Wikipedia

23andMe

(Redirected from 23 & Me)

23andMe Holding Co. is an American personal genomics and biotechnology company based in South San Francisco, California.[1] It is best known for providing a direct-to-consumer genetic testing service in which customers provide a saliva sample that is laboratory analysed, using single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping,[2] to generate reports relating to the customer's ancestry and genetic predispositions to health-related topics. The company's name is derived from the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a diploid human cell.[3]

23andMe Holding Co.
Company typePublic
Nasdaq: ME
Industry
FoundedApril 2006; 18 years ago (2006-04)
Founders
Headquarters
South San Francisco, California
,
United States
Key people
Products
Services
RevenueDecrease US$192 million (2024)
Decrease US$−681 million (2024)
Decrease US$−666 million (2024)
Total assetsDecrease US$395 million (2024)
Total equityDecrease US$189 million (2024)
Number of employees
582 (2024)
Website23andme.com
Footnotes / references
Financials as of March 31, 2024.[1]

Founded in 2006, 23andMe soon became the first company to begin offering autosomal DNA testing for ancestry, which all other major companies now use.[4] Its saliva-based direct-to-consumer genetic testing business was named "Invention of the Year" by Time in 2008.[5][6]

The company had a previously fraught relationship with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to its genetic health tests; as of October 2015, DNA tests ordered in the US include a revised health component, per FDA approval.[7][8] 23andMe has been selling a product with both ancestry and health-related components in Canada since October 2014,[9][10][11] and in the UK since December 2014.[12]

23andMe became a publicly traded company, via a merger with a Special Purpose Aquisition Company (SPAC) in 2021 and soon had a market capitalization of US$6 billion.[13] By 2024, its valuation had fallen to 2% of that peak.[13] On September 17, 2024, all seven independent directors of the company resigned, voicing concerns about the strategic direction of the company and Wojcicki's stated intention to take the company private.[14][15]

History

edit

Linda Avey, Paul Cusenza and Anne Wojcicki founded 23andMe in 2006 to offer genetic testing and interpretation to individuals.[2] Investment documents from 2007 also suggest that 23andMe hoped to develop a database to pursue research efforts.[16] In 2007, Google invested $3.9 million in the company, along with Genentech, New Enterprise Associates, and Mohr Davidow Ventures.[17] Wojcicki and Google co-founder Sergey Brin were married at the time.[10]

In 2007, Cusenza left to join Nodal Exchange as CEO.[18] Avey left in 2009 and co-founded Curious, Inc. in 2011.[19]

In 2012, 23andMe raised $50 million in a Series D venture round, almost doubling its capital of $52.6 million.[20] In 2015, 23andMe raised $115 million in a Series E offering, increasing capital to $241 million.[8]

In June 2017, 23andMe created a brand marketing advertisement featuring Gru from Despicable Me.[21] In 2018, the company launched advertisements narrated by Warren Buffett.[22]

In September 2017, it was rumored the company was raising another $200 million with a $1.5 billion valuation. As of that time, the company had raised $230 million since its inception.[23] Afterwards, it was reported the company raised $250 million, at a $1.75 billion valuation.[24]

On July 25, 2018, 23andMe announced a partnership with GlaxoSmithKline to allow the pharmaceutical company to use test results from 5 million customers to design new drugs. GlaxoSmithKline invested $300 million in the company.[25] In January 2022, this partnership was extended until July 2023 with an additional $50 million payment from GlaxoSmithKline.[26]

The company was based in Mountain View, California, initially in North Bayshore and then downtown,[27] until 2019, when it moved to a larger headquarters in Sunnyvale.[28][29] In January 2020, 23andMe announced it would lay off about 100 employees in its consumer testing division.[30][31]

In July 2020, 23andMe and GlaxoSmithKline announced their partnership's first clinical trial: a joint asset being co-developed by the two companies for cancer treatment.[32] In December 2020, the company raised around $82.5 million in a series F round, bringing the total raised over the years to over $850M. The post-money valuation was not reported.[33]

In February 2021, the company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to merge with Sir Richard Branson's special-purpose acquisition company, VG Acquisition Corp, in a $3.5 billion transaction.[34] In June 2021, the company completed the merger with VG Acquisition Corp. The combined company was renamed to 23andMe Holding Co. and began trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange on June 17, 2021, under the ticker symbol "ME".[35][36]

In October 2021, 23andMe announced that it would acquire Lemonaid Health, a telehealth company, for $400 million with the deal closing in November.[37][38]

After 23andMe became a publicly traded company in 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $6 billion.[13] By 2024, its valuation had fallen to 2% of that peak.[13] Suggested factors include the fact that the company has never been profitable, with lack of recurring revenue from 23andMe's retail customers of its DNA kits (who only need to take the test once).[39] In 2022, the company moved from Sunnyvale to a smaller headquarters in South San Francisco.[29][40] In June 2023, it announced another round of layoffs.[41]

In July 2024, Wojcicki announced her intention to take 23andMe private, by paying 40 cents each for all outstanding shares not already owned by her directly or through affiliates.[42] The proposal was rejected by a committee set up to evaluate options for the company's future,[43] and in September the seven independent members of the board of directors all resigned.[14][15][44][45] The company subsequently filed with the SEC indicating that it was no longer open to third-party acquisition offers.[42]

Products

edit

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing

edit
Further information: Genetic testing § Direct-to-consumer genetic testing
 
A 23andMe 2021 genome testing kit
 
A 23andMe 2013 genome testing kit

23andMe began offering direct-to-consumer genetic testing in November 2007. Customers provide a saliva testing sample that is partially single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyped and results are posted online.[2][46][47] In 2008, when the company was offering estimates of "predisposition for more than 90 traits and conditions ranging from baldness to blindness", Time magazine named the product "Invention of the Year".[5]

After the sample is received by the lab, the DNA is extracted from the saliva and amplified so that there is enough to be genotyped. The DNA is then cut into small pieces, and applied to a glass microarray chip, which has many microscopic beads applied to its surface. Each bead has a gene probe on it that matches the DNA of one of the many variants the company test for. If the sample has a match in the microarray, the sequences will hybridize, or bind together, letting researchers know that this variant is present in the customer's genome by a fluorescent label located on the probes. Tens of thousands of variants are tested out of the 10 to 30 million located in the entire genome. These matches are then compiled into a report that is supplied to the customer, allowing them to know if the variants associated with certain diseases, such as Parkinson's, celiac and Alzheimer's, are present in their own genome.[48]

Uninterpreted raw genetic data may be downloaded by customers.[49] This provides customers with the ability to choose one of the 23 chromosomes, as well as mitochondrial DNA, and see which base is located in certain positions in genes, and see how these compare to other common variants. Customers who bought tests with an ancestry-related component have online access to genealogical DNA test results and tools, including a relative-matching database. Customers can also view their mitochondrial haplogroup (maternal) and, if they are male or a relative shared a patriline that has also been tested, Y chromosome haplogroup (paternal). US customers who bought tests with a health-related component and received health-related results before November 22, 2013, have online access to an assessment of inherited traits and genetic disorder risks.[7][50][51] Health-related results for US customers who purchased the test from November 22, 2013, were suspended until late 2015 while undergoing an FDA regulatory review.[8][52] Customers who bought tests from 23andMe's Canadian and UK locations have access to some, but not all, health-related results.[9][12]

As of February 2018, 23andMe has genotyped over 3,000,000 individuals.[53] FDA marketing restrictions reduced customer growth rates.[54] In February 2024, 23andMe said they had genotyped more than 14,000,000 individuals.[55]

23andMe is commonly used for donor conceived people to find their biological siblings and in some cases their sperm or egg donor.[56]

Product changes

edit

In late 2009, 23andMe split its genotyping service into three products with different prices: an Ancestry Edition, a Health edition, and a Complete Edition.[57] This decision was reversed a year later, when the different products were recombined.[58] In late 2010, the company introduced a monthly subscription fee for updates based on new medical research findings.[58][59] The subscription model proved unpopular with customers and was eliminated in mid-2012.[60]

23andMe only sold raw genetic data and ancestry-related results in the US due to FDA restrictions from November 22, 2013, until October 21, 2015,[7][52] when it announced that it would resume providing health information in the form of carrier status and wellness reports with FDA approval.[61]

The price of the full direct-to-consumer testing service in the US reduced from $999 in 2007 to $399 in 2008[62] and to $99 in 2012,[20] and was effectively being sold as a loss leader in order to build a valuable customer database.[49][63][64] In October 2015, the US price was raised to $199.[61] In September 2016, an ancestry-only version was once again offered at a lower price of $99 with an option to upgrade to include the health component for an additional $125 later.[65]

The initial price of the product sold in Canada from October 2014, which includes health-related results, was CA$99.[9][10] The initial price of the product sold in the UK from December 2014, which includes health-related results, was £125.[66]

In February 2018, 23andMe announced that its ancestry reporting would tell people what country they were from, not just what region, and increased the number of regions by 120. Like other companies, it still lacked data about Asia and Africa, which the African Genetics Program (launched in October 2016 with a grant from the US National Institutes of Health) will rectify by recruiting sub-Saharan Africans to increase the genomic data on racial and ethnic minorities.[67][68] Building off of the African Genetics Program, the Global Genetics Program was also announced in February 2018. This program aims to increase the genomic data of 61 underrepresented countries in their database by providing free tests to individuals that have all 4 grandparents from one of the countries. In April 2018, 23andMe announced the Populations Collaboration Program, which sets up formal collaborations between the company and researchers that are investigating underrepresented countries.[69]

Additional services

edit

Since October 1, 2020, the company has offered a new service called "23andMe+", priced at $29/year, for the customers of the "Health + Ancestry" service, who completed genotyping on version 5 of the microarray chip used by the company. The new service makes available additional reports on health and pharmacogenetics, and commits to provide ongoing new reports and features.[70]

