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2M1207b

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2M1207b is a planetary-mass object orbiting the brown dwarf 2M1207, in the constellation Centaurus, approximately 170 light-years from Earth.[5] It is one of the first candidate exoplanets to be directly observed (by infrared imaging). It was discovered in April 2004 by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) at the Paranal Observatory in Chile by a team from the European Southern Observatory led by Gaël Chauvin.[6] It is believed to be from 5 to 6 times the mass of Jupiter[3] and may orbit 2M1207 at a distance roughly as far from the brown dwarf as Pluto is from the Sun.[7]

2M1207b
Size comparison of 2M1207b with Jupiter.
Discovery
Discovered byChauvin et al.
Discovery siteParanal Observatory, Chile
Discovery dateApril 2004
Imaged
Orbital characteristics
24–231 AU (3.6×109–3.46×1010 km)[1]
Eccentