was taken down, and some signs were collected by Smithsonian Museum curators from the National Museum of African American History and Culture.[234] U.S. Customs and Border Protection, authorized to provide aerial surveillance "to assist law enforcement and humanitarian relief efforts" when requested, provided drone imagery during the protests.[235][236]
As of June 5, 2020, 2,950 federal law enforcement personnel from a dozen agencies, including the Secret Service, Capitol Police, Park Police, Customs and Border Protection, FBI's Hostage Rescue Team, Bureau of Prisons' Special Operations Response Team, DEA's Special Response Team, ATF, and Marshals Service's Special Operations Group, have been dispatched to assist local authorities, with most of them being garrisoned in D.C.[237][238][239][240] The DEA's legal authority was specifically expanded by the Department of Justice beyond usual limits to include surveillance of protesters and the ability to arrest for non-drug related offenses.[241] In response, Representatives Jerry Nadler and Karen Bass of the House Judiciary Committee denounced the move and requested a formal briefing from DEA Acting Administrator Timothy Shea.[242]
From at least July 14, 2020, unidentified federal officers wearing camouflage used unmarked vans to detain protesters in Portland, Oregon—sometimes without explaining the reason for their arrest.[243][244][245][246][247][248] The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) called these actions unconstitutional kidnappings.[249] In The Nation, Jeet Heer also called the actions unconstitutional and wrote that "The deployment of unidentified federal officers is particularly dangerous in... Portland and elsewhere in America, because it could easily lead to right-wing militias' impersonating legal authorities and kidnapping citizens."[248]
On July 20, 2020, the Chicago Tribune reported that the Department of Homeland Security was preparing to send 150 federal agents to Chicago.[250]
On June 26, 2020, President Trump signed an executive order permitting federal agencies to provide personnel "to assist with the protection of Federal monuments, memorials, statues, or property".[251] Following the executive order, the Department of Homeland Security sent officers from Customs and Border Protection to Portland, Oregon, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. This was a departure from Homeland Security's normal role of protecting against threats from abroad.[252] Critics accused federal authorities of overstepping their jurisdiction and using excessive force against protesters.[252][253][254] Oregon governor Kate Brown called for federal agents to scale back their response and criticized Trump's actions: "President Trump deploying armed federal officers to Portland only serves to escalate tensions and, as we saw yesterday, will inevitably lead to unnecessary violence and confrontation."[254] Portland mayor Ted Wheeler demanded the agents be removed after citizens were detained far from the federal property agents were sent to protect.[255]
In the wake of the George Floyd protests, Republicans in state legislatures nationwide pushed for legislation targeting protesters. The bills, which conflate peaceful protests, riots and looting, imposed harsher punishment on individuals found guilty of unlawful assembly and public disorder, as well as provided immunity for motorists that hit protesters.[256] The Florida anti-riot law was struck down as unconstitutional by a federal district judge, on the grounds of vagueness, freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, and due process. The law also made it a felony to destroy historically commemorative objects and structures, and in response to calls to "defund the police" requires police departments to justify budget reductions.[257] Months after Derek Chauvin's sentencing, another police officer involved in the case, Thomas Lane was sentenced to 3 years in prison on September 21, 2022.[258]
International
In France, the government banned demonstrations near the United States Embassy and Eiffel Tower in Paris out of concern for potential violence.[259]
Violence and controversies
By June 22, 2020, police had made 14,000 arrests in 49 cities since the protests began, with most arrests being locals charged with low-level offenses such as violating curfews or blocking roadways.[4] By June 8, 2020, at least 19 people had died during the protests.[260] Several protests over Floyd's murder, including one in Chicago,[261] turned into riots.[262] On May 29, 2020, civil rights leader Andrew Young stated that riots, violence, and looting "hurt the cause instead of helping it"[263] while George Floyd's family also denounced the violent protests.[264] A study conducted by the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project found that about 93% of 7,750 protests from May 26 through August 22 remained peaceful and nondestructive.[40]
There have been numerous reports and videos of aggressive police actions using physical force including "batons, tear gas, pepper spray and rubber bullets on protesters, bystanders and journalists, often without warning or seemingly unprovoked".[265] These incidents have provoked "growing concern that aggressive law enforcement tactics intended to impose order were instead inflaming tensions".[265] The police responded that such tactics are necessary to prevent vandalism and arson, and that police officers themselves have been assaulted with thrown rocks and water bottles.[265] Amnesty International issued a press release on May 31, 2021, calling for the police to end excessive militarized responses to the protests.[266][267] A project by ProPublica compiled 68 videos during the George Floyd protests of police officers who used what appeared to researchers to be excessive levels of force. By a year later, police departments had disciplined 10 officers in connection to those captured on video.[268]
Multiple police officers were shot or attacked during the protests.[269] Four officers were shot in St. Louis after facing violent protesters who had been looting and vandalising local businesses.[270] In Las Vegas, a policer officer was shot in the head at Circus Circus Hotel and Casino whilst they were fighting a suspect.[271] Law enforcement officers were also injured by vehicles in Denver and New York City and hit by projectiles elsewhere in the U.S.A.[269] In New York City, nearly 400 officers were injured following two weeks of protesting. Injuries resulted from being hit by moving vehicles and being hit in the head with objects such as bricks and bottles.[272] In one incident in Los Angeles, two officers were shot whilst sitting in their patrol car and protesters blocked the responding ambulance from entering the hospital whilst shouting "we hope they die".[273] In London, protesters threw objects at police, and picked up and threw temporary barriers at the gates of Downing Street where officers were stationed prompting more officers to enter the area.[274] In all, twenty-seven officers were injured in London,[275] with fourteen officers injured when protesters clashed with mounted police, with Metropolitan Police Commissioner Cressida Dick saying it was "shocking and completely unacceptable".[276][277]
At least 104 incidents of vehicles driving into crowds of protesters, including eight involving police officers, were recorded from May 27 to September 5, with 39 drivers charged. According to experts some incidents involved frightened drivers surrounded by protesters while other incidents involved angry drivers or were politically motivated.[278] Since 2015, such actions have been encouraged against Black Lives Matter protests by "Run Them Over" and "All Lives Splatter" memes online, as well as items posted on Fox News and on social media by police officers.[279][280] In Buffalo, three Buffalo Police Department officers were struck by a car, and in Minneapolis, a Minnesota National Guard soldier fired 3 rounds at a speeding vehicle that was driving towards police officers and soldiers.[281][282][283][284]
There were allegations of foreign influence stoking the unrest online, with the role of outside powers being additive rather than decisive as of May 31.[285] Several analysts have said that there was a lack of evidence for foreign meddling – whether to spread disinformation or sow divisiveness – but suggest that the messaging and coverage from these countries has more to do with global politics.[286]
.jpg)
.jpg)
_(49954303233).jpg)
.jpg)
- Burning buildings amid riots in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on May 29
- Police and protesters stand off in Seattle on May 30
- Vehicles on fire during a riot in Washington, D.C., on May 30
- Georgia National Guard and police clash with protesters in Atlanta in late May-early June
- Protesters and counter-protesters faceoff in Columbus, Ohio, on July 18
Police attacks on journalists
According to the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, at least 100 journalists have been arrested while covering the protests, while 114 have been physically attacked by police officers.[287] Although some journalists have been attacked by protesters, over 80% of incidents involving violence against the news media were committed by law enforcement officers.[288] The Committee to Protect Journalists has accused police officers of intentionally targeting news crews in an attempt to intimidate them from covering the protests.[289] Some journalists covering the protests in Minneapolis had their tires slashed by Minnesota State Patrol troopers and Anoka County sheriff's deputies.[290]
Injuries caused by police projectiles
During the week of May 30, 2020, 12 people, including protesters, journalists and bystanders, were partially blinded after being struck with police projectiles.[291] By June 21, at least 20 people had suffered serious eye injuries.[292] The American Academy of Ophthalmology has called on police departments to stop using rubber bullets for crowd control, writing in a statement that "Americans have the right to speak and congregate publicly and should be able to exercise that right without the fear of blindness."[293]
Extremist participation
As unrest grew in the days after Floyd's murder, there was speculation by federal, state, and local officials that various extremist groups using the cover of the protests to foment general unrest in the United States. Officials initially provided few details to the public about the claims.[294]
Donald Trump, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray,[295] New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio,[296] United States Attorney General William Barr, Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms,[297] Seattle Police Guild President Mike Solan,[298] and Huntsville Police Chief Mark McMurray[299] blamed anarchists and "far-left extremist" groups, including antifa, for inciting and organizing violent riots.[300][301][302] According to a Justice Department spokesperson, Barr came to this conclusion after being provided with information from state and local law enforcement agencies.[303]
Contrastingly, several mid-June investigations by news agencies including The Washington Post and the Associated Press concluded there was no solid evidence of antifa involvement in causing violence during the protests, contradicting prior claims by law enforcement officials,[304][305][306] and the Trump administration provided no further evidence for its claims.[306] This is in part because "antifa is a moniker, not a single group", making it difficult to attribute any violence directly to the movement.[307]
The majority of protests in the aftermath of Floyd's murder were peaceful;[308][309][310] among the 14,000 arrests made, most were for minor offenses such as alleged curfew violations or blocking a roadway.[4] An analysis of state and federal criminal charges of demonstrators in the Minneapolis area found that disorganized crowds had no single goal or affiliation, many opportunist crowds amassed spontaneously during periods of lawlessness, and that people causing destruction had contradictory motives for their actions.[311] Other analysis found that persons involved in visible crimes such as arson or property damage were not ideologically organized, although some were motivated by anger towards police.[4] Episodes of looting were committed by "regular criminal groups" and street gangs[312][305] and were motivated by personal gain rather than ideology.[4] A large number of white nationalists did not appear in response to the protests, although "a handful of apparent lone actors" were arrested for attempting to harm protesters.[4] However, there was a scattered number of armed paramilitary-style militia movement groups and there were "several cases where members of these groups discharged firearms, causing chaos or injuring protesters".[4]
According to the Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights (IREHR), which mapped the appearance of various right-wing or far-right actors or extremist groups at rallies throughout the United States, there were 136 confirmed cases of right-wing participation at the protests by June 19, 2020, with many more unconfirmed. Boogaloo, Three Percenters, Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, neo-Confederates, white nationalists, and an assortment of militias and vigilante groups reportedly had a presence at some protests, mostly in small towns and rural areas.[4][313]
Boogaloo groups, who are generally pro-gun, anti-government, and far-right accelerationists, have reportedly been present at least 40 George Floyd protests, several reportedly linked with violence.[4][314] Their continued presence online has caused Facebook and TikTok to take action against their violent and anti-government posts.[315][316] On July 25, 2020, 28-year old armed Black Lives Matter protester Garrett Foster was shot and killed in an altercation with a motorist in Downtown Austin. Foster identified with the boogaloo movement and had expressed anti-racist, libertarian, and anti-police views in his Facebook posts.[317] Police said initial reports indicate that Foster was carrying an AK-47 style rifle, and was pushing his fiancée's wheelchair moments before he was killed.[318][319]
By late 2020, the United States Attorney's office had charged three alleged adherents of Boogaloo Bois movement who attempted to capitalize on the unrest in Minneapolis in late May.[320][321] Two had pled guilty by May 2021.[322] According to the federal charging documents, the 30-year-old Michael Robert Solomon of New Brighton, Minnesota, who pled guilty to federal charges, recruited Boogaloo adherent participation via Facebook and at least five others traveled to Minneapolis to participate in the unrest.[323][324] One of the persons, Benjamin Ryan Teeter, a 22-year old from Hampstead, North Carolina, also pled guilty to several federal criminal charges. Officials believed Teeter traveled to Minneapolis in the days after Floyd's murder to participate in rioting and looting and that he also had plans to destroy a courthouse with Solomon.[325] A 26-year-old man from Boerne, Texas, who self-identified as a local leader of the Boogaloo movement, also faced federal riot charges for allegedly shooting 13 rounds from an AK-47-style machine gun into the Minneapolis third police precinct building while people were inside, looting it, and helping to set it on fire the night of May 28, 2020.[104][326]
Perception of pervasiveness of violence
A December 2020 poll found 47% of Americans believed that the majority of the protests were violent, and 16% were unsure.[327] According to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, an estimated 93%–96.3% of demonstrations were peaceful and nondestructive, involving no injuries or no property damage.[40][328][329] Police made arrests in about 5% of protest events (deploying chemical irritants in 2.5% of events); 3.7% of protest events were associated with property damage or vandalism (including damages by persons not involved in the actual demonstration); and protesters or bystanders were injured or killed in 1.6% of events.[328]
Media coverage
The protests were the subject of extensive media coverage, documentaries, and television specials. The documentary Say His Name: Five Days of George Floyd, released in February 2021, contained footage of protests and unrest in a neighborhood of Minneapolis in the five days that elapsed between Floyd's murder and the criminal charges being filed against Derek Chauvin.[330][331] In August 2020, the occupied protests at 38th Street and Chicago Avenue in Minneapolis was the subject of a multi-part PBS News Hour series, "George Floyd Square: The epicenter of a protest movement that's swept the world"[332] and in December 2020, it was the subject of a monthlong series by Minnesota Public Radio, "Making George Floyd's Square: Meet the people transforming 38th and Chicago".[333]
Several documentaries and news specials were broadcast to coincide with first anniversary of Floyd's murder.[334] The ABC-produced After Floyd: The Year that Shook America examined the "generation-defining movement" of Floyd's murder and Our America: A Year of Activism reflected on the year-long period of activism on social justice issues that followed. PBS-produced Race Matters: America After George Floyd reported on ongoing protests in communities over issues of police brutality a year after Floyd's murder.[334]
The Minneapolis-based Star Tribune newspaper received the 2021 Pulitzer Prize for the breaking news it reported of Floyd's murder and the resulting aftermath. Danielle Frazier, the then 17-year old who filmed Floyd's arrest and murder on her cellphone, received a Pulitzer special citation recognition in 2021 for her video.[335]
Use of social media
.jpg)
The video recorded of Floyd's arrest and murder by Darneil Frazier on her mobile phone quickly went viral after she posted to Facebook a few hours later in the early morning hours of May 26.[336] Public outrage over the contents of the video became an inflection point that sparked the largest civil-rights protests in U.S. history as Americans confronted topics of structural racism and police reform. Protests had continued for over a year after Floyd's murder.[337][338]
Numerous individuals and celebrities used social media to document the protests, spread information, promote donation sites, and post memorials to George Floyd. Following Floyd's murder, a 15-year-old started a Change.org petition titled "Justice for George Floyd", demanding that all four police officers involved be charged.[339] The petition was both the largest and fastest-growing in the site's history,[339] reaching over 13 million signatures.[citation needed] During this time, multiple videos of the protests, looting, and riots were shared by journalists and protesters with many videos circulating widely on social media websites.[340]
Documentation