Lemonaid Health acquisition

edit

At the end of 2021, 23andMe acquired leading digital healthcare company Lemonaid Health for $400m to "...give patients and healthcare providers better information about health risks and treatment". Paul Johnson, CEO and co-founder of Lemonaid Health became COO of the 23andMe consumer business.[71][72][73]

Instrument and chip versions

edit

Up until 2010, Illumina only sold instruments that were labeled "for research use only"; in early 2010, Illumina obtained FDA approval for its BeadXpress system to be used in clinical tests.[74][75]

Government regulation in the United States

edit

The new genetic testing service and ability to map significant portions of the genome has raised controversial questions, including whether the results can be interpreted meaningfully and whether they will lead to genetic discrimination.[5][49] The regulatory environment for genetic testing companies has been uncertain, and anticipated risk-based regulation for different types of genetic tests has not yet materialized.[58][76][77]

State regulators

edit

In 2008, New York and California each provided notice to 23andMe and similar companies that those companies needed to obtain a CLIA license in order to sell tests in those states.[5][78][79] By August 2008, 23andMe had received licenses that allow them to continue to do business in California.[80]

FDA

edit

According to Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe has been in dialogue with the FDA since 2008.[77] In 2010, the FDA notified several genetic testing companies, including 23andMe, that their genetic tests are considered medical devices and federal approval is required to market them; a similar letter was sent to Illumina, which makes the instruments and chips used by 23andMe in providing its service.[58][81][82] 23andMe first submitted applications for FDA clearance in July and September 2012.[83]

In November 2013, the FDA published guidance on how it classified genetic analysis and testing services offered by companies using instruments and chips labelled for "research use only" and instruments and chips that had been approved for clinical use.[84]

At around the same time, after not hearing from 23andMe for six months, the FDA ordered 23andMe to stop marketing its saliva collection kit and personal genome service (PGS), as 23andMe had not demonstrated that they have "analytically or clinically validated the PGS for its intended uses" and that the "FDA is concerned about the public health consequences of inaccurate results from the PGS device".[83][85][86] As of December 2, 2013, 23andMe had stopped all advertisements for its PGS test but is still selling the product.[87][88] As of December 5, 2013, 23andMe was selling only raw genetic data and ancestry-related results.[7][52]

23andMe publicly responded to media reports on November 25, 2013, stating, "We recognize that we have not met the FDA's expectations regarding timeline and communication regarding our submission. Our relationship with the FDA is extremely important to us and we are committed to fully engaging with them to address their concerns."[89][90][91] CEO Anne Wojcicki subsequently posted an update on the 23andMe website, stating: "This is new territory for both 23andMe and the FDA. This makes the regulatory process with the FDA important because the work we are doing with the agency will help lay the groundwork for what other companies in this new industry do in the future. It will also provide important reassurance to the public that the process and science behind the service meet the rigorous standards required by those entrusted with the public's safety."[77]

On December 5, 2013, 23andMe announced that it had suspended health-related genetic tests for customers who purchased the test from November 22, 2013, in order to comply with the FDA warning letter, while undergoing regulatory review.[7][52]

In May 2014, it was reported that 23andMe was exploring alternative locations abroad, including Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, in which to offer its full genetic testing service.[92] 23andMe had been selling a product with both ancestry and health-related components in Canada since October 2014,[9][10][11] and in the UK since December 2014.[12]

In 2014, 23andMe submitted a 510(k) application to the FDA to market a carrier test for Bloom syndrome, which included data showing that 23andme's results were consistent and reliable and that the saliva collection kit and instructions were easy enough for people to use without making mistakes that might affect their results, and included citations to the scientific literature showing that the specific tests that 23andMe offered were associated with Blooms.[93][94] The FDA cleared the test in February 2015; in the clearance notice, the FDA said that it would not require similar applications for other carrier tests from 23andMe.[93][95] The FDA sent further clarification about regulation of the test to 23andMe on October 1, 2015.[96]

On October 21, 2015, 23andMe announced that it would begin marketing carrier tests in the US again.[8] Wojcicki said, "There was part of us that didn’t understand how the regulatory environment works" in regards to the distributed laboratory regulatory functions of FDA and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service (CMS).[97]

23andMe submitted a "de novo" application to the FDA to market tests that provide people with information about whether they have gene mutations or alleles that put them at risk for getting or having certain diseases; the applications included data showing that 23andMe's results were consistent and reliable. In April 2017, the FDA approved the applications for ten tests: late-onset Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, celiac disease, hereditary thrombophilia, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, early-onset of dystonia, factor XI deficiency, and Gaucher's disease.[98][99] The FDA also said that it intended to exempt further 23andMe genetic risk tests from the needing 510(k) applications, and it clarified that it was only approving genetic risk tests, not diagnostic tests.[98]

In March 2018, the FDA approved another de novo application from the company, this one for a direct-to-consumer test for three specific BRCA mutations that are the most common BRCA mutations in people of Ashkenazi descent; they are not however the most common BRCA mutations in the general population, and the test is only for three of the approximately 1,000 known mutations.[100] These mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer in women, and the risk of breast and prostate cancer in men.[101]

COVID-19

edit

In June 2020, 23andMe published results from a study that claimed that people with type O blood may be at lower risk of catching COVID-19. Out of more than 750,000 participants, those with type O blood were 9–18% less likely to contract the virus, while those who had been exposed were 13–26% less likely to test positive.[102][103][104] The study was published in April 2021.[105]

edit

Questions have been raised since at least 2013 as to whether the company can obtain informed consent through its web-based interactions with people who want to submit samples for sequencing.[106][107]

The company collects not only genetic and personal information from customers who order DNA tests, but also data about other web behavior information that 23andMe captures through the use of its website, products, software, cookies, and through its smartphone app.[108][109] A combination of several individual policies within the terms of service and privacy policy (cookies, disclosure of aggregate data, targeted advertising) makes 23andMe a valuable data mine for third parties such as health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, advertising companies, biotechnology companies, law enforcement, or other interested parties.[110][111][112] People may not actually be aware of how the company uses the data, and there are always risks of data breaches.[113][114] Personal information of customers of 23andMe “may be accessed, sold or transferred”.[115]

United States

edit

Depending on which state an individual resides in, 23andMe must follow that state's laws regarding privacy and disclosing information. Since 23andMe is not a medical provider, the company does not have to abide by standard privacy policies that must be followed at a doctor's office, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).[114] Research by Deloitte has shown that only 9% of consumers actually read the terms and conditions, and research from ProPrivacy concluded that only 1% of consumers read the policies, which suggests that consent to be included in research may have been given without full knowledge of the permissions being given.[116] In addition, 23andMe's privacy policy can be confusing for consumers to understand.[117] Despite confusion, 23andMe’s informed consent practices are approved by an institutional review board. Several sections of the privacy policy allows data to be disclosed to third parties, regardless whether the consent is signed:

Section 4(b) "We permit third party advertising networks and providers to collect Web-Behavior Information regarding the use of our Services to help us to deliver targeted online advertisements ('ads') to you."[108]

Section 4(c): "Regardless of your consent status, we may also include your data in aggregate data that we disclose to third-party research partners who will not publish that information in a scientific journal."[118]

Section 4(d): "We may share some or all of your Personal Information with other companies under common ownership or control of 23andMe, which may include our subsidiaries, our corporate parent, or any other subsidiaries owned by our corporate parent in order to provide you better service and improve user experience."[108]

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) protects a person against discrimination based on genetic information by their employer(s) or insurance companies in most situations. However, GINA does not extend to discrimination based on genetic information for long-term care or disability-insurance providers.

European Union

edit

Effective 25 May 2018, 23andMe must abide by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).[119][120] The GDPR is a set of rules/regulations that helps an individual take control of their data information that is collected, used and stored digitally or in a structured filing system on paper, and restricts a company's use of personal data.[120] The regulation also applies to companies who offer the company's products/services outside of the EU.[120]

Medical research

edit

Over 80% of 23andMe customers have opted in to having their data used in research.[121][122] Aggregated customer data is studied by scientific researchers employed by 23andMe for research on inherited disorders; rights to use customers' data is also sold to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for use in their research.[8][49][123] The company also collaborates with academic and government scientists.[124][54] In July 2012, 23andMe acquired the startup CureTogether, a crowdsourced treatment ratings website with data on over 600 medical conditions.[125] 23andMe has an optional consent that enables the individual's genetic information to be included in medical research that may be published in a scientific journal. However, if an individual chooses not to consent for their 'personal information' to be used, their 'genetic information' and 'self-reported information' may still be used and shared with the company's third party service providers.[108][112]

In 2010, 23andMe said that it was able to use its database to validate work published by the NIH: identifying mutations in the gene that codes for glucocerebrosidase as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease.[124]

In 2015, 23andMe made a business decision to pursue drug discovery themselves, under the direction of former Genentech executive Richard Scheller.[8][126] One of their main focuses is Parkinson's disease, and they are utilizing the 23andMe database to search for rare variants associated with Parkinson's in the hope of developing a drug for the disease. The company also set up research agreements with the pharmaceutical company Pfizer to explore the genetic causes of inflammatory bowel disease, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.[127][128]

In 2016, a project that the company was developing to provide customers with next generation sequencing was ended, because of the fear that the results would be too complicated or vague to fit into the company's goal of providing useful information, both quickly and precisely, directly to consumers, according to Wojcicki.[129] Also in 2016, 23andMe used self-reported data from customers to locate 17 genetic loci that seem to be associated with depression.[130]

In 2017, 23andMe, the Lundbeck pharmaceutical company, and the Milken Institute think tank started collaborations to focus on psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder and major depression. Their goals are to determine the genetic roots of such disorders, as well as pursue drug discovery in those areas.[131]