A remix of Childish Gambino's song "This is America" and Post Malone's "Congratulations" was used heavily by protesters sharing footage of protests and police action on TikTok.[341] Others used personal Twitter pages to post video documentation of the protests to highlight police and protesters actions, as well as points of the protests they felt would not be reported.[342] One example was a viral photo that appears to show white women protesters standing with their arms locked between Louisville Metro Police Officers and protesters, with the caption describing the image and "This is love. This is what you do with your privilege."[343]
Viral images of officers "taking a knee" with protesters and engaging in joint displays against police brutality, highlighted by hashtags such as #WalkWithUs,[344] have circulated widely on social media.[345] These acts have been identified by some cultural critics as copaganda, or "feel-good images" to boost public relations.[346][347][348] Official social media accounts of police departments boosted positive images of collaboration.[347] In some cases, these displays of solidarity, such as police kneeling, have been recognized as occurring moments before police teargassed crowds or inflicted violence on them.[346][348] An article in The Fader characterized these acts as public relations tactics which were being undermined by police violence, "It feels like we go past the point of no return several times each day."[347]
Activism
American K-pop fan accounts hijacked right wing and pro-Trump hashtags on social media, flooding trending hashtags with images and videos of their favorite artists. Users attempting to look up the hashtags #WhiteLivesMatter, #WhiteoutWednesday and #BlueLivesMatter were met with messages and video clips of dancing idols.[349] After the Dallas Police Department asked Twitter users to submit videos of protesters' illegal activity to its iWatch Dallas app, submissions of K-pop videos led to the temporary removal of the app due to "technical difficulties".[350][351]
On May 28, hacktivist group Anonymous released a video to Facebook and the Minneapolis Police Department entitled "Anonymous Message To The Minneapolis Police Department", in which they state that they are going to seek revenge on the Minneapolis Police Department, and "expose their crimes to the world".[352][353] According to Bloomberg, the video was initially posted on an unconfirmed Anonymous Facebook page.[354] 269 gigabytes of leaked internal law enforcement data spanning 10 years obtained by Anonymous were later published by the activist group Distributed Denial of Secrets on June 19 to coincide with Juneteenth. The leak consisted of over a million documents, in what investigative journalist and founder of the group—Emma Best—called "the largest published hack of American law enforcement agencies".[355] The leaked documents revealed that law enforcement agencies had been covertly monitoring protesters' private communication over social media, and that both federal and local law enforcement had been stoking fear among police officers, likely setting the stage for the escalation of violence against protesters by police.[356]
Facebook's decision not to remove or label President Trump's tweet of "When the looting starts, the shooting starts" prompted complaints from Facebook employees that political figures were getting a special exemption from the site's content policies. Actions included internal petition, questioning the CEO at an employee town hall, some resignations,[357] and an employee walkout.[358]
On June 3, as U.S. protests gained momentum, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey tweeted a recommendation for users to download end-to-end encryption (E2EE) messaging app Signal.[359] On June 6, an estimated half million people joined protests in 550 places in the United States.[26] By June 11, The New York Times reported that protest organizers relied on the E2EE app "to devise action plans and develop strategies for handling possible arrests for several years" and that downloads had "skyrocketed" with increased awareness of police monitoring leading protesters to use the app to communicate among themselves.[360] During the first week of June, the encrypted messaging app was downloaded over five times more than it had been during the week prior to Floyd's murder. Citizen, a community safety app, also experienced a high spike in downloads.[360]
Misinformation
Official statements
Minnesota Governor Tim Walz speculated that there was "an organized attempt to destabilize civil society", initially saying as many as 80% of the individuals had possibly come from outside the state,[361] and the mayor of St. Paul, Melvin Carter, said everyone arrested in St. Paul on May 29 was from out of state.[362] However, jail records showed that the majority of those arrested were in-state.[363] At a press conference later the same day, Carter explained that he had "shared... arrest data received in [his] morning police briefing which [he] later learned to be inaccurate".[364]
Numerous eyewitness accounts and news reporters indicated that tear gas was used to disperse protesters in Lafayette Square.[365] Despite this evidence, U.S. Park Police officials said, "USPP officers and other assisting law enforcement partners did not use tear gas or OC Skat Shells to close the area at Lafayette Park",[366][367] adding that they only used "pepper balls" and "smoke canisters". Donald Trump's presidential campaign demanded news outlets retract reports of "tear gas" use.[368] President Trump called the reports "fake" and said "they didn't use tear gas."[369]
Press statements
On the night of May 31, exterior lights on the north side of the White House went dark as usual at 11:00 pm,[370] while protesters were demonstrating outside. The Guardian mistakenly reported that "in normal times, they are only ever turned off when a president dies."[371] A 2015 stock photograph of the White House, edited to show the lights turned off, was shared tens of thousands of times online,[372] including by Hillary Clinton.[373] While the photograph did not depict the building at the time of the protests, Deputy White House Press Secretary Hogan Gidley confirmed that the lights "go out at about 11 p.m. almost every night".[374]
.jpg)
On June 6, the New York Post reported that a NYPD source said $2.4 million of Rolex watches had been looted during protests from a Soho Rolex store.[375] However, the store in question was actually a Watches of Switzerland outlet that denied anything was stolen.[375] Rolex confirmed that "no watches of any kind were stolen, as there weren't any on display in the store."[376]
A June 12 article by The Seattle Times found that Fox News published a photograph of the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone that had been digitally altered to include a man armed with an assault rifle.[377] The Fox News website also used a photograph of a burning scene from the Minnesota protests to illustrate their articles on Seattle's protests. Fox removed the images and issued an apology, stating the digitally altered image was a collage that "did not clearly delineate" splicing.[377]
Conspiracy theories
False claims of impending antifa activity as part of the protests circulated through social media platforms, causing alarm in at least 41 towns and cities.[378][379][380] As a result of the rumors, several people were harassed.[379] Hundreds of members of armed self-proclaimed militias and far right groups gathered in Gettysburg National Military Park on Independence Day in response to a fake online claim that antifa protesters were planning on burning the U.S. flag.[381]
Some social media users spread images of damage from other protests or incidents, falsely attributing the damage to the George Floyd protests.[382]
Twitter suspended hundreds of accounts associated with spreading a false claim about a communications blackout during protests in Washington, D.C., or a claim that authorities had blocked protesters from communicating on their smartphones.[383] Also, some accounts shared a photo of a major fire burning near the Washington Monument, which was actually an image from a television show.[384][385]
A study by Zignal Labs identified three dominant themes in misinformation and conspiracy theories around the protests: unsubstantiated claims of antifa involvement, claims that Floyd's murder had been faked, and claims of involvement by the billionaire investor and philanthropist George Soros.[386]
Social impact
.jpg)
A week into the protests, The Washington Post stated that the current situation suggests that the status quo was undergoing a shock, with the article stating "the past days have suggested that something is changing. The protests reached into every corner of the United States and touched nearly every strand of society."[387] Joe Biden told Politico that he had experienced an awakening and thought other White Americans had as well, saying: "Ordinary folks who don't think of themselves as having a prejudiced bone in their body, don't think of themselves as racists, have kind of had the mask pulled off."[388] A number of journalistic and academic sources described the protests as forcing Americans to face racial inequality, police brutality and other racial and economic issues. Many stated that the unrest was due to the prevailing political and cultural habits of overlooking or ignoring forms of oppression of Black Americans. Politico said the murder of George Floyd, captured on video, had "prompted a reckoning with racism [...] for a wide swath of white America."[388] Deva Woodly, Associate Professor of Politics at The New School for Social Research, wrote: "We are living in a world-historical moment."[389] NPR said that "a change of attitude seems to have swept through the national culture like a sudden wind."[390] CNN's Brianna Keilar said that "[y]ou are watching America's reckoning" as she outlined the "profound change" the country had experienced, including that in mid-June 15 of the 20 bestselling books were about race.[391]
In late June, The Christian Science Monitor's editorial board wrote: "It may still be too soon to say the U.S. has reached a true inflection point in its treatment of its citizens of African descent. But it has certainly reached a reflection point."[392] Reuters reported that Black candidates in June's primaries had benefited from "a national reckoning on racism."[393] By early July, The Washington Post was running a regularly updated section titled "America's Racial Reckoning: What you need to know."[394] On July 3, The Washington Post said that "the Black Lives Matter protests following the police killings of Breonna Taylor, George Floyd and Rayshard Brooks focused the world's attention on racial inequities, structural racism and implicit bias."[395]
The New York Times described the events in the wake of Floyd's murder and video that circulated of it as "the largest protests in the United States since the Civil Rights era."[126]
According to the American Political Science Review, the George Floyd protests led to a reduction in favorability toward the police among politically liberal Americans, and further exacerbated racial and political tensions and attitudes regarding the "race and law enforcement" debate in the U.S.[396]
Economic impact
.jpg)
The Property Claim Services (PCS) of the U.S. Insurance industry states that in the "unrest that took place from May 26 to June 8" 2020 in 140 U.S. cities in 20 states was "the costliest civil unrest in U.S. history", and that insured losses are "estimated at over $2 billion".[398][399] According to Fortune, the economic impact of the protests exacerbated the COVID-19 recession by sharply curtailing consumer confidence, straining local businesses, and overwhelming public infrastructure with large-scale property damage.[307] A number of small businesses, already suffering from the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, were harmed by vandalism, property destruction, and looting.[400][401] Curfews instated by local governments – in response to both the pandemic and protests – have also "restricted access to the downtown [areas]" to essential workers, lowering economic output.[307] President Donald Trump, after announcing a drop in overall unemployment from 14.7% to 13.3% on June 5, stated that strong economic growth was "the greatest thing [for race relations]" and "George Floyd would have been proud [of the unemployment rate]".[402] That same day reports from the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated the unemployment rate among African Americans (covering the first two weeks of protests) was up 0.1%, rising to 16.8%.[403]
The U.S. stock market remained unaffected or otherwise increased from the start of the protests on May 26 to June 2.[404] The protest's first two weeks coincided with a 38% rise in the stock market.[405] A resurgence of COVID-19 (facilitated by mass protests) could have exacerbated the 2020 stock market crash according to economists at RBC.[406] The protests disrupted national supply chains over uncertainty regarding public safety, a resurgence of COVID-19, and consumer confidence. Several Fortune 500 retail companies, with large distribution networks, scaled back deliveries and shuttered stores in high-impact areas.[307] Mass demonstrations – of both peaceful and violent varieties – were linked to diminished consumer confidence and demand stemming from the public health risks of group gatherings amid COVID-19.[307]
Large-scale property damage stemming from the protests has led to increased insurance claims, bankruptcies, and curbed economic activity among small businesses and state governments. Insurance claims arising from property damage suffered in rioting is still being assessed, but is thought to be significant, perhaps record-breaking.[407] Estimates of property damages from fires and looting in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area were $550 million to 1,500 property locations.[5][112] Private insurance covered less than half of the estimated damages, which had a disproportionate effect on small business owners, many of who were immigrants and people of color.[5] Among the losses in Minneapolis was Minnehaha Commons, an under-construction, $30 million redevelopment project for 189 units of affordable housing, which was destroyed by fire after being torched on May 27, 2020.[408][409] A community organization in Atlanta's Buckhead neighborhood said that between $10 million and $15 million in property damage (excluding losses from looting) was incurred over the weekend of May 29–31, mostly along storefronts along Peachtree Street and Phipps Plaza.[410] The damage to downtown Chicago's central business district (near the Magnificent Mile) was reported to have sustained "millions of dollars in damage" according to Fortune.[307]
Public financing and funding, particularly on the state level, has also been impacted by the protests. The COVID-19 recession eroded large parts of state budgets which subsequently struggled to finance the police overtime pay, security costs, and infrastructure repairs related to the demonstrations.[307] State governments have, since June, announced budget cuts to police departments as well as increased funding to other public safety measures. Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti announced on June 5 he will seek up to $150 million in cuts to the Los Angeles Police Department budget.[411]
On May 31, Walmart temporarily closed several hundred of its stores as a precaution. Amazon announced it would redirect some delivery routes and scale back others as a result of the widespread unrest.[412]
Monuments and symbols
A makeshift memorial emerged at the East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue intersection in Minneapolis where Floyd was murdered. Minneapolis officials renamed a stretch two block stretch of Chicago Avenue as George Floyd Perry Jr Place and designated it as one of seven cultural districts in city.[413][414][415]
Scrutiny of, discussion of removal, and removal of civic symbols or names relating to the Confederate States of America (frequently associated with segregation and the Jim Crow era in the United States) has regained steam as protests have continued.[416] On June 4, 2020, Virginia governor Ralph Northam announced the Robert E. Lee Monument in Richmond would be removed.[417]
On June 5, making specific reference to events in Charlottesville in 2017, the United States Marine Corps banned the display of the Confederate Battle Flag at their installations.[418][419] The United States Navy followed suit on June 9 at the direction of Michael M. Gilday, the Chief of Naval Operations.[420]
Birmingham, Alabama, Mayor Randall Woodfin ordered the removal of the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Linn Park. The Alabama Attorney General has filed suit against the city of Birmingham for violating the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act.[421]
A statue of America's first president, George Washington, has been torn down and American flag was burned by rioters in Portland, Oregon.[422] Portland Public Schools was responding after protesters pulled down the Thomas Jefferson statue in front of Jefferson High School. Several protesters tore down the statue of the third President of the United States and wrote: "slave owner" and "George Floyd" in spray paint at its white marble base. PPS officials said they recognize that the act is part of a larger and very important national conversation.[423] The statues targeted included a bust of Ulysses S. Grant and statue of Theodore Roosevelt.[424][425] BLM activist Shaun King tweeted that statues, murals, and stained glass windows depicting a white Jesus should be removed.[426] Protesters defaced a statue of Philadelphia abolitionist Matthias Baldwin with the words "murderer" and "colonizer".[427] Protesters in San Francisco vandalized a statue of Miguel de Cervantes, a Spanish writer who spent five years as a slave in Algiers.[428]
Vandals defaced the statue of Winston Churchill in London's Parliament Square and Queen Victoria's statue in Leeds.[429][430] The Lincoln Memorial, the World War II Memorial and the statue of General Casimir Pulaski were vandalized during the George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.[431] On June 7, the statue of Edward Colston was toppled and thrown into Bristol Harbour by demonstrators during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom.[432] BLM activists in London are calling for the removal of 60 statues of historical figures like Prime Ministers Charles Grey and William Gladstone, Horatio Nelson, Sir Francis Drake, King Charles II of England, Oliver Cromwell and Christopher Columbus.[433] Protesters in Belgium have vandalized statues of King Leopold II of Belgium.[434]
In Washington, D.C., a statue of Mahatma Gandhi in front of the Indian Embassy was vandalized on the intervening night of June 2 and 3. The incident prompted the embassy to register a complaint with law enforcement agencies. Taranjit Singh Sandhu, the Indian Ambassador to the United States, called the vandalism "a crime against humanity".[435][436][437] In London, another statue of Gandhi was vandalized by Black Lives Matter protesters along with the statue of Winston Churchill.[438]