Use by law enforcement

edit

23andMe reports in their annual transparency report that they have received requests from law enforcement for 15 users' data since 2015 as of November 2023.[132] The 23andMe Privacy Policy states that customers "can rest assured, we will not voluntarily share your Personal Information with... Law enforcement, absent a valid court order, subpoena, or search warrant".[133]

2023 data breach

edit
Main article: 23andMe data leak

In October 2023, a significant data breach occurred and sensitive information of 23AndMe users was stolen. Hackers stole 7 million people's data, about half of 23andMe's customers at the time. Stolen information included people's names, addresses and genetic data and was sold online.[134][135]

The company claimed that it was a credential stuffing incident rather than a breach into their systems. The hackers targeted Ashkenazi Jews and users of Chinese descent and are attempting to sell the stolen information. The affected accounts had enabled the platform's "DNA Relatives" feature, which helps users find genetic relatives and connect with each other.[136][137]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "23andMe Holding Co. Fiscal 2024 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. May 30, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Goetz, Thomas (November 17, 2007). "23AndMe Will Decode Your DNA for $1,000. Welcome to the Age of Genomics". Wired. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  3. ^ "Fact Sheet". 23andMe. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  4. ^ "Autosomal SNP comparison chart - ISOGG Wiki". isogg.org. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d Hamilton, Anita (October 29, 2008). "Best Inventions of 2008". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  6. ^ Janzen, Tim; et al. "Family Tree DNA Learning Center". Autosomal DNA testing comparison chart. Gene by Gene.
  7. ^ a b c d e Herper, Matthew (December 5, 2013). "23andMe Stops Offering Genetic Tests Related to Health". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Pollack, Andrew (October 21, 2015). "23andMe Will Resume Giving Users Health Data". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d Ubelacker, Sheryl (October 1, 2014). "U.S. company launches genetic health and ancestry info service in Canada". Winnipeg Free Press. The Canadian Press. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  10. ^ a b c d Hansen, Darah (October 2, 2014). "5Q: Anne Wojcicki, CEO 23andMe on knowing your DNA data (and being married to the boss of Google)". Yahoo Finance Canada. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  11. ^ a b "23andme genetic testing service raises ethical questions". CBC News. October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  12. ^ a b c Roberts, Michelle; Rincon, Paul (December 2, 2014). "Controversial DNA test comes to UK". BBC News. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  13. ^ a b c d Winkler, Rolfe (January 31, 2024). "23andMe's Fall From $6 Billion to Nearly $0". Wall Street Journal.
  14. ^ a b Morrow, Allison (September 20, 2024). "What happened to 23andMe?". CNN Business. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  15. ^ a b Winkler, Rolfe (September 17, 2024). "23andMe Board Resigns in New Blow to DNA-Testing Company". Wall Street Journal.
  16. ^ "All those 23andMe spit tests were part of a bigger plan firm".
  17. ^ "Google invests in genetics firm". BBC News. May 22, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
  18. ^ "Board Of Directors". Nodal Exchange. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  19. ^ "Curious: We've got questions". Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
  20. ^ a b Tsotsis, Alexia (December 11, 2012). "Another $50M Richer, 23andMe Drops Its Price To $99 Permanently. But Will The Average Dude Buy In?". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  21. ^ Luttner, Kathryn. "23andMe partners with 'Despicable Me 3' for first movie partnership" Campaign, June 2, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2018
  22. ^ Jordon, Steve (January 28, 2018). "Warren Buffett narrates 23andMe commercial". Omaha.com.
  23. ^ Lynley, Matthew; Roof, Katie (September 6, 2017). "23andMe hits $1.5B pre-money valuation in latest huge funding round". TechCrunch.
  24. ^ Prashad, Spencer; Srikanthan, Shan (April 9, 2018). "23andMe: Building a Genetically-Sound Company". Ivey Business Review. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  25. ^ Fox, Maggie (July 25, 2018). "Drug giant Glaxo teams up with DNA testing company 23andMe". NBC News. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  26. ^ Leuty, Ron. "23andMe is getting $50M from GSK to extend their research partnership". Silicon Valley Business Journal. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  27. ^ Donato-Weinstein, Nathan (September 23, 2014) [September 22, 2014]. "23andMe snags new HQ in downtown Mountain View". Silicon Valley Business Journal. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  28. ^ Lopez, Grace (October 3, 2019). "23andMe Signs Lease at New Silicon Valley HQ". CoStar. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  29. ^ a b "23andMe shrinks with HQ move to South SF". The Real Deal. June 10, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  30. ^ Farr, Christina (January 23, 2020). "23andMe lays off 100 people as DNA test sales decline, CEO says she was 'surprised' to see market turn". CNBC. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  31. ^ Ho, Catherine (January 23, 2020). "23andMe lays off 14% of workforce amid slowdown in DNA testing market". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  32. ^ "23andMe and GSK Begin First Clinical Trial with Cancer Therapy" (Press release). 23andMe. July 29, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  33. ^ Etherington, Darrell (December 29, 2020). "23andMe raises $82.5 million in new funding". Techcrunch.
  34. ^ "23andMe Goes Public as $3.5 Billion Company With Branson Aid". Bloomberg. February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  35. ^ "23andMe Successfully Closes its Business Combination with VG Acquisition Corp". 23andMe (press release). June 17, 2021.
  36. ^ Rosenbaum, Eric (June 17, 2021). "Genetic testing company 23andMe rises in first trade after Richard Branson SPAC merger". CNBC. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  37. ^ John Commins (October 26, 2021). "23andME Will Spend $400M To Acquire Lemonaid Health". Health Leaders Media.
  38. ^ "23andMe Reports FY2022 Fourth Quarter and Full Year Financial Results" (Press release). May 26, 2022 – via AP News.
  39. ^ Capoot, Ashley (February 8, 2024). "23andMe considers splitting up company to revive stock price". CNBC. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
  40. ^ Nguyen-Fleige, Chelsea (June 8, 2022). "23andMe has officially moved and downsized its HQ". American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022.
  41. ^ Echeverria, Danielle (June 13, 2023). "Tech layoffs: South S.F. biotech company to cut 9% of workforce". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  42. ^ a b "23andMe CEO Wojcicki no longer open to third-party takeover proposals, filing shows". Reuters. September 30, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  43. ^ "23andMe Special Committee responds to CEO's take-private proposal" (press release). 23andMe. August 2, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  44. ^ Vaziri, Aidin (September 18, 2024). "23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki 'surprised and disappointed' by mass board resignation". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  45. ^ Gilbert, Daniel (September 18, 2024). "Turmoil strikes 23andMe as board members resign in dispute with founder". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  46. ^ "Our Service: Genotyping Technology". 23andMe. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  47. ^ Hadly, Scott (November 18, 2013). "23andMe's New Custom Chip". 23andMe. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  48. ^ Madara, Jason. "The extraction process: meet 23andme's Anne Wojcicki", WIRED UK, March 6, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  49. ^ a b c d Jeffries, Adrianne (December 12, 2012). "Genes, patents, and big business: at 23andMe, are you the customer or the product?". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  50. ^ Baertlein, Lisa (November 20, 2007). "Google-backed 23andMe offers $999 DNA test". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 26, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  51. ^ Swarns, Rachel L. (January 23, 2012). "With DNA Testing, Suddenly They Are Family". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  52. ^ a b c d Fung, Brian (December 6, 2013). "Bowing again to the FDA, 23andMe stops issuing health-related genetic reports". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  53. ^ Regalado, Antonio (February 12, 2018). "2017 was the year consumer DNA testing blew up". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  54. ^ a b Kiss, Jemima (March 9, 2014). "23andMe admits FDA order 'significantly slowed up' new customers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  55. ^ Demopoulos, Alaina (February 17, 2024). "'There are no serious safeguards': can 23andMe be trusted with our DNA?". The Guardian.
  56. ^ Chung, Emily; Glanz, Melanie; Adhopia, Vik (January 25, 2018). "No more Mr. Anonymous for sperm donors". CBC News.
  57. ^ Wu, Shirley (November 13, 2009). "Get Just the Information You Want: 23andMe To Offer Separate Health and Ancestry Editions". 23andMe. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  58. ^ a b c d Vorhaus, Dan (November 23, 2010). "A Thanksgiving Tradition: 23andMe Repackages Product, Raises Prices". Genomics Law Report. Robinson Bradshaw & Hinson. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  59. ^ MacArthur, Daniel (November 24, 2010). "News from 23andMe: a bigger chip, a new subscription model and another discount drive". Wired. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  60. ^ "23andMe Eliminates Subscription Model". GenomeWeb Daily News. May 10, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  61. ^ a b "23andMe reboots genetic health testing, now with FDA approval". Ars Technica. October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  62. ^ Pollack, Andrew (September 9, 2008). "DNA Profile Provider Is Cutting Its Prices". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  63. ^ Hamilton, David (September 10, 2008). "23andMe's Price Cut: The End of Personal Genomics?". CBSNews.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  64. ^ Krol, Aaron (March 24, 2014). "23andMe Pursues Health Research in the Shadow of the FDA". Bio-IT World. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  65. ^ Ramsey, Lydia (September 22, 2016). "23andMe is now offering a $99 genetics test again – but it's very different from the original". Business Insider. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  66. ^ Gibbs, Samuel (December 2, 2014). "DNA-screening test 23andMe launches in UK after US ban". The Guardian. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  67. ^ Farr, Christina (February 28, 2018). "23andMe is getting more specific with its DNA ancestry tests, adding 120 new regions". CNBC. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  68. ^ Hayden, Erika Check. "The rise and fall and rise again of 23andMe", Nature, October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  69. ^ Zhang, Sarah. "23andMe Wants Its DNA Data to Be Less White", The Atlantic, April 23, 2018.