On June 12, the city council in Hamilton, New Zealand removed the statue of Captain John Hamilton, a British officer who was killed during the New Zealand Wars in 1864.[439] A local Māori elder Taitimu Maipi, who had vandalized the statue in 2018, has also called for the city to be renamed Kirikiriroa.[440] New Zealand Deputy Prime Minister Winston Peters called the scrutiny of colonial-era memorials a "wave of idiocy".[441]
On June 22, a crowd of rioters unsuccessfully attempted to topple Clark Mills' 1852 bronze equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square in President's Park, directly north of the White House in Washington, D.C.[442] Several days later, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) charged four men with destruction of federal property for allegedly trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department alleged that a video showed one of the men breaking off and destroying the wheels of the cannons located at the base of the statue as well as pulling on ropes when trying to bring down the statue.[443]
Soon afterwards, the DOJ announced the arrest and charging of a man who was not only allegedly seen on video climbing up onto the Jackson statue and affixing a rope that was then used to try to pull the statue down, but had on June 20 helped destroy Gaetano Trentanove's 1901 Albert Pike Memorial statue near Washington's Judiciary Square by pulling it from its base and setting it on fire. The DOJ's complaint alleged that the man had been captured on video dousing the federally-owned Pike statue with a flammable liquid, igniting it as it lay on the ground and using the fire to light a cigarette.[444]
On June 30, after the Mississippi Legislature obtained a two-thirds majority in both houses to suspend rules in order to pass a bill addressing the Confederate Battle Flag on the Mississippi state flag, Governor Tate Reeves signed a bill that relinquished the state flag, mandated its removal from public premises within 15 days, and established a commission to propose a new flag design that excluded the Confederate Battle Flag and included the motto "In God We Trust".[445][446][447][448] The flag contained the infamous Confederate symbol in the canton (upper left corner) of the flag, and was the last U.S. state flag to do so.[449][450][451]
During a speech on July 3 at Mount Rushmore, U.S. president Donald Trump denounced the monument removals as part of a "left wing cultural revolution" to "overthrow the American Revolution".[452]
On July 13, the Washington Redskins announced that their name and logo would be retired upon completion of "a thorough review of the name" that was first announced on July 3.[453][454]
A week-long tour began July 28 in which a hologram of Floyd was projected on a monument to be removed, thereby "replacing" the monument with Floyd. Richmond, Virginia, was the first stop.[455]
In the response to the protests, Congress mandated the creation of a Commission on the Naming of Items of the Department of Defense that Commemorate the Confederate States of America or Any Person Who Served Voluntarily with the Confederate States of America in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021.[456] President Trump cited this provision in his veto of the NDAA,[457] resulting in the only veto override of his presidency.[458]
Impact on police activity
According to Lt. Bob Kroll, the head of the Minneapolis police union, officers began retiring "en masse"[459] alongside morale being at an "all-time low".[459]
Around 170 Atlanta police officers walked off of the job in mid-June following unresolved grievances in the Rayshard Brooks case.[460]
The New York City Police Department reported a 411% increase in police retirement application in the first week of July.[461] As a result, the department has limited new retirement applications to 40 a day.[462][463]
On July 11, at least 150 Minneapolis police officers reported nondescript injuries as well as symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, leading over half of them to leave their jobs with more likely to follow.[459] The Minneapolis police have denied there being any serious injuries inflicted on officers.[459]
Changes to police policies
In the wake of Floyd's killing, state and local governments evaluated their police department policies, and the response to protests, for themselves. For example, California Governor Gavin Newsom called for new police crowd control procedures for the state, and the banning of the police use of carotid chokeholds, which starve the brain of oxygen.[464] The Minneapolis police department banned police from using chokeholds;[465] Denver's police department also banned the use of chokeholds without exception, and also established new reporting requirements whenever a police officer holds a person at gunpoint.[466]
In June 2020, Democrats in Congress introduced the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020, a police reform and accountability bill that contains measures to combat police misconduct, excessive force, and racial bias in policing. The impetus for the bill were the killings of Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and other African Americans at the hands of police.[44][467][468] It passed the House of Representatives one month after Floyd's killing, 236 to 181, with support from Democrats and three Republicans.[469] A Republican reform bill was blocked in the U.S. Senate by all but two Democrats; neither party negotiated the contents of the bill with the other.[469] Speaker Nancy Pelosi summarized Democratic opposition to the Senate bill: "it's not a question that it didn't go far enough; it didn't go anywhere".[470]
On June 16, President Trump signed an executive order on police reform that incentivized departments to recruit from communities they patrol, encourage more limited use of deadly force, and prioritize using social workers and mental health professionals for nonviolent calls.[471] The order also created a national database of police officers with a history of using excessive force.[472]
On September 10, Ted Wheeler, the mayor and police commissioner of Portland, Oregon, banned city police from using tear gas for riot control purposes, but reiterated that police would respond to violent protests forcefully. Portland had seen over one hundred consecutive days of protests since they began on May 28.[473]
Push to abolish police
Nine members of the Minneapolis City Council — a veto-proof majority — pledged on June 7 to dismantle the Minneapolis Police Department, despite opposition from Mayor Jacob Frey.[474][475] U.S. representative Ilhan Omar stated, "the Minneapolis Police Department has proven themselves beyond reform. It's time to disband them and reimagine public safety in Minneapolis."[476] Despite pledges by city council members to the end the Minneapolis Police Department, a proposed amendment to the Minneapolis city charter which was approved by the Minneapolis City Council on June 26 would only rename the police department and change its structure if approved by voters.[477] In August, the review of another proposal to dismantle the department was delayed by 90 days, meaning it wouldn't be voted on in the November ballot because it passed the statutory deadline of August 21.[478] The budget for the department was passed in December and the funding was reduced by $7.7 million.[479]
Impact on television and films
In the media industry, the protests have spurred scrutiny for cop shows and led to the cancellation of popular television shows referred to by critics as copaganda.[480][481] With long-standing criticism that it presented an unbalanced view of law enforcement in favor of police, encouraged police to engage in more dramatic behavior for the camera, and degraded suspects who had not yet been convicted of any crime, the Paramount Network canceled the 33rd season of the TV show Cops and pulled it from broadcast.[482] The television network A&E canceled a similar show, Live PD, which was also found to have destroyed footage documenting the police killing of Javier Ambler in Austin, Texas, in 2019.[483] The streaming service HBO Max temporarily pulled the film Gone with the Wind until video that explains and condemns the film's racist depictions could be produced to accompany it.[484] In the United Kingdom, the BBC pulled the famed "The Germans" episode of Fawlty Towers from its UKTV streaming service, but later reinstated it after criticism from series star and co-writer John Cleese. He later criticized their use of the word "fury" to describe his comments.[485] This was later removed by the BBC.[486] The episode, which included racial slurs about the West Indies cricket team, now features a disclaimer at the beginning warning of "offensive content and language".[487][488][489] The BBC also removed the Little Britain series and its spinoff Come Fly with Me from the iPlayer and BritBox services as well as Netflix for its use of blackface.[490]
The week of June 24, 2020, several animated series that had black, mixed or non-white characters voiced by white actors, including Big Mouth, Central Park, Family Guy and The Simpsons, announced those characters would be recast with people of color.[491][492][493][494] That same week, episodes of 30 Rock, The Office, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Community, The Golden Girls, and Peep Show that involved characters using blackface were either removed or edited from syndication and streaming services.[495][496][497][498][499]
In light of the protests, Brooklyn Nine-Nine co-star Terry Crews said that the first four episodes of the show's eighth season had to be rewritten.[500]
The Penny Dreadful: City of Angels episode "Sing, Sing, Sing", opens with an additional viewer discretion warning about its content, specifically the lynching of a character by members of the Los Angeles Police Department. The episode originally aired less than one month after Floyd's murder, and was the only episode to feature this additional warning.[501]
Impact on brand marketing
In reaction to the higher sensitivity by customers for racial issues in the aftermath of Floyd's murder, multiple companies decided to rebrand some products. The brands Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben's, and Fair & Lovely made adaptations to eliminate racial stereotypes. In sports, the NFL football team in Washington, D.C., dropped the "Redskins" nickname and the MLB baseball team in Cleveland said it would discontinue the "Indians" nickname after the 2021 season and adopt the "Guardians" nickname.[502][503] In June 2020, Disney announced that their theme park attraction Splash Mountain, which had been themed to the 1946 film Song of the South, controversial for its depiction of African Americans, would be re-themed based on the 2009 film The Princess and the Frog, which had Disney's first depiction of a black princess.[504][505]
Public art
Artistic impressions of George Floyd's likeness became an icon of the protest movement that unfolded following his murder.[506] Paintings of Floyd appeared on exterior walls in many cities in the United States and around the world. A mapping project of protest art after Floyd's murder had by May 19, 2021, documented 2,100 entries of George Floyd-related and anti-racism art around the world, though much of it was from the Minneapolis and Saint Paul area. Many works appeared on plywood that covered up boarded-up windows and doors as result of unrest.[507][508]
COVID-19 pandemic
_(cropped).jpg)
The protests occurred during the early, pre-vaccination phase of the global COVID-19 pandemic, which led officials and experts to express concerns that the demonstrations could lead to further spread of SARS-CoV-2.[509] The demonstrations thus sparked debate among commentators, political leaders, and health experts over coronavirus restrictions on gatherings.[510] In June 2020 the CDC released the "Considerations for Events and Gatherings" which assesses large gatherings where it is difficult for people to stay at least six feet apart, and where attendees travel from outside the local area as "highest risk".[511] Public health experts and mayors urged demonstrators to wear face coverings, follow physical separation (social distancing) practices, engage in proper hand hygiene, and seek out COVID-19 testing.[512][513]
Subsequent studies and public health reports showed that the protests in 2020 did not drive an increase in COVID-19 transmission.[514][515][516] Epidemiologists and other researchers attributed this to the location of the demonstrations outdoors (where the virus is less likely to spread as compared to indoors);[514][516] because many protesters wore masks;[516] and because persons who demonstrated made up a small portion of the overall U.S. population (about 6% of adults).[517] Outdoor events were analyzed to have a substantially lower risk of spreading the virus than indoor ones,[518][519] and transient contact was considered less risky than extended close contact.[519]
Some protesters that were arrested were detained in crowded, indoor environments and did not have protective masks, which prompted concern over potential jail-spread of SARS-CoV-2.[520] Some law enforcement personnel in New York City who responded to protests were criticized for failing to wear face masks.[521] An outbreak was detected among Houston, Texas, police department officers, but it was not clear if the officers were exposed on or off of their police duty.[522]
While many U.S. states experienced growth in new cases during the initial wave of protests, these upticks are thought to be attributed to reopenings of workplaces, bars, restaurants, and other businesses.[517]
Gallery
-
A protest march in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020 -
"Black Lives Fucking Matter", "A.C.A.B.", and "Fuck 12" graffiti on a looted Target store on Lake Street, Minneapolis the morning of May 28, 2020 -
Protesters in Oakland, California, on May 29, 2020 -
Police confront protesters near Trump Tower in Chicago on May 30, 2020
-
Protesters in Washington, D.C., in front of the White House on May 30, 2020 -
Georgia National Guard medics treat a protester injured by tear gas on June 2, 2020 -
Protesters in Seattle on June 3, 2020 -
Protesters in Philadelphia on June 6, 2020 -
Protesters in Denver on June 6, 2020
_(cropped).jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
See also
- Long, hot summer of 1967 – Protests and riots in which the statement "When the looting starts, the shooting starts" was first coined by Miami police chief Walter E. Headley.
- 1968 Democratic National Convention protests – Protests against the Vietnam War that were later described as a "police riot".
- 1980 Miami riots – Protests after an unarmed black salesman was beaten to death by police officers in 1979 and the officers involved were acquitted in May 1980.
- 2014 Ferguson unrest – The large-scale unrest after the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by police.
- 2020 Kenosha protests – Protests after the shooting of Jacob Blake in Kenosha, Wisconsin
- 2021 Daunte Wright protests – Protests after the killing of Daunte Wright
References
- ^ a b c Owermohle, Sarah (June 1, 2020). "Surgeon general: 'You understand the anger'". Politico. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^
- VOA News (June 20, 2020). "Anti-Racism Protests Continue in US". voanews.com. Voice of America. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- Bronner, Laura (June 25, 2020). "Why Statistics Don't Capture The Full Extent Of The Systemic Bias In Policing". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- Cheung, Helier (June 8, 2020). "Why US protests are so powerful this time". BBC. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- Sabur, Rozina; Sawer, Patrick; Millward, David (June 7, 2020). "Why are there protests over the death of George Floyd?". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- ^ "At least 25 Americans were killed during protests and political unrest in 2020". The Guardian. October 31, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Olson, Emily (June 27, 2020). "Antifa, Boogaloo boys, white nationalists: Which extremists showed up to the US Black Lives Matter protests?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ a b c d St. Anthony, Neal (May 18, 2021). "Minneapolis Foundation raising $20 million for riot-hurt small businesses". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
- ^ a b Kingson, Jennifer A. (September 16, 2020). "Exclusive: $1 billion-plus riot damage is most expensive in insurance history". Axios. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Derrick Bryson (June 2, 2020). "George Floyd Protests: A Timeline". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ "2020 was the year America embraced Black Lives Matter as a movement, not just a moment". Los Angeles Times. December 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ Levenson, Eric (March 29, 2021). "Former officer knelt on George Floyd for 9 minutes and 29 seconds -- not the infamous 8:46". CNN. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "Prosecutors say officer had knee on George Floyd's neck for 7:46 rather than 8:46". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. June 18, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- ^ Cooper, Gael Fashingbauer (June 2, 2020). "Music industry players including Mick Jagger, Quincy Jones respond to George Floyd's death with Blackout Tuesday: 'This is what solidarity looks like'". CNET. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- ^ Hennessey, Kathleen; LeBlanc, Steve (June 4, 2020). "8:46: A number becomes a potent symbol of police brutality". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
But the timestamps cited in the document's description of the incident, much of which is caught on video, indicate a different tally. Using those, Chauvin had his knee on Floyd for 7 minutes, 46 seconds, including 1 minute, 53 seconds after Floyd appeared to stop breathing.
- ^ Carrega, Christina; Lloyd, Whitney (June 3, 2020). "Charges against former Minneapolis police officers involved in George Floyd's death". ABC News. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ^ Navarrette, Ruben Jr. (June 15, 2020). "Haunting question after George Floyd killing: Should good cops have stopped a bad cop?". USA Today.
- ^ "플로이드 실제로 목 눌린 시간은 7분 46초". 서울신문 (in Korean). June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
- ^ [10][11][12][13][14][15]
- ^ Condon, Bernard; Richmond, Todd; Sisak, Michael R. (June 3, 2020). "What to know about 4 officers charged in George Floyd's death". WLS-TV. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Forliti, Amy; Karnowski, Steve; Webber, Tammy (April 20, 2021). "Ex-cop Derek Chauvin guilty of murder and manslaughter in death of George Floyd". CTV News. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ a b Levenson, Eric; Sanchez, Ray (June 25, 2021). "Derek Chauvin sentenced to 22.5 years in death of George Floyd". CNN. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ a b Burch, Audra D. S.; Harmon, Amy; Tavernise, Sabrina; Badger, Emily (April 21, 2021). "The Death of George Floyd Reignited a Movement. What Happens Now?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Wagner, Jeff (June 18, 2020). "'It's Real Ugly': Protesters Clash With Minneapolis Police After George Floyd's Death". WCCO.
- ^ Burch, Audra D. S.; Cai, Weiyi; Gianordoli, Gabriel; McCarthy, Morrigan; Patel, Jugal K. (June 13, 2020). "How Black Lives Matter Reached Every Corner of America". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
- ^ Luscombe, Richard; Ho, Vivian (June 7, 2020). "George Floyd protests enter third week as push for change sweeps America". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
- ^ a b "George Floyd Protests on Race and Policing: Juneteenth Celebrations Across U.S." The Wall Street Journal. June 19, 2020.
- ^ Croft, Jay (July 4, 2020). "Some Americans mark Fourth of July with protests". CNN. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Buchanan, Larry; Bui, Quoctrung; Patel, Jugal K. (July 3, 2020). "Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ Ryan, Jim (August 25, 2020). "Riot declared as Portland protests move to City Hall on 3-month anniversary of George Floyd's death". Oregon Live. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ^ Lovett, Ian (June 4, 2020). "1992 Los Angeles Riots: How the George Floyd Protests Are Different". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ "Widespread unrest as curfews defied across US". BBC. May 31, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Mike; Dewan, Shaila (June 2, 2020). "Facing Protests Over Use of Force, Police Respond With More Force". The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ Kindy, Kimberly; Jacobs, Shayna; Farenthold, David (June 5, 2020). "In protests against police brutality, videos capture more alleged police brutality". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Derrick Bryson (June 8, 2020). "George Floyd Protests: A Timeline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c Bekiempis, Victoria (July 3, 2020). "Troops sent to DC during George Floyd protests had bayonets, top general says". The Guardian. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ a b Norwood, Candice (June 9, 2020). "'Optics matter.' National Guard deployments amid unrest have a long and controversial history". PBS NewsHour.
- ^ a b Warren, Katy; Hadden, Joey (June 4, 2020). "How all 50 states are responding to the George Floyd protests, from imposing curfews to calling in the National Guard". Business Insider. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ a b c Sternlicht, Alexandra. "Over 4,400 Arrests, 62,000 National Guard Troops Deployed: George Floyd Protests By The Numbers". Forbes. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ a b "National Guard response to civil unrest". National Guard Press Release. June 8, 2020. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
- ^ Pham, Scott (June 2, 2020). "Police Arrested More Than 11,000 People At Protests Across The US". Buzzfeed News.
- ^ "Associated Press tally shows at least 9,300 people arrested in protests since killing of George Floyd". Associated Press. June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ a b c Craig, Tim (September 3, 2020). "'The United States is in crisis': Report tracks thousands of summer protests, most nonviolent". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Demonstrations & Political Violence in America: New Data for Summer 2020". ACLED. September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
- ^ Chenoweth, Erica; Pressman, Jeremy (October 16, 2020). "This summer's Black Lives Matter protesters were overwhelmingly peaceful, our research finds". The Monkey Cage blog. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ Deese, Kaelan (September 17, 2020). "Vandalism, looting after Floyd's death sparks at least $1 billion in damages:report". The Hill. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ a b Fandos, Nicholas (June 6, 2020). "Democrats to Propose Broad Bill to Target Police Misconduct and Racial Bias". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Hawkins, Derek (June 8, 2020). "9 Minneapolis City Council members announce plans to disband police department". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Chang, Alvin (May 22, 2021). "How centuries of racist images came down in one year – a visual guide". The Guardian. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ McCullough, Marie (June 27, 2020). "COVID-19 has not surged in cities with big protests, but it has in states that reopened early. Here are some possible reasons". Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ Edsall, Thomas B. (June 3, 2020). "The George Floyd Election: How the protests come to be viewed may determine who the next president is". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020.
- ^ Schuman, David (January 25, 2021). "'We Look At Our Protest As Art': Future Of George Floyd Square Becoming Clearer". WCCO.
- ^ a b Mannix, Andy (April 20, 2021). "Minneapolis streets erupt in elation over guilty verdicts for Derek Chauvin". Star Tribune. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- ^ a b c Nelson, Tim; Frost, Evan; Burks, Megan (April 20, 2021). "Photos: Crowds cheer, celebrate after Chauvin convicted of murder and manslaughter". MPR News. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Jany, Libor; Mannix, Andy (December 29, 2021). "Before Derek Chauvin trial, authorities warned of threat of cyberattacks, white supremacist violence". Star Tribune. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ a b Galioto, Katie (December 4, 2021). "St. Paul to host federal civil rights trial for ex-Minneapolis cops in Floyd's death". Star Tribune. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
- ^ a b "Fence erected around St. Paul federal courthouse ahead of former Minneapolis officers' trial". KSTP-TV. January 4, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
- ^ a b "3 ex-cops convicted of rights violations in George Floyd killing". CNBC. February 24, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
- ^ a b Young, Jenny (May 25, 2021). "Marches, riot mark anniversary of George Floyd's death in Portland". KOIN. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
- ^ "'No Justice, No Streets': 4 years after murder, George Floyd Square stands in protest". Minnesota Public Radio. May 25, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b Noma, Shosuke (January 5, 2022). "Kim Potter found guilty of first and second-degree manslaughter". The Mac Weekly. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
- ^ Oursler, Alyssa; DalCortivo, Anna (February 23, 2022). "In Minneapolis, the Cycle of Police Violence Continues". The Nation. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
- ^ Rowan, Nic (May 20, 2022). "Minneapolis Hasn't Recovered From George Floyd's Death". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
- ^ Wurzer, Cathy; Townsend, Melissa (May 25, 2020). "'We are still there holding out for justice:' Marcia Howard on George Floyd Square" (Audio). Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
- ^ Oursler, Alyssa (August 31, 2022). "The ACLU Fights for Minneapolis". The Nation. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
The autonomous protest zone known as George Floyd Square is still occupied, but car traffic now snakes through it. And criminal cases for the other officers involved in Floyd's murder are still winding through the bureaucratic maze we call the justice system.... Returning to the murder of George Floyd, officers J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas Lane, and Tou Thao will face the state this fall. Lane, who pleaded guilty to second-degree state manslaughter charges, is expected to be sentenced in September. The remaining two will face trial in October.
- ^ a b Pan, H. Jiahong (May 2, 2023). "Final officer in George Floyd murder case convicted of state charges". Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
- ^ a b Hyatt, Kim; Walsh, Paul (May 2, 2023). "Tou Thao, ex-MPD officer charged in George Floyd's killing, found guilty". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
- ^ a b "'No Justice, No Streets': 4 years after murder, George Floyd Square stands in protest". Minnesota Public Radio. May 25, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ "The Counted: People killed by police in the US". The Guardian. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ Hinton, Elizabeth (2016). From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–72. ISBN 9780674737235.
- ^ Sastry, Anjuli; Bates, Karen (April 26, 2017). "When LA Erupted In Anger: A Look Back At The Rodney King Riots". NPR. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ Henry, Carmel. "A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States". library.law.howard.edu. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
- ^ Luibrand, Shannon (August 7, 2015). "Black Lives Matter: How the events in Ferguson sparked a movement in America". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
- ^ Ellis, Ralph; Kirkos, Bill (June 16, 2017). "Officer who shot Philando Castile found not guilty". CNN. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Miller, Trace (June 1, 2020). "'This Rage That You Hear Is Real': On the Ground at the Dallas Protests". D Magazine.
- ^ "Officers And Paramedics Are Charged In Elijah McClain's 2019 Death In Colorado". NPR. Associated Press. September 1, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ Haines, Errin (May 11, 2020). "Family seeks answers in fatal police shooting of Louisville woman in her apartment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ "Black Lives Matter: From Protests to Lasting Change". Business for Impact | Georgetown University. July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
- ^ Walker, Sharon; Strong, Krystal; Wallace, Derron; Sriprakash, Arathi; Tikly, Leon; Soudien, Crain (February 1, 2021). "Special Issue: Black Lives Matter and Global Struggles for Racial Justice in Education". Comparative Education Review. 65 (1): 196–198. doi:10.1086/712760. ISSN 0010-4086.
- ^ Ries, Brian (June 2, 2020). "8 notable details in the criminal complaint against ex-Minneapolis Police Officer Derek Chauvin". CNN. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ Michelle M Frascone; Sweasy, Amy (May 29, 2020). "State of Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
- ^ Hauser, Christine (May 26, 2020). "F.B.I. to Investigate Arrest of Black Man Who Died After Being Pinned by Officer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
- ^ a b Dakss, Brian (May 26, 2020). "Video shows Minneapolis cop with knee on neck of motionless, moaning man who later died". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
- ^ Nawaz, Amna (May 26, 2020). "What we know about George Floyd's death in Minneapolis police custody". PBS Newshour. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ Montgomery, Blake (May 27, 2020). "Black Lives Matter Protests Over George Floyd's Death Spread Across the Country". The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
Floyd, 46, died after a white Minneapolis police officer, Derek Chauvin, kneeled on his neck for at least seven minutes while handcuffing him.
- ^ Murphy, Paul P. (May 29, 2020). "New video appears to show three police officers kneeling on George Floyd". CNN. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Elder, John. "Investigative Update on Critical Incident". Minneapolis police. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Sawyer, Liz (May 28, 2020). "George Floyd showed no signs of life from time EMS arrived, fire department report says". Minneapolis Tribune. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (April 1, 2021). "George Floyd was dead by the time medical help arrived, a paramedic testified". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ Soellner, Mica (May 29, 2020). "Medical examiner concludes George Floyd didn't die of asphyxia". Washington Examiner. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ Wilson, Jim (June 2, 2020). "Competing autopsies say Floyd's death was a homicide, but differ on causes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
The medical examiner also cited significant contributing conditions, saying that Mr. Floyd suffered from heart disease, and was high on fentanyl and had recently used methamphetamine at the time of his death.
- ^ Andrew, Scottie (June 1, 2020). "Derek Chauvin: What we know about the former officer charged in George Floyd's death". CNN.
- ^ "Fired Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin, who knelt on George Floyd's neck, arrested". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. May 29, 2020. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ Madani, Doha (June 3, 2020). "3 more Minneapolis officers charged in George Floyd death, Derek Chauvin charges elevated". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Vera, Amir (June 1, 2020). "Independent autopsy finds George Floyd's death a homicide due to 'asphyxiation from sustained pressure'". CNN. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ "Floyd death homicide, official post-mortem says". BBC. June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Hill, Evan; Tiefenthäler, Ainara; Triebert, Christiaan; Jordan, Drew; Willis, Haley; Stein, Robin (May 31, 2020). "How George Floyd Was Killed in Police Custody". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ "In pictures: Protesting the death of George Floyd". CNN. May 27, 2020. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ a b "Demonstrators gather around Minneapolis to protest death of George Floyd". KSTP. May 26, 2020. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
- ^ a b Wagner, Jeff (June 18, 2020). "'It's Real Ugly': Protesters Clash With Minneapolis Police After George Floyd's Death". WCCO.
- ^ "Family and Friends Mourn Minneapolis Police Killing Victim George Floyd". Time. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ KTSP staff (May 27, 2020). "'This is the right call': Officers involved in fatal Minneapolis incident fired, mayor says". KTSP. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ a b c Caputo, Angela; Craft, Will; Gilbert, Curtis (June 30, 2020). "'The precinct is on fire': What happened at Minneapolis' 3rd Precinct — and what it means". MPR News. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ a b Stockman, Farah (July 4, 2020). "'They have lost control': How Minneapolis leaders failed to stop their city from burning". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020.
- ^ Kaul, Greta (June 1, 2020). "Seven days in Minneapolis: a timeline of what we know about the death of George Floyd and its aftermath". MinnPost. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ Jany, Libor (July 28, 2020). "Police: 'Umbrella Man' was a white supremacist trying to incite George Floyd rioting". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Mannix, Andy (October 24, 2020). "Texas member of Boogaloo Bois charged with opening fire on Minneapolis police precinct during protests over George Floyd". Star Tribune. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ Bakst, Brian (July 10, 2020). "Guard mobilized quickly, adjusted on fly for Floyd unrest". MPR News. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
- ^ Doran, Kevin (June 11, 2020). "How the Minnesota National Guard connected with protesters during the George Floyd demonstrations". KSTP. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ^ Furst, Randy; Stanley, Greg (June 23, 2020). "Mystery remains weeks after a pawnshop owner fatally shot a man during Minneapolis unrest". Star Tribune.
- ^ Jany, Libor (July 20, 2020). "Authorities: Body found in wreckage of S. Minneapolis pawn shop burned during George Floyd unrest". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
- ^ Pham, Scott (June 2, 2020). "Police Arrested More Than 11,000 People At Protests Across The US". Buzzfeed News.
- ^ a b Lurie, Julia (July 15, 2020). "Weeks Later, 500 People Still Face Charges for Peacefully Protesting in Minneapolis". Mother Jones. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ "For riot-damaged Twin Cities businesses, rebuilding begins with donations, pressure on government". Star Tribune. June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
- ^ a b Penrod, Josh; Sinner, C.J.; Webster, MaryJo (June 19, 2020). "Buildings damaged in Minneapolis, St. Paul after riots". Star Tribune.
- ^ Braxton, Grey (June 16, 2020). "They documented the '92 L.A. uprising. Here's how the George Floyd movement compares". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ Du, Susan (May 21, 2020). "A better Lake Street? A daring hope for riot-torn corridor". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^ Walsh, James (June 12, 2020). "Shrine to George Floyd could be permanent at Minneapolis intersection". Star Tribune.