  70. ^ "23andMe+: An ongoing approach to your genetics". October 1, 2020.
  71. ^ "23andMe to buy telehealth firm Lemonaid for $400 mln". Reuters. October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  72. ^ "23andMe snaps up prescription platform Lemonaid Health for $400M". MobiHealthNews. October 22, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  73. ^ HealthLeaders. "23andMe Will Spend $400M to Acquire Lemonaid Health". www.healthleadersmedia.com. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  74. ^ Petrone, Justin (May 4, 2010). "FDA Clears Illumina's BeadXpress System for Clinical Use". GenomeWeb.
  75. ^ "510(k) Premarket Notification K093128". FDA. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  76. ^ Greely, Hank (November 25, 2013). "The FDA drops an anvil on 23andMe – now what?". Stanford University. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013. FDA had promised a risk-based regulatory scheme, but we don't know what it is.
  77. ^ a b c Wojcicki, Anne (November 26, 2013). "An Update Regarding The FDA's Letter to 23andMe". 23andMe. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  78. ^ Langreth, Robert; Herper, Matthew (April 18, 2008). "States Crack Down On Online Gene Tests". Forbes.
  79. ^ Kincaid, Jason (June 18, 2008). "Cease And Desist: California Tries to Unravel 23andMe's Genetic Testing". TechCrunch – via The Washington Post.
  80. ^ Pollack, Andrew (August 20, 2008). "California Licenses 2 Companies to Offer Gene Services". The New York Times.
  81. ^ "FDA cracking down on genetic tests". NBC. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  82. ^ Pollack, Andrew (June 11, 2010). "F.D.A. Faults 5 Companies on Genetic Tests". The New York Times.
  83. ^ a b "Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations – 23andMe, Inc". FDA. November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  84. ^ Malone, Bill (February 1, 2014). "A New Chapter in FDA Regulation". AACC.org – Clinical Laboratory News.
  85. ^ Perrone, Matthew (November 25, 2013). "FDA Tells 23andMe to Halt Sales of Genetic Test". ABC News. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  86. ^ Gray, Tyler (November 25, 2013). "FDA To 23andMe Founder Anne Wojcicki: Stop Marketing $99 DNA Test Or Face Penalties". Fast Company. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  87. ^ Garde, Damian (December 3, 2013). "23andMe pulls ads after FDA warning, but sales roll on". FierceMedicalDevices. FierceMarkets. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  88. ^ del Castillo, Michael (December 3, 2013). "Calm down about 23andMe, the media is getting it wrong". Upstart Business Journal. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  89. ^ Khan, Razib (November 25, 2013). "The FDA's Battle With 23andMe Won't Mean Anything in the Long Run". Slate Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  90. ^ Etherington, Darrell (November 25, 2013). "DNA Testing Startup 23andMe Hits A Snag As FDA Shuts Down Sales Of Home Testing Kit". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  91. ^ Young, Susan (November 25, 2013). "Updated: FDA Orders 23andMe to Stop Genetic Tests". Technology Review. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  92. ^ Farr, Christina (May 6, 2014). "Gene startup 23andme casts eyes abroad after U.S. regulatory hurdle". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  93. ^ a b "FDA permits marketing of first direct-to-consumer genetic carrier test for Bloom syndrome". FDA News Release. February 19, 2015.
  94. ^ "Device Classification under Section 513(f)(2)(de novo)". accessdata.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved April 7, 2017.. 23andMe's Autosomal Recessive Carrier Screening Gene Mutation Detection System in FDA database
  95. ^ "23andMe Gets FDA Clearance to Market Bloom Syndrome Carrier Test Directly to Consumers". GenomeWeb. February 19, 2015.
  96. ^ "Letter re DEN140044" (PDF). FDA. October 1, 2015.. Decision Summary: Evaluation of DEN140044 revising February 2015 evaluation.
  97. ^ Bensinger, Greg (October 26, 2016). "Disconnect Between Silicon Valley and Regulators Over Health Technologies, 23andMe CEO Says". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  98. ^ a b "FDA allows marketing of first direct-to-consumer tests that provide genetic risk information for certain conditions". FDA. April 6, 2017.
  99. ^ Kolata, Gina (April 6, 2017). "F.D.A. Will Allow 23andMe to Sell Genetic Tests for Disease Risk to Consumers". The New York Times.
  100. ^ Stallings, Erika (March 30, 2018). "Opinion | Allowing 23andMe To Test For BRCA May Do More Harm Than Good". HuffPost. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  101. ^ "FDA authorizes, with special controls, direct-to-consumer test that reports three mutations in the BRCA breast cancer genes". FDA. March 6, 2018.