- ^ a b Nguyen, Christine T.; Burks, Megan; Frost, Evan (December 2, 2020). "Making George Floyd's Square: Meet the people transforming 38th and Chicago". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
- ^ Al-Arshani, Sarah. "Protesters in Minneapolis say they won't clear barricades around the George Floyd Memorial until the city leaders meet their 24 demands". Business Insider. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ "Protesters Call For Minneapolis Leaders To Meet Demands Before Clearing Barricades Around George Floyd Memorial". WCCO. August 11, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
- ^ Lauritsen, John (September 11, 2020). "'I Believe In Justice': Hundreds Of Protesters Gather Outside George Floyd Pretrial Hearing". WCCO. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ^ McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Parks, Brad (October 7, 2020). "Protesters take to streets following release on bond of former officer charged in George Floyd's killing". CNN. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
- ^ "More than 50 protesters arrested during faceoff with law enforcement in Minneapolis after Derek Chauvin release". Star Tribune. October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
- ^ a b Xiong, Chao (March 8, 2021). "World watches as Chauvin trial begins in George Floyd killing". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
- ^ Falconer, Rebecca (March 8, 2021). "In photos: Minnesota protesters rally for George Floyd on eve of Derek Chauvin's trial". Axios. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Brown, Kyle (March 6, 2021). "Shooting kills 1 near George Floyd memorial". KTSP. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ a b Martínez, Andrés R.; Arango, Tim (March 29, 2021). "First Witnesses in Derek Chauvin Trial Testify About George Floyd's Death". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
- ^ Hughes, Trevor (April 4, 2021). "'No justice, no streets': Still grieving, Minneapolis residents wonder how city will move forward after Derek Chauvin trial". USA Today. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
- ^ Plambeck, Sean (April 20, 2021). "Derek Chauvin Trial Live Updates: Chauvin Found Guilty of Murdering George Floyd". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- ^ Dernbach, Becky Z.; Peters, Joey; Ansari, Hibah; Hazard, Andrews (April 20, 2021). "For George Floyd, justice. For Minneapolis, a long-delayed reckoning with racism and police violence". Sahan Journal. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Barrett, Joe (January 3, 2022). "Minneapolis Area Prepares for Another Trial Over George Floyd's Killing". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ Iati, Marisa; Foster-Frau, Silvia; Bellware, Kim (April 25, 2021). "After the Chauvin verdict, Minneapolis activists fuel up and prepare for the long fight ahead". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
- ^ Ismail, Aymann (April 21, 2021). "A Few Feet From Where George Floyd Died, the Verdict Hit Different". Slate Magazine. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Oursler, Alyssa; DalCortivo, Anna (April 20, 2021). "Chauvin Trial Verdict: All Roads Lead to 38th & Chicago". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Washington, Jesse (April 19, 2021). "At George Floyd Square, the work continues regardless of a verdict". Andscape. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Betz, Bradford (April 21, 2021). "Minneapolis' George Floyd Square features special instructions for White people". Fox News. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Ismail, Aymann (April 20, 2021). "When the Verdict Came Down". Slate. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- ^ Hendricks, Trisha (April 25, 2021). "ASU professor creates 'George Floyd Square' documentary". 12 News KPNX. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Buncombe, Andrew (May 7, 2021). "What will happen to the George Floyd memorial – and all the others of Black men killed by Minneapolis police?". The Independent. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ a b Walsh, Paul (May 18, 2021). "Celebration of life planned at George Floyd Square to mark year since he was killed by Minneapolis police". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
- ^ Champan, Reg (June 25, 2021). "'Happy, But Also Not Happy': Community Reaction Mixed After Chauvin Sentencing". WCCO-TV. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ Lick, Val (June 25, 2021). "'A slap on the wrist', George Floyd's family reacts to Derek Chauvin sentencing". KARE-TV. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ Norfleet, Nicole; Forgrave, Reid (June 26, 2021). "Derek Chauvin's sentencing sparks relief but also resolve to keep fighting injustice". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
- ^ Winter, Deena (July 22, 2021). "Quietly, gradually, George Floyd Square is open to traffic for the first time since his murder". Minnesota Reformer. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
- ^ Jones, Justine (October 13, 2021). "A Celebration of Life at George Floyd Square". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
- ^ "State Trial Moved To June For 3 Fmr. MPD Officers Charged In George Floyd's Death". WCCO-TV. January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
- ^ Yancey-Bragg, N'dea (June 25, 2021). "At George Floyd Square, Derek Chauvin's sentencing is 'first step' toward police accountability". USA Today. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ Xiong, Chao (May 13, 2021). "State trial postponed to March 2022 for ex-officers charged with aiding and abetting murder in George Floyd death". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ "3 other cops in George Floyd death to stand trial this month". Star Tribune. January 6, 2022. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
- ^ Arango, Tim (January 24, 2022). "Trial Starts for 3 Officers in George Floyd's Death". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- ^ Ajasa, Amudalat (January 24, 2022). "Trial begins of three ex-police officers present at George Floyd murder". The Guardian. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
- ^ Onile-Ere, Bisi (October 21, 2022). "Minneapolis asks for public's help to 're-envison' George Floyd Square". KMSP-TV. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
- ^ "Minneapolis to buy gas station at site of Floyd's murder". KARE-TV. December 9, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
- ^ Pan, H. Jiahong (January 5, 2023). "New year, new George Floyd Square?". Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- ^ Sergent, Jim; Loehrke, Janet; Padilla, Ramon; Hertel, Nora (June 1, 2020). "George Floyd protests: How did we get here?". USA Today. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Ortiz, Fernie (June 10, 2020). "ICE now says detainees held hunger strike in honor of George Floyd". Border Report. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- ^ Frias, Lauren (May 29, 2020). "Watch inmates at a federal prison in downtown Chicago bang on walls and flash lights in solidarity with George Floyd protesters". Insider. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- ^ "George Floyd death: US protests timeline". BBC. June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Elfrink, Tim; Iati, Marisa. "Seattle mayor blasts Trump's threat to 'take back' city after protesters set up 'autonomous zone'". The Washington Post.
- ^ Baker, Mike (June 11, 2020). "Free Food, Free Speech and Free of Police: Inside Seattle's 'Autonomous Zone'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020.
- ^ "#ShutDownAcademia #ShutDownSTEM". #ShutDownAcademia #ShutDownSTEM. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
- ^ Patil, Anushka (June 15, 2020). "How a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge Event". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ Patil, Anushka (June 15, 2020). "How a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge Event". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ Wortham, Jenna (June 5, 2020). "A 'Glorious Poetic Rage'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ Adams, M.; Johnson, Janetta. "We Must Do Better Fighting For Black Trans Lives". Essence. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ "ILWU to Shut Down West Coast Ports on Juneteenth in Solidarity with George Floyd Protesters". KQED. June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Wayland, Michael (June 17, 2020). "United Auto Workers organizing 'peaceful and orderly stand downs' on Juneteenth for George Floyd and racial protests". CNBC. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (June 18, 2020). "8 Minutes, 46 Seconds Became a Symbol in George Floyd's Death. The Exact Time Is Less Clear". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
The precise length of time that Mr. Floyd was pinned beneath the officer's knee, however, is no longer as exact.
- ^ "Which US police reform plan might become law?". BBC. June 17, 2020.
- ^ Grisales, Claudia (June 25, 2020). "House Approves Police Reform Bill, But Issue Stalled Amid Partisan Standoff". NPR. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
- ^ "Juneteenth in Brooklyn". Bklyner. June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g Buchanan, Larry; Bui, Quoctrung; Patel, Jugal K. (May 25, 2021). "Live Updates: Biden Meets With George Floyd's Family as America Marks His Death". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
- ^ Beck, Kellen (July 5, 2020). "Protests surged nationwide on July 4 in a collective call for a better America". Mashable. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Jacobson, Don (July 20, 2020). "National 'Strike for Black Lives' to fight racism, low wages". United Press International. News World Communications. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ "March on Washington: George Floyd family urge protesters to 'be his legacy'". BBC. August 28, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Levinson, Eric (September 8, 2020). "Labor Day weekend saw protests across the country as summer nears its end". CNN. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
- ^ "Protesters March In Wynwood, Commemorating 100 Days Since George Floyd's Death". WFOR-TV. September 7, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ KATU Staff (October 14, 2020). "Protesters stage sit-in at Portland's Revolution Hall to mark George Floyd's 47th birthday". KATU.
- ^ Togoh, Isabel (October 15, 2020). "Mourners Across The U.S. Gather For What Would Have Been George Floyd's 47th Birthday". Forbes. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Brooks, Brad (November 1, 2020). "In George Floyd's hometown, a season of protest ends at the polls". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ Morrison, Aaron (November 3, 2020). "George Floyd's brother rallies voters on Election Day". Associated Press. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Mike (April 27, 2021). "After Nearly a Year of Unrest, Portland Leaders Pursue a Crackdown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Falk, Gabi (March 4, 2021). "Activists Rally in Mass., Calling for Justice for George Floyd". WBTS-CD. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
- ^ Manzoni, Matt (March 6, 2021). "Protesters at Boston Rallies Call for Justice for George Floyd, Action on Police Killing Cases". NBC News 10 Boston. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ Tabin, Sara (March 6, 2021). "Utahns protest George Floyd's death with car caravan". Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ Flores, Jennifer (April 9, 2021). "Prayer Vigil for George Floyd to be held in Houston". Crossroads Today. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ Anderson, David (April 22, 2021). "Participants in Aberdeen rally celebrate Chauvin guilty verdict, stress need to keep working on police reform". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Neale, Rick (April 19, 2021). "Downtown Melbourne prayer vigil calls for justice and healing as Chauvin jury deliberates". Florida Today. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ Hayes, Christal (April 20, 2021). "'GUILTY!' Across the US, cheers fill city streets after Derek Chauvin is convicted in the death of George Floyd". USA Today. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ D'Onofrio, Jessica (April 21, 2021). "Chauvin reaction in downtown Chicago remains peaceful despite businesses boarding up, National Guard on standby". WLS-TV. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Aradillas, Elaine; Kantor, Wendy (April 21, 2021). "Racial Justice Activists on What's Next After Derek Chauvin's Conviction for George Floyd's Murder". People.
- ^ a b Peña, Lindsey (May 19, 2021). "George Floyd's cousin, Gary Jones, joins calls for change in San Diego". KGTV-TV. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ a b "Virginia state, local lawmakers react to former officer being found guilty of George Floyd's murder". WWBT. April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Alfonseca, Kiara (April 28, 2021). "Police reform advocates on what 'justice' for George Floyd really means". ABC News. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
- ^ McCullough, Jolie (April 23, 2021). "Relatives of Texans killed by police hope Derek Chauvin's conviction will advance the state's George Floyd Act". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Azeem, Athiyah; Maher-Ryan, Aoife (May 19, 2021). "Mothers rally to pass police reform in George Floyd's name". www.streetsensemedia.org. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ DeHaven, James (May 19, 2021). "A year after George Floyd murder, police reform is hitting a wall in Nevada Legislature". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ WTVD (May 20, 2021). "Remembrance plans released for 1-year anniversary of George Floyd's death". ABC11 Raleigh-Durham. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ Haavik, Emily (May 20, 2021). "'God always gives me the strength': George Floyd's sister reflects on one year since his murder". KARE-11. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ Bragg, Ndea Yancey (May 20, 2021). "'We will celebrate my brother's life': George Floyd's family to hold rallies, marches for one-year anniversary of his death". USA Today. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ "George Floyd Memorial Honoring Anniversary of Death Held in Brooklyn". uk.news.yahoo.com. May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ "'Convicting Chauvin is not enough': Leaders urge reform at rally marking 1 year since George Floyd's death". CBS News. May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
- ^ Cillizza, Chris Cillizza (May 26, 2021). "Analysis: 1 picture to make you hopeful after a year of protests for racial justice". CNN. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ "BLM activists, mayoral candidate Donovan arrested at George Floyd protest near Holland Tunnel". WPIX. May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
- ^ Winsor, Morgan (May 26, 2021). "Police declare riot in Portland as protesters mark 1 year since George Floyd's death". ABC News. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ "Riot declared in downtown Portland, police arrest 5 people". KPTV.com. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Hayes, Suyin; Gunia, Amy; Moon, Kat; Nugent, Ciara; Shah, Simmone (May 11, 2021). "How Activists Around the World Are Fighting for Justice". Time. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ "Protests across the globe after George Floyd's death". CNN. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ "Thousands join paddle outs at Hawaii beaches to honor George Floyd". HawaiiNewsNow.com. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ "NYPD Boats 'Monitor' A Paddle Out In Rockaway". Stab Magazine. July 6, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ "Surfers 'paddle out,' circle up in memory of George Floyd". nz.news.yahoo.com. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ Brian Melley (June 6, 2020). "Galveston surfers among those who honored George Floyd in 'paddle out' held around world". KPRC. Associated Press. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ Cineas, Fabiola (April 20, 2021). "Why Chauvin's conviction matters". Vox. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Ganley, Elaine; Hui, Sylvia (April 21, 2021). "Floyd verdict sparks hope, inspiration for activists abroad". WCTI. Associated Press. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ a b Morisson, Aaron (March 27, 2021). "George Floyd spurred broad push for change globally, activists say". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ "Protesters in London mark anniversary of George Floyd death". The Guardian. May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ Balk, Tim; Shahrigian, Shant; Greene, Leonard (May 25, 2021). "New Yorkers mark one-year anniversary of George Floyd's death with long moment of silence and protest". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ "Cities around the world honor George Floyd's memory". Spectrum News. Spectrum News and Associated Press. May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ Ajasa, Amudalat (May 25, 2021). "Minneapolis celebrates George Floyd's life after a 'troubling, long year'". The Guardian. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ "Paris Perspective - Paris Perspective #9: Discrimination in France and the 'George Floyd effect'". RFI. April 22, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Rubertucci, Alyssia (May 17, 2021). "No real action to end racial injustice in Montreal since George Floyd murder: activists - NEWS 1130". City News 1130. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Francois, Myriam (May 19, 2021). "Adama Traore: How George Floyd's death energised French protests". BBC. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Barwick, Daniel; Nayak, Anoop (July 8, 2024). "The Transnationalism of the Black Lives Matter Movement: Decolonization and Mapping Black Geographies in Sydney, Australia". Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 114 (7): 1587–1603. doi:10.1080/24694452.2024.2363782. ISSN 2469-4452.
- ^ Shahin, Saif; Nakahara, Junki; Sánchez, Mariana (January 2024). "Black Lives Matter goes global: Connective action meets cultural hybridity in Brazil, India, and Japan". New Media & Society. 26 (1): 216–235. doi:10.1177/14614448211057106. ISSN 1461-4448.
- ^ Deflem, Mathieu (2023). "The Criminal Justice Activism of Naomi Osaka: A Case Study in the Criminology of Celebrity Culture". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 48 (3): 723–748. doi:10.1007/s12103-022-09681-w. ISSN 1066-2316. PMC 9023043. PMID 35475124.
- ^ Nwakanma, Adaugo Pamela (December 2022). "From Black Lives Matter to EndSARS: Women's Socio-Political Power and the Transnational Movement for Black Lives". Perspectives on Politics. 20 (4): 1246–1259. doi:10.1017/S1537592722000019. ISSN 1537-5927.
- ^ Mansell, William; Cathey, Libby (May 30, 2020). "Twitter flags Trump, White House for 'glorifying violence' in tweets about George Floyd protests". ABC News. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
- ^ Purnell, Newley; Restuccia, Andrew (May 29, 2020). "Twitter Flags Trump Tweet About George Floyd Protests for 'Glorifying Violence'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Panetta, Grace (May 29, 2020). "Trump claims his 'when the looting starts, the shooting starts' remarks weren't a call to violence but instead a 'fact'". Business Insider. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ^ a b Wilkie, Christina; Macias, Amanda (June 1, 2020). "Trump threatens to deploy military as George Floyd protests continue to shake the U.S." CNBC. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Relman, Eliza (June 1, 2020). "GOP Sen. Tom Cotton calls for the US Army's toughest soldiers to quell 'domestic terrorism' and suggests protesters should be shown no mercy". Business Insider. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Rosen, Andy (June 1, 2020). "Mass. elected officials denounce Trump's threat to use military to quell protests". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Hansen, Claire (June 5, 2020). "Tall Fencing Creates Large, Imposing Perimeter Around White House". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
- ^ Proud, Kelsey; Strupp, Julie; Gathright, Jenny; Diller, Nathan (June 8, 2020). "The New White House Fence Is Getting Covered In Protest Art". NPR. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
- ^ Jackson, David (June 11, 2020). "Anti-protester fencing around Lafayette Park near White House comes down". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
- ^ Cox, Joseph (June 3, 2020). "The Government is Regularly Flying Predator Drones Over American Cities". Vice.
- ^ Sands, Geneva (May 29, 2020). "Customs and Border Protection Drone Flew over Minneapolis to Provide Live Video to Law Enforcement". CNN.
- ^ Balsamo, Michael (June 1, 2020). "Barr: Law enforcement must 'dominate' streets amid protests". WHIO-TV. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ "Customs and Border Patrol officers deployed to help D.C. police amid unrest in city". WJLA-TV. June 1, 2020.
- ^ Rawnsley, Adam (June 3, 2020). "Mystery Officers Patrolling D.C. Streets Are From Federal Prisons". The Daily Beast.
- ^ Capaccio, Anthony (June 4, 2020). "Federal Plan to Control D.C. Protests Has 7,600 Personnel Tapped". Bloomberg News.
- ^ Leopold, Jason; Cormier, Anthony (June 2, 2020). "The DEA Has Just Been Authorized to Conduct Surveillance on Protesters". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Leopold, Jason; Cormier, Anthony (June 5, 2020). "Lawmakers Call For Halt To Covert Surveillance Of Protesters By DEA". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Levinson, Jonathan; Wilson, Conrad. "Federal Law Enforcement Use Unmarked Vehicles To Grab Protesters Off Portland Streets". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ Phillips, N'dea Yancey-Bragg and Kristine. "Federal officers are pulling Portland protesters into unmarked vehicles, reports say". USA Today. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ Shepherd, Katie (July 17, 2020). "'It was like being preyed upon': Portland protesters say federal officers in unmarked vans are detaining them". The Washington Post.
- ^ Olmos, Sergio; Baker, Mike (July 17, 2020). "Feds Vowed to Quell Unrest in Portland. Local Leaders Are Telling Them to Leave". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ Ross, Jamie (July 17, 2020). "Unidentified Federal Agents Are Driving Around Portland in Unmarked Minivans and Grabbing Protesters". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ a b Heer, Jeet (July 17, 2020). "Trump Unleashes His Secret Police in Portland". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ American Civil Liberties Union [@ACLU] (July 17, 2020). "Usually when we see people in unmarked cars forcibly grab someone off the street we call it kidnapping — what is happening now in Portland should concern everyone in the US" (Tweet). Retrieved July 17, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ Pratt, Gregory; Gorner, Jeremy (July 20, 2020). "Trump expected to send new federal force to Chicago this week to battle violence, but plan's full scope is a question mark". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ "Executive Order 13933 of June 26, 2020" (PDF). Federal Register. 85 (128): 1–4. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ^ a b "Homeland Security Gets New Role Under Trump Monument Order". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ^ Lowndes, Joe (July 12, 2020). "It wasn't just a threat: Trump uses Homeland Security to attack BLM protests". Joe Lowndes. Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ a b Levinson, Jonathan (July 12, 2020). "Federal Officers Shoot Portland Protester In Head With 'Less Lethal' Munitions". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ "Portland mayor demands Trump remove federal agents from city". The Guardian. Associated Press. July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Epstein, Reid J.; Mazzei, Patricia (April 21, 2021). "G.O.P. Bills Target Protesters (and Absolve Motorists Who Hit Them)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ "A Judge Has Blocked The 'Anti-Riot' Law Passed In Florida After George Floyd Protests". NPR. September 9, 2021.
- ^ A former Minneapolis officer is sentenced to 3 years for aiding George Floyd's death NPR. March 11, 2023
- ^ "Fearing Violence, France Bans George Floyd Protests at U.S. Embassy, Eiffel Tower". U.S. News & World Report. Reuters.
- ^ McEvoy, Jemima. "14 Days Of Protests, 19 Dead". Forbes. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
- ^ "More Than 100 Arrests, 13 Officers Hurt Amid Chicago Looting". VOA News. August 10, 2020.
- ^ "These are all the cities where protests and riots have erupted over George Floyd's death". New Jersey Local News. June 2, 2020.
- ^ "Ambassador Andrew Young says Atlanta protest 'disintegrated into foolishness'". 11Alive.com. May 30, 2020.
- ^ "George Floyd's children denounce violence following protests across the country". WGN-TV. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ a b c Dewan, Shaila; Baker, Mike (June 1, 2020). "Facing Protests Over Use of Force, Police Respond With More Force". The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ "USA: police must end 'excessive' militarised response to George Floyd protests". Amnesty International. May 31, 2020.
- ^ Falconer, Rebecca (May 31, 2020). "Amnesty International: U.S. police must end militarized response to protests". Axios.
- ^ Simon, Mollie (June 17, 2021). "Few cops who used force on Floyd protesters are known to have faced discipline". ProPublica. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
- ^ a b Casiano, Louis (June 2, 2020). "Police under siege: Attacks on law enforcement in wake of George Floyd's death". Fox News. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ "4 police officers shot during George Floyd protests in St. Louis". Global News. June 2, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Irvine, Chris (June 2, 2020). "George Floyd protests: Rioters target police across US; 4 shot in St. Louis, 1 in Vegas, Bronx hit-and-run caught on video". Fox News. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Winter, Tom; Dienst, Jonathan (June 10, 2020). "Nearly 400 NYPD Cops Hurt During NYC's Two Weeks of Protest Over George Floyd's Death". WNBC. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Mihalek, Donald (September 15, 2020). "Attacks against the police are organized and violent". The Hill. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Speare-Cole, Rebecca (June 3, 2020). "London George Floyd protests: Anti-racism activists attack Downing Street gates as riot police deployed". standard.co.uk. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ "George Floyd: London anti-racism protests leave 27 officers hurt". bbc.co.uk. June 7, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ "George Floyd death: 14 police officers hurt as violence erupts at anti-racism protest in London". Sky News. June 7, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Tidman, Zoe (June 7, 2020). "Met police chief says assaults on officers 'shocking' as thousands more to protest against racism". The Independent. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Hauck, Grace (July 9, 2020). "Cars have hit demonstrators 104 times since George Floyd protests began". USA Today. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ Allam, Hannah (June 21, 2020). "Vehicle Attacks Rise As Extremists Target Protesters". NPR.
- ^ Grabar, Henry (August 14, 2017). "Mowing Down Crowds of Protesters Was a Right-Wing Fantasy Long Before Charlottesville". Slate Magazine. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ "3 law enforcement officers hurt after being hit by vehicle during Buffalo protests". WGRZ Staff. June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ "National Guard involved in at least two shootings, one fatal, in response to protests throughout US". Rose L. Thayer. June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
- ^ "National Guard soldier fired rounds at fast-approaching driver Sunday night". Fox 9. June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ "3 Arrested After Buffalo Police Officer, 2 State Troopers Hit by Vehicle During Protest". Brandon Lewis and Spectrum news staff. June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
- ^ Herb, Jeremy; Perez, Evan; O'Sullivan, Donie; Morales, Mark (May 31, 2020). "What we know about the extremists taking part in riots across the US". CNN. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Seldin, Jeff (June 4, 2020). "US Accuses Foreign, Online Actors of Inflaming Tensions". Voice of America. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020.
- ^ Neugeboren, Eric (August 21, 2020). "Police Response to Press at Black Lives Matter Protests Tests First Amendment". Voice of America.
- ^ Timm, Trevor (June 4, 2020). "We Crunched the Numbers: Police — Not Protesters — Are Overwhelmingly Responsible for Attacking Journalists". The Intercept.
- ^ Reyes, Lorenzo (May 31, 2020). "Journalists blinded, injured, arrested covering George Floyd protests nationwide". USA Today.
- ^ Walsh, Paul (June 11, 2020). "Officers slashed tires on vehicles parked amid Minneapolis protests, unrest". Star Tribune.
- ^ Kelly, Meg; Lee, Joyce Sohyun; Swaine, Jon (July 14, 2020). "Partially blinded by police". The Washington Post.
- ^ LARRY NEUMEISTER and TOM HAYS (June 21, 2020). "Injuries at George Floyd protests draw scrutiny to use of 'nonlethal' police weaponry". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
- ^ Liz Sawyer and Libor Jany (July 2, 2020). "Complaints skyrocket over police response to George Floyd protests". Star Tribune.
- ^ Herb, Jeremy; Perez, Evan; O'Sullivan, Donie; Morales, Mark (May 31, 2020). "What we do and don't know about the extremists taking part in riots across the US". CNN. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ "Wray claims FBI sees 'anarchists like Antifa' exploiting George Floyd protests". MSN. June 5, 2020. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ "De Blasio now says some 'anarchist' protesters are local amid continued defense of NYPD". Politico. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ "Mayor, police chief denounce 'anarchists' and 'terrorists' who destroyed city; curfew begins at 9 p.m." Atlanta INtown. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ "Seattle Police Guild: Anarchists are stealing the peaceful protesters' message". June 5, 2020. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ "Police chief: Out-of-town anarchists stirred up trouble". Alabama Public Radio. June 4, 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ "Officials blame differing groups of 'outsiders' for violence". Star Tribune. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ McCausland, Phil (May 30, 2020). "Attorney General Barr blames 'far-left extremist groups' for violent protests". NBC News. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ "Anarchists infiltrating George Floyd protests in NYC, officials say". WABC-TV. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ Mark, Michelle (May 31, 2020). "Trump says George Floyd's killing 'should never have happened,' vows to 'stop mob violence, and we'll stop it cold'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
- ^ "As Trump Blames Antifa, Protest Records Show Scant Evidence". Voice of America. Associated Press. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
The Associated Press analyzed court records, employment histories, social media posts and other sources of information for 217 people arrested last weekend [...] only a handful appeared to have any affiliation with organized groups. [...] Social media posts indicate only a few of those arrested are left-leaning activists, including a self-described anarchist. But others had indications of being on the political right, including some Trump supporters.
- ^ a b Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (June 11, 2020). "Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group. [...] Dermot F. Shea, the city's police commissioner, acknowledged that most of the hundreds of people arrested at the protests in New York were actually New Yorkers who took advantage of the chaos to commit crimes and were not motivated by political ideology. John Miller, the police official who had briefed reporters, told CNN that most looting in New York had been committed by "regular criminal groups."
- ^ a b Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse (June 22, 2020). "Who caused the violence at protests? It wasn't antifa". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b c d e f g Alberight, Amanda (May 31, 2020). "George Floyd protests hammer cities as they reopen from coronavirus lockdowns". Fortune. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ "Comparison between Capitol siege, BLM protests is denounced". Associated Press. January 14, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "Nearly all Black Lives Matter protests are peaceful despite Trump narrative, report finds". The Guardian. September 5, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "93% of Black Lives Matter Protests Have Been Peaceful, New Report Finds". Time. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Mannix, Andy (December 20, 2020). "Court records, FBI contradict Trump's claims of organized 'antifa-led' riots in Minneapolis after George Floyd's death". Star Tribune. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
- ^ "Police point finger at gangs and local groups for riot damages, contradicting Trump's claims". CNN. June 10, 2020.
- ^ Burghart, Devin (June 19, 2020). "Mapping Paramilitary and Far-Right Threats to Racial Justice". IREHR. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ Timberg, Craig; Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Mekhennet, Souad. "Men wearing Hawaiian shirts and carrying guns add a volatile new element to protests". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ "Facebook bans 'violent' Boogaloo-linked network". BBC. July 1, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
- ^ Clayton, James (July 3, 2020). "TikTok's Boogaloo extremism problem". BBC. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
- ^ Danner, Chas (July 27, 2020). "What We Know About the Austin BLM Protest Shooting". New York. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ McGaughy, Lauren (July 26, 2020). "Austin police investigating shooting death of protester". Dallas Morning News.
- ^ Venkataramanan, Meena (July 30, 2020). "For Austin officials investigating Garrett Foster's death, a key question may be which party acted in self-defense".
- ^ "'Boogaloo Bois' face new charges for possessing machine guns, silencers". Star Tribune. November 7, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ Sepic, Matt (December 10, 2020). "Twin Cities man sentenced for arson from riots". MPR News. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ Montemayor, Stephen (May 4, 2021). "Minnesota man is second Boogaloo member to plead to federal terror charges". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ KSTP staff (November 6, 2020). "2 'Boogaloo Bois,' 1 from Minnesota, newly charged with providing material support to Hamas". KSTP. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
- ^ Jackson, Zöe (September 4, 2020). "2 'Boogaloo Bois' charged with conspiring with terrorist organization". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
- ^ Pross, Katrina (December 17, 2020). "'Boogaloo Bois' member pleads guilty in terrorism case in aftermath of George Floyd unrest". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ Campbell, Josh (October 23, 2020). "Suspected Boogaloo Bois member arrested and charged with rioting". CNN. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
- ^ "Even If It's 'Bonkers,' Poll Finds Many Believe QAnon And Other Conspiracy Theories". NPR. December 30, 2020.
- ^ a b Erica Chenoweth & Jeremy Pressman (October 16, 2020). "This summer's Black Lives Matter protesters were overwhelmingly peaceful, our research finds". The Washington Post.
- ^ Julie Watson (January 14, 2021). "Comparison between Capitol siege, BLM protests is denounced". Associated Press.
The unrest that followed Floyd's death included vandalism, arson and looting, but the vast majority of demonstrations were peaceful.... But prominent BLM activists repeatedly distanced themselves from provocateurs and brawlers. Much of the violence came from provoked and unprovoked confrontations with police, during city-imposed curfews and after peaceful demonstrators had gone home. An analysis of more than 7,750 demonstrations in 2,400 locations across the country found that 93% happened with no violence, according to the US Crisis Monitor, a joint effort by Princeton University and the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project.
- ^ Pedersen, Erik (May 25, 2021). "George Floyd Programming: Specials Mark One-Year Anniversary Of His Death". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ Espeland, Pamela (May 26, 2021). "Pen Pals announces 25th season of prominent authors; TPT 2 to broadcast 'Say His Name: Five Days for George Floyd'". MinnPost. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ "George Floyd Square – Under-Told Stories Project". under-told STORIES, 360. PBS NewsHour. August 31, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
- ^ Nguyen, Christine T.; Burks, Megan; Frost, Evan (December 2, 2020). "Making George Floyd's Square". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- ^ a b Pedersen, Erik (May 25, 2021). "George Floyd Programming: Specials Mark One-Year Anniversary Of His Death". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ "Star Tribune wins Pulitzer for George Floyd reporting; Darnella Frazier also cited". Star Tribune. June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
- ^ Boone, Anna (June 7, 2020). "One week that shook the world: George Floyd's death ignited protests far beyond Minneapolis". Star Tribune.
- ^ "Twelve months of protests". The Economist. May 29, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ Ontiveroz, Aaron (May 30, 2021). "A year after George Floyd protest movement, Black Coloradans discuss inflection point". The Denver Post. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Porterfield, Carlie. "'Justice For George Floyd' Petition Becomes Most Popular Ever In U.S. For Change.org". Forbes. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Flood, Brian (May 28, 2020). "George Floyd protests: Video footage goes viral on social media". Fox News. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Haasch, Palmer (May 29, 2020). "People are posting Minneapolis protest footage to TikTok and 'This Is America' has become their anthem". Business Insider. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Adams, Heather (June 1, 2020). "Social media captures Boston peaceful protests that turned to riots sparked by George Floyd's death". masslive. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Eadens, Savannah (June 1, 2020). "Viral photo shows line of white people between police, black protesters at Thursday rally". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Flores, Jessica (May 31, 2020). "The birth of the #WalkWithUs movement: Local leaders join George Floyd protesters across US in a show of solidarity". USA Today. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Keating, Shannon (June 4, 2020). "Stop Sharing Viral Photos Of Cops Kneeling With Protesters". Buzzfeed News.