  102. ^ Kuchler, Hannah (June 8, 2020). "Study links blood type to lower risk of catching coronavirus". Financial Times. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  103. ^ Brown, Kristen V (June 8, 2020). "23andMe Provides More Evidence That Blood Type Plays Role in Virus". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  104. ^ "23andMe provides more evidence that blood type plays role in COVID-19 virus". gulfnews.com. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  105. ^ "23andMe COVID-19 Study Findings Published". 23andme.
  106. ^ Stoeklé, HC; Mamzer-Bruneel, MF; Vogt, G; Hervé, C (March 31, 2016). "23andMe: a new two-sided data-banking market model". BMC Medical Ethics. 17: 19. doi:10.1186/s12910-016-0101-9. PMC 4826522. PMID 27059184.
  107. ^ Allyse, M (February 2013). "23 and Me, We, and You: direct-to-consumer genetics, intellectual property, and informed consent". Trends in Biotechnology. 31 (2): 68–69. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.11.007. PMC 6309979. PMID 23237855.
  108. ^ a b c d "Privacy Policy". 23andMe. July 17, 2018.
  109. ^ "Behind at-home DNA testing companies sharing genetic data with third parties". CBS News. August 2, 2018.
  110. ^ Brown, Kristen (April 17, 2017). "23andMe Is Selling Your Data, But Not How You Think". Gizmodo. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  111. ^ Drabiak, Katherine (February 26, 2016). "Read the Fine Print Before Sending Your Spit to 23andMe". The Hastings Center.
  112. ^ a b Brodwin, Erin (August 3, 2018). "DNA-testing companies like 23andMe sell your genetic data to drugmakers and other Silicon Valley startups". Business Insider.
  113. ^ Schulson, Michael (December 29, 2017). "Spit and Take". Slate.
  114. ^ a b Pitts, Peter (February 15, 2017). "The Privacy Delusions Of Genetic Testing". Forbes.
  115. ^ Page, Carly (October 19, 2024). "23andMe faces an uncertain future — so does your genetic data". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  116. ^ Wisgard, Alex (January 25, 2019). "23andMe sell your data – should you be worried?". dnatestingchoice.com.
  117. ^ Fox, Maggie (November 29, 2017). "What you're giving away with those home DNA tests". NBC News.
  118. ^ "Will the information I provide be shared with third parties?". 23andMe. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  119. ^ "Data Protection - GDPR". 23andMe.
  120. ^ a b c "It's your Data - Take Control: Data Protection in the EU" (PDF). European Commission. 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  121. ^ "How 23andMe is Monetizing Your DNA". January 5, 2015.
  122. ^ "Your DNA is a valuable asset, so why give it to ancestry websites for free? | Laura Spinney". TheGuardian.com. February 16, 2020.
  123. ^ McBride, Ryan (November 29, 2012). "23andMe sets stage for stronger ties with pharma". FierceBiotech. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  124. ^ a b Goetz, Thomas (June 22, 2010). "Sergey Brin's Search for a Parkinson's Cure". Wired. Vol. 18, no. 7. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  125. ^ "23andMe Makes First Acquisition, Nabs CureTogether To Double Down On Crowdsourced Genetic Research = Jul 11, 2012". TechCrunch. July 11, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
  126. ^ Herper, Matthew (March 12, 2015). "In Big Shift, 23andMe Will Invent Drugs Using Customer Data". Forbes. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  127. ^ Herper, Matthew (January 6, 2015). "Surprise! With $60 Million Genentech Deal, 23andMe Has A Business Plan". Forbes.
  128. ^ Molten, Megan (September 13, 2017). "23andMe Is Digging Through Your Data for a Parkinson's Cure". Wired.
  129. ^ Pressman, Aaron. "Why 23andme Killed Its Next Generation Gene Sequencing Project", Fortune, October 27, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  130. ^ Mullins, N; Lewis, CM (August 2017). "Genetics of Depression: Progress at Last". Current Psychiatry Reports. 19 (8): 43. doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0803-9. PMC 5486596. PMID 28608123.
  131. ^ Mukherjee, Sy (September 12, 2017). "23andMe Raises Another $250 Million – And Wants to Use Your Genetic Data to Make Drugs". Fortune.
  132. ^ "Transparency Report". 23andMe. November 10, 2023.
  133. ^ "Privacy Statement". 23andMe. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  134. ^ Helmore, Edward (December 5, 2023). "Genetic testing firm 23andMe admits hackers accessed DNA data of 7m users". the Guardian. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  135. ^ DeGeurin, Mack (February 15, 2024). "Hackers got nearly 7 million people's data from 23andMe. The firm blamed users in 'very dumb' move". the Guardian. Retrieved February 17, 2024. Worse, he later learned of a hacker going by the pseudonym 'Golem' who had offered to sell the names, addresses and genetic heritage reportedly belonging to 1 million 23andMe customers
  136. ^ "Genetics firm 23andMe says user data stolen in credential stuffing attack". BleepingComputer. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  137. ^ Newman, Lily Hay (October 6, 2023). "23andMe User Data Stolen in Targeted Attack on Ashkenazi Jews". Wired.

Further reading

edit
edit
  • Official website  
  • Business data for 23andMe Holding Co.:
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=23andMe&oldid=1257022852"