- ^ a b Tesfaye, Sophia (June 5, 2020). "Copaganda: Most major media is still much too eager to embrace police-friendly framing".
- ^ a b c Darville, Jordan (June 2, 2020). "How to help in the George Floyd protests and beyond". The Fader.
- ^ a b LeBlanc, Cameron (June 2, 2020). "Let's Talk About That 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' Scene That's Going Around". Fatherly.
- ^ McCurry, Justin (June 5, 2020). "K-pop fans join forces to drown out opposition to No. BlackLivesMatter". The Guardian. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Lee, Alicia (June 4, 2020). "K-pop fans are taking over 'White Lives Matter' and other anti-Black hashtags with memes and fancams of their favorite stars". CNN. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Hou, Kathleen (June 4, 2020). "K-Pop Stans Unite to Take Over WhiteLivesMatter Hashtag". The Cut. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ "Anonymous Message To The Minneapolis Police Department" – via www.facebook.com.
- ^ Griffin, Andrew (June 1, 2020). "'Anonymous' is back and is supporting the Black Lives Matter protests". The Independent. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Mehrotra, Kartikay; Tarabay, Jamie (May 31, 2020). "Anonymous Vows to 'Expose' Minneapolis Police, Site Attacked»". Bloomberg News. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Karlis, Nicole (June 22, 2020). "Inside "Blue Leaks," a trove of hacked police documents released by Anonymous". Archived from the original on July 1, 2020.
- ^ Hvistendahl, Mara; Brown, Alleen (June 26, 2020). "Law Enforcement Scoured Protester Communications and Exaggerated Threats to Minneapolis Cops, Leaked Documents Show". The Intercept. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020.
- ^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Tiku, Nitasha (June 5, 2020). "Facebook employees said they were 'caught in an abusive relationship' with Trump as internal debates raged". The Washington Post.
- ^ Frenkel, Sheera; Isaac, Mike; Kang, Cecilia; Dance, Gabriel J. X. (June 1, 2020). "Facebook Employees Stage Virtual Walkout to Protest Trump Posts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ "Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey says download Signal as US protests gain steam". indiatimes.com. The Economic Times. June 5, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Nierenberg, Amelia (June 11, 2020). "Signal Downloads Are Way Up Since the Protests Began". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
- ^ Condon, Patrick (May 30, 2020). "Gov. Walz to 'fully mobilize' the National Guard". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Axelrod, Tal (May 30, 2020). "St. Paul mayor says arrested protesters were from out of state". The Hill. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Cranley, Ellen; Mark, Michelle (May 30, 2020). "Minnesota lawmakers said violence during George Floyd protests was from 'outside' actors, but jail records show most arrests are in-state". Insider Inc. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ McNamara, Audrey (May 30, 2020). "St. Paul mayor says earlier comments about arrested protesters being out of state were not correct". CBS News. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
- ^ Gjelten, Tom (June 1, 2020). "Peaceful Protesters Tear-Gassed To Clear Way For Trump Church Photo-Op". NPR. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ "Statement from U.S. Park Police acting Chief Gregory T. Monahan about the actions taken to protect life and property". U.S. Park Police. National Park Service. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Lilly (June 4, 2020). "It's terrible that we even have to explain what pepper balls are, but here we are". Fast Company. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ "Trump campaign demands story retractions on tear gas use". Al Jazeera. June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Albeen, Eric (June 3, 2020). "President Trump on the Brian Kilmeade Show". Fox News Radio. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Fichera, Angelo (June 4, 2020). "Viral Posts Share Old, Edited White House Photo in Dark". FactCheck.org.
- ^ Borger, Julian (June 1, 2020). "Fires light up Washington DC on third night of George Floyd protests". The Guardian. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Seitz, Amanda (June 1, 2020). "Old image edited to show White House black out". Associated Press. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ "Democrats share altered 'lights out' photo of White House on social media". Washington Examiner. June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Da Silva, Chantal (June 1, 2020). "White House Says Lights Go Out Same Time 'Almost Every Night' After Facing Criticism for Going Dark Amid Protests". Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ a b Wolf, Cam (June 4, 2020). "That Viral "$2.4 Million Rolex Looting" Story? It Never Happened". GQ. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Moore, Tina (June 1, 2020). "Conflicting reports of looting at Soho Rolex store". New York Post. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Brunner, Jim (June 12, 2020). "Fox News runs digitally altered images in coverage of Seattle's protests, Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone". The Seattle Times.
- ^ Alba, Davey; Decker, Ben (June 22, 2020). "41 Cities, Many Sources: How False Antifa Rumors Spread Locally". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ a b "'Antifa bus' hoaxes are spreading panic through small-town America". The Verge. June 5, 2020.
- ^ Seitz, Amanda (June 2, 2020). "False claims of antifa protesters plague small U.S. cities". Detroit News. Associated Press.
- ^ Boburg, Shawn (July 4, 2020). "Militias flocked to Gettysburg to foil a supposed Antifa flag burning, an apparent hoax created on social media". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- ^ Seitz, Amanda (May 30, 2020). "Minneapolis protest misinformation stokes racial tensions". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Timberg, Craig; Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Nirappil, Fenit. "Twitter became a major vehicle for misinformation about unrest in D.C." The Washington Post.
- ^ "'None Of This Is True': Protests Become Fertile Ground for Online Disinformation". NPR.
- ^ Sebenius, Alyza; Wagner, Kurt (June 2, 2020). "Twitter Suspends Hundreds Tweeting #dcblackout During Protests". Bloomberg News. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ Alba, Davey (June 1, 2020). "Misinformation About George Floyd Protests Surges on Social Media". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
- ^ Balz, Dan; Miller, Greg (June 6, 2020). "America convulses amid a week of protests, but can it change?". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ a b Thompson, Alex (June 9, 2020). "White America is reckoning with racism. It could reshape 2020". Politico. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ Woodly, Deva (June 4, 2020). "An American Reckoning". Public Seminar. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ Elving, Ron (June 13, 2020). "Will This Be The Moment Of Reckoning On Race That Lasts?". NPR. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
- ^ "Brianna Keilar: You are watching America's reckoning". CNN. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ "Seeds of honesty in a US reckoning on race". The Christian Science Monitor. June 23, 2020. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ Ax, Joseph (June 25, 2020). "Amid U.S. reckoning on race, Black candidates harness voters' fervor for change". Reuters. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ^ "Opinion | Lincoln's D.C. statue is having a cultural reckoning of its own". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
- ^ McIntyre, Dave (July 3, 2020). "The Court of Master Sommeliers has been called out for racism. Now, it is pledging change". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ Reny, Tyler T.; Newman, Benjamin J. (2021). "The Opinion-Mobilizing Effect of Social Protest against Police Violence: Evidence from the 2020 George Floyd Protests". American Political Science Review. 115 (4): 1499–1507. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000460.
- ^ "Powell Discusses Fed Policy and U.S. Unrest". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 10, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ "Facts + Statistics: Civil Disorders". Insurance Information Institute. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
- ^ Krugman, Paul (February 14, 2022). "When 'Freedom' Means the Right to Destroy". The New York Times. The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
- ^ Miranda, Leticia (June 4, 2020). "First came a pandemic. Then, looting. Small businesses pick up the pieces as their debt mounts". NBC News.
- ^ Lynch, Russell (June 6, 2020). "US riots set to scar economy for years to come". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.
- ^ Lahut, Jake. "Trump says the jobs report is 'the greatest thing' for race relations, and the economy is his plan to address systemic racism". Business Insider. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ Reinicke, Joseph Zeballos-Roig, Carmen. "Chart shows that black Americans weren't part of the surprise May hiring bump that benefited white and Latino workers". Business Insider. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Meredith, Sam (June 2, 2020). "What history can tell us about how stock markets react to civil unrest". CNBC. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ Rabouin, Dion (June 2020). "Pandemic and protests can't stop the stock market". Axios. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ Marcilious, Siblie (June 1, 2020). "3 ways civil unrest following George Floyd nationwide protests hurts the stock market". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Sams, Jim (June 2, 2020). "Insured Losses from Riots Reach 'Catastrophe' Levels, May Rival Record". Claims Journal.
- ^ Gilyard, Burl (May 28, 2020). "Riots Destroy $30M Affordable Housing Project". Twin Cities Business. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020.
- ^ Buchta, Jim (May 28, 2020). "Minneapolis vandalism targets include 189-unit affordable housing development". Star Tribune.
- ^ Peters, Andy (June 1, 2020). "Buckhead protest damaged tabbed at $10 million to $15 million". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
- ^ Villarreal, Daniel (June 5, 2020). "LA Mayor Faces Backlash For Defunding Police With $150 Million Budget Cut". Newsweek. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ Lerman, Rachel; Frankel, Todd C. (June 1, 2020). "Retailers and restaurants across the U.S. close their doors amid protests". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ "Minneapolis City Council approves George Perry Floyd Jr. Place as commemorative name for portion of Chicago Avenue". KSTP. September 18, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ Sandberg, Diane; Edwards, Kiya (August 17, 2020). "Talks continue on reopening 38th and Chicago in Mpls". KARE 11. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ "Minneapolis City Council Approves 7 New Cultural Districts To Advance Equity, Fuel Economic Growth". WCCO. August 14, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ Small, Zachary (June 6, 2020). "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down, Are Streets And Highways Next?". NPR. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Suderman, Alan; Rankin, Sarah (June 3, 2020). "Virginia governor to announce removal of Lee statue". Associated Press. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ United States Marine Corps [@usmc] (June 6, 2020). "Today, the Marine Corps released guidance on the removal of public displays of the Confederate battle flag.
MARADMIN 331/20: https://go.usa.gov/xwK4x" (Tweet). Retrieved June 7, 2020 – via Twitter. - ^ "Removal Public Displays of the Confederate Battle Flag > United States Marine Corps Flagship > Messages Display". marines.mil. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ "Alabama attorney general sues Birmingham for removing Confederate monument". al.com. June 2, 2020.
- ^ "George Washington statue toppled, American flag burned by Portland protesters". The Hill. June 19, 2020.
- ^ "District ready to listen after protesters tear down Thomas Jefferson statue in front of Portland high school". KPTV. June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ "Protesters tear down statues of Union general Ulysses S. Grant, national anthem lyricist Francis Scott Key". The Hill. June 20, 2020.
- ^ "Theodore Roosevelt statue to be removed by New York museum". BBC. June 22, 2020.
- ^ "Activist Who Wants White Jesus Statues Torn Down Says Christian Whiteness Has Always Been Violent". Newsweek. June 24, 2020.
- ^ "Photos of defaced statue of Philly abolitionist Matthias Baldwin go viral". The Philadelphia Inquirer. June 12, 2020.
- ^ "SF Mayor, Residents Decry Vandalism of Golden Gate Park Statues". CBS News. June 20, 2020.
- ^ "Winston Churchill statue vandalised in London during Black Lives Matter protests". The Times of India. June 8, 2020.
- ^ "Statue of Queen Victoria defaced in Hyde Park, Leeds". BBC. June 9, 2020.
- ^ "Iconic Washington, D.C., monuments defaced in night of protests". The Hill. June 1, 2020.
- ^ Diver, Tony (June 7, 2020). "Statue of slave trader Edward Colston pulled down and thrown into harbour by Bristol protesters". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ "Anti-racism activists draw up 'hit list' of 60 statues they want toppled in London, England". National Post. June 9, 2020.
- ^ Schultz, Teri (June 5, 2020). "Belgians Target Some Royal Monuments In Black Lives Matter Protest". NPR.
- ^ "Defacement of Mahatma Gandhi's statue a 'disgrace', says Trump". The Hindu. PTI. June 9, 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
- ^ Service, Tribune News. "A disgrace, says Trump on Gandhi statue desecration". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
- ^ "Gandhi statue vandalisation a crime against humanity: India's Envoy to US". Hindustan Times. June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
- ^ "Gandhi statue defiled in London". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
- ^ "Controversial statue of Captain John Hamilton to be removed - Hamilton City Council". Radio New Zealand. June 12, 2020. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020.
- ^ Neilson, Michael (June 12, 2020). "George Floyd protests: Hamilton City Council remove controversial Captain statue". New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020.
- ^ "Winston Peters unimpressed with outcry over colonial statues". Radio New Zealand. June 12, 2020.
- ^ (1) Winsor, Morgan (June 23, 2020). "Protesters try to topple Andrew Jackson statue near White House". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020..
(2) Kunkle, Fredrick; Svrluga, Susan; Jouvenal, Justin (June 23, 2020). "Police thwart attempt by protesters to topple statue of Andrew Jackson near White House". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.. - ^ (1) "Four Men Charged in Federal Court for Attempting to Tear Down Statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square Amid Protests". Press Release Number 20-073. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice: U.S. Attorney's Office: District of Columbia. June 27, 2020. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
(2) Weil, Martin (June 27, 2020). "4 charged in attempt to tear down Andrew Jackson statue in Lafayette Square". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.. - ^ (1) "Man Charged in Federal Court for Attempting to Tear Down Statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square Amid Protests: Man also Charged with Destruction of Albert Pike Statue". Press Release Number 20-076. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice: U.S. Attorney's Office: District of Columbia. July 2, 2020. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
(2) Gibson, Jake (July 2, 2020). "Feds arrest 'ringleader' in attack on Andrew Jackson statue by White House". Fox News. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020..
(3) Weil, Martin (July 7, 2020). "D.C. man set Confederate statue on fire, prosectors allege". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.. - ^ "HB1796 (As Sent to Governor) - 2020 Regular Session". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us.
- ^ "Mississippi Legislature 2020 Regular Session". House Bill 1796. billstatus.ls.state.ms.us.
- ^ Ramseth, Giacomo Bologna and Luke. "Changing the state flag: How Mississippi legislators made history in 4 hours on a rare Sunday session". The Clarion-Ledger.
- ^ Norwood, Ashley (July 1, 2020). "Governor Reeves signs historic bill to remove Confederate symbol". Mississippi Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Betz, Bradford (June 30, 2020). "Mississippi governor signs bill retiring last state flag with Confederate battle emblem". Fox News.
- ^ "Mississippi governor signs bill to retire state's Confederate-themed flag". WDSU. June 30, 2020.
- ^ "With a pen stroke, Mississippi drops Confederate-themed flag". AP News. June 30, 2020.
- ^ Mason, Jeff (July 3, 2020). "Trump blasts "left wing cultural revolution" at Mount Rushmore". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ "Washington Redskins to undergo thorough review of team's name". nfl.com.
- ^ "Statement From The Washington Football Team". washingtonfootball.com.
- ^ Burgess, Joel (July 29, 2020). "Asheville Confederate Vance Monument to be 'replaced' by George Floyd hologram; Task force appointed". Asheville Citizen-Times. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- ^ Beynon, Steve (December 4, 2020). "Defense bill directs $2 million to form commission, plan renaming of military bases honoring Confederates". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Demirjian, Karoun (December 23, 2021). "Trump vetoes defense bill, teeing up holiday override votes in Congress". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Kheel, Rebecca (January 8, 2021). "Pentagon appoints commissioners to scrub Confederate base names". The Hill. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Bailey, Holly (July 11, 2020). "Minneapolis police officers say they are suffering from PTSD after George Floyd protests". Washington Post. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
- ^ Hollie Silverman and Ray Sanchez (June 27, 2020). "About 170 Atlanta officers called out sick after cops were charged in Rayshard Brooks' death". CNN.
- ^ Brynn Gingras (July 9, 2020). "NYPD sees 'troubling' surge of retirement filings, official says". CNN.
- ^ McCarthy, Craig; Moore, Tina; Celona, Larry; Golding, Bruce (July 8, 2020). "NYPD limits retirement applications amid 400 percent surge this week".
- ^ "NYPD forced to impose limit on officers filing for retirement amid 400% surge of officers trying to quit". The Independent. July 9, 2020.
- ^ Cahill, Nick; Iovino, Nicholas (June 5, 2020). "Newsom Tells California Police to Stop Using Carotid Chokehold". Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ "Chief Struggles to Change Minneapolis Police Culture; Chokeholds Banned". KNBC. June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ "Denver fully bans chokeholds, requires report for aimed guns". Associated Press. June 8, 2020.
- ^ Grisales, Claudia; Davis, Susan; Snell, Kelsey (June 8, 2020). "In Wake Of Protests, Democrats To Unveil Police Reform Legislation". NPR.
- ^ Caldwell, Leigh Ann; Shabad, Rebecca (June 8, 2020). "Congressional Democrats unveil sweeping police reform bill that would ban chokeholds, no-knock warrants in drug cases". NBC News.
- ^ a b Grisales, Claudia (June 25, 2020). "House Approves Police Reform Bill, But Issue Stalled Amid Partisan Standoff". NPR. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ "Nancy Pelosi Calls Trump 'Cowardly' For Not Wearing Mask, Supports Federal Mandate". NPR. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ Jackson, David. "Donald Trump to sign order to encourage police to limit deadly force". USA Today.
- ^ Liptak, Kevin (June 16, 2020). "Trump offers full-throated defense of police in executive action signing". CNN. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
- ^ "Portland mayor bans cops from using tear gas during protests". ABC News. September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
- ^ Searcey, Dionne; Eligon, John (June 7, 2020). "Minneapolis Will Dismantle Its Police Force, Council Members Pledge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Desmond, Declan (June 7, 2020). "After being booed at protest, Frey says he's still against abolishing police". Bring Me The News. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Brufke, Juliegrace (June 5, 2020). "NRCC turns up heat on vulnerable Democrats over Omar's call to abolish police". The Hill.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (June 26, 2020). "Push to 'end' Minneapolis Police Department could keep officers". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
- ^ Jimenez, Omar; Levenson, Eric (August 6, 2020). "Proposal to abolish Minneapolis Police Department delayed past November ballot". CNN. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ Navratil, Liz (December 10, 2020). "Divided Minneapolis City Council votes to cut $8 million from police budget". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ Wong, Jessica (June 12, 2020). "Protests against police brutality spur reflection on TV cop shows". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- ^ Hess, Amanda (June 10, 2020). "The Protests Come for 'Paw Patrol'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- ^ "'Cops' Show Canceled Amid Worldwide Protests Against Police Violence". NPR.
- ^ Booker, Brakkton (June 10, 2020). "A&E's Popular Show 'Live PD' Is Canceled Amid Protests Over Police Brutality". NPR.
- ^ Limbong, Andrew (June 10, 2020). "HBO Max Shelves 'Gone With The Wind' Temporarily For 'Racial Prejudices'". NPR.
- ^ Cleese, John [@JohnCleese] (June 13, 2020). "The BBC's website refers to my 'fury'
I think my comments were quite measured and moderate
So why would the BBC refer to them as my 'fury' ?
Because it will get them a few more 'clicks'
This sort of thing happens when marketing executives and tabloid journalists take charge" (Tweet). Retrieved July 12, 2020 – via Twitter. - ^ Cleese, John [@JohnCleese] (June 13, 2020). "Pleased to see that the BBC website has already removed the word 'fury'" (Tweet). Retrieved July 12, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Fawlty Towers: The Germans episode to be reinstated by UKTV". BBC News. June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
- ^ "UKTV to reinstate Fawlty Towers episode The Germans". The Guardian. June 12, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Griffiths, George (June 12, 2020). "Fawlty Towers episode The Germans to be reinstated on UKTV after removal for racial references". Metro. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "Little Britain removed from BBC iPlayer, Netflix and BritBox due to use of blackface". The Guardian. June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ Otterson, Joe (June 24, 2020). "Jenny Slate Exits 'Big Mouth': 'Black Characters Should Be Played by Black People'". Variety. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ Thorne, Will (June 24, 2020). "Kristen Bell Will No Longer Voice Mixed-Race Character in Apple's 'Central Park'". Variety. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ Haring, Bruce (June 26, 2020). "'Family Guy' Voice Actor Mike Henry Stepping Down From 'Cleveland Brown' Role".
- ^ Gelman, Vlada (June 26, 2020). "Simpsons Will 'No Longer' Have White Actors Play Non-White Characters". TVLine. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ Andrew, Scottie (June 23, 2020). "Tina Fey asks platforms to pull several '30 Rock' episodes that showed characters in blackface". CNN. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ Thorne, Will (June 26, 2020). "'The Office' Blackface Scene Edited Out, Netflix Pulls 'Community' Blackface Episode". Variety. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ Shafer, Ellise (June 28, 2020). "'Golden Girls' Episode With Blackface Scene Removed From Hulu". Variety.
- ^ "Netflix removes Peep Show blackface scene". Evening Standard. June 29, 2020.
- ^ "These TV shows recently removed blackface episodes. Here's what you need to know". Chicago Tribune. July 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
- ^ Nemetz, Dave (June 23, 2020). "Brooklyn Nine-Nine to Scrap All Episodes Written for Season 8, Terry Crews Says: 'We Have to Start Over'". TVLine. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ Donaldson, Adam (June 22, 2020). "[RECAP] PENNY DREADFUL: CITY OF ANGELS, EPISODE 9 "SING, SING, SING"". Nightmare on Film Street. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
- ^ Shiffer, James Eli (May 25, 2021). "The ways that George Floyd changed the world". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ "Cleveland announces name change to Guardians". ESPN. July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
- ^ Hipes, Patrick (June 25, 2020). "Disneyland's Splash Mountain To Be Reimagined With 'Princess And The Frog' Theme". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ^ Barnes, Brooks (June 25, 2020). "Disney's Splash Mountain to Drop 'Song of the South' Depictions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
- ^ de Sam Larazo, Fred; Lane, Sam (May 21, 2021). "How George Floyd's image became an icon for artists and helped communities mourn". PBS. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ^ Onwuamaegbu, Natachi (May 19, 2021). "Preserving protest art before it gets washed away". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Enninga, Heidi (May 6, 2021). "Documenting Street Art, St. Thomas Researchers Better Understand Crisis". St. Thomas Newsroom. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ Lovelace, Berkeley Jr. (June 4, 2020). "CDC warns George Floyd protests may be 'seeding event' for more coronavirus outbreaks". CNBC. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Powell, Michael (July 6, 2020). "Are Protests Dangerous? What Experts Say May Depend on Who's Protesting What". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ Goodnough, Abby (June 12, 2020). "C.D.C. Calls for Masks at Large Gatherings, Warning of Crowd Risks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
- ^ "Fauci underscores concerns about protests spreading coronavirus". The Hill. June 10, 2020.
- ^ "U.S. cities fear George Floyd protests may fuel new wave of coronavirus outbreaks". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
- ^ a b Bernton, Hal (June 30, 2020). "Protests don't appear to be driving coronavirus surge in Seattle area or elsewhere, researchers say". The Seattle Times.
- ^ Dhaval M. Dave; Andrew I. Friedson; Kyutaro Matsuzawa; Joseph J. Sabia; Samuel Safford (June 2020). "NBER Working Paper No. 27408: Black Lives Matter Protests, Social Distancing, and COVID-19". National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w27408. S2CID 235158402.
- ^ a b c Goldstein, Joseph (July 1, 2020). "Did Floyd Protests Lead to a Virus Surge? Here's What We Know". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020.
- ^ a b Lopez, German (June 26, 2020). "Coronavirus cases are increasing, but Black Lives Matter protests may not be to blame. Here's why". Vox.
So what is causing the recent uptick in Covid-19 cases, which led to the US hitting its highest number of daily new cases ever this week? Experts pointed to states reopening, particularly allowing indoor gatherings — at bars, restaurants, barbershops, workplaces, and so on — in which the coronavirus is more likely to spread. Studies show that previous measures to close down such gatherings likely helped lower Covid-19 cases.
- ^ Weintraub, Ken Alltucker and Karen. "Experts warn large protests may 'become breeding grounds' for the coronavirus". USA Today. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ a b "Mass gatherings, erosion of trust upend coronavirus control". The Seattle Times. May 31, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Ransom, Jan (June 4, 2020). "Despite Virus, Hundreds Arrested in Unrest Are Held in Cramped Jails". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020.
- ^ Ashley Southall and Michael Gold (October 4, 2020). "N.Y.P.D. Warns Officers: Wear Your Masks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020.
Police officers' failure to wear masks has been a point of tension since the spring, when they were initially made responsible for enforcing social-distancing measures. During mass protests that erupted in the city after the police killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis, thousands of officers assigned to the demonstrations did not wear masks.
- ^ Oberg, Ted (June 30, 2020). "200 HPD officers under COVID-19 quarantine, chief not among them". KTRK.
Further reading
Contemporary reports
Arrangement is chronological.
- Sprunt, Barbara (May 29, 2020). "The History Behind 'When The Looting Starts, The Shooting Starts'". NPR.
- Owen, Tess (May 29, 2020). "Far-Right Extremists Are Hoping to Turn the George Floyd Protests Into a New Civil War". Vice.
- Hartman, Sid (May 30, 2020). "Unrest in Minneapolis echoes summer of 1967". Star Tribune.
- "George Floyd Protesters in Multiple Cities Target Confederate Monuments". Time. Associated Press. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- Pellerin, Ananda (June 1, 2020). "The people creating art to remember George Floyd". CNN Style.
- Steinmetz, Katy (June 8, 2020). "'A War of Words.' Why Describing the George Floyd Protests as 'Riots' Is So Loaded". Time.
- Chayka, Kyle (June 9, 2020). "The Mimetic Power of D.C.'s Black Lives Matter Mural". The New Yorker.
- Rubin, Jennifer (June 12, 2020). "The massive scope of change following George Floyd's death". The Washington Post.
- Burch, Aurda D. S.; Cai, Weiyi; Gianordoli, Gabriel; McCarthy, Morrigan; Patel, Jugal K. (June 13, 2020). "How Black Lives Matter Reached Every Corner of America". The New York Times.
- Putnam, Lara; Pressman, Jeremy; Chenoweth, Erica (July 8, 2020). "Black Lives Matter beyond America's big cities". The Washington Post.
Scholarly studies
- Balakrishnan, Karthik, et al. "Racial diversity exposure and firm responses following the murder of George Floyd." Journal of Accounting Research 61.3 (2023): 737-804; Reaction of large American businesses.
- Beckett, Balthazar I., and Salimah K. Hankins. " 'Until We Are First Recognized as Humans': The Killing of George Floyd and the Case for Black Life at the United Nations" International Journal of Human Rights Education 5.1 (2021): 4+ online.
- Boudreau, Cheryl, Scott A. MacKenzie, and Daniel J. Simmons. "Police violence and public opinion after George Floyd: How the Black Lives Matter movement and endorsements affect support for reforms." Political Research Quarterly 75.2 (2022): 497-511. online
- Christián, László, Ákos Erdős, and Gergő Háló. "The Background and repercussions of the George Floyd case." Cogent Social Sciences 8.1 (2022): 2082094. online
- Cross, A. R., Tom, K. E., Wallace, D., Trinkner, R., & Fine, A. D. "Did George Floyd’s murder shape the public’s felt obligation to obey the police?" Law and Human Behavior (2023) online
- Eichstaedt, Johannes C., et al. "The emotional and mental health impact of the murder of George Floyd on the US population." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118.39 (2021): e2109139118. online
- Fine, Adam D., et al. "Did the Murder of George Floyd Damage Public Perceptions of Police and Law in the United States?." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (2024): 00224278241263527. online
- Green, Hilary N., and Andrew L. Slap. The Civil War and the Summer of 2020 (Fordham University Press, 2024)
- Jackson, J. et al. "Social Identity and Support for Defunding the Police in the Aftermath of George Floyd," Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, (2023). 26#4, 833-858.
- Jacobs, Walter R. Sparked: George Floyd, Racism, and the Progressive Illusion (Minnesota Historical Society Press. 2021)
- Johnson, Andre E., and Amanda Nell Edgar. The Summer of 2020: George Floyd and the Resurgence of the Black Lives Matter Movement (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2024).
- Kaske, Erika A.; Cramer, Samuel W.; Pena Pino, Isabela; Do, Truong H.; Ladd, Bryan M.; Sturtevant, Dylan T.; Ahmadi, Aliya; Taha, Birra; Freeman, David; Wu, Joel T.; Cunningham, Brooke A. (January 13, 2021). "Injuries from Less-Lethal Weapons during the George Floyd Protests in Minneapolis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (8): 774–775. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2032052. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 33440082.
- Pryce, Daniel K., and Randy Gainey. "Race differences in public satisfaction with and trust in the local police in the context of George Floyd protests: An analysis of residents’ experiences and attitudes." Criminal Justice Studies 35.1 (2022): 74-92. online
- Reny, Tyler T., and Benjamin J. Newman. "The opinion-mobilizing effect of social protest against police violence: Evidence from the 2020 George Floyd protests." American Political Science Review 115.4 (2021): 1499-1507.
- Samuels, Robert, and Toluse Olorunnipa. His Name Is George Floyd: One Man's Life and the Struggle for Racial Justice (Penguin, 2024); Pulitzer Prize for biography. online
- Sierra‐Arévalo, Michael, Justin Nix, and Scott M. Mourtgos. "The 'war on cops,' retaliatory violence, and the murder of George Floyd." Criminology 61.3 (2023): 389-420. online
- Toosi, Negin R., Kristin Layous, and Gretchen M. Reevy. "Recognizing racism in George Floyd's death." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 21.1 (2021): 1184-1201.
- Valentine, Randall; Valentine, Dawn; Valentine, Jimmie L. (November 23, 2020). "Relationship of George Floyd protests to increases in COVID-19 cases using event study methodology". Journal of Public Health. 42 (4): 696–697. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa127. ISSN 1741-3842. PMC 7454741. PMID 32756893.
External links
- George Floyd protest tag, U.S. Press Freedom Tracker
- Demonstrations & Political Violence In America: New Data For Summer 2020 // Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project
- Running list of hoaxes and misleading posts, BuzzFeed News
- Wikiversity: Were George Floyd protests in 2020 a good thing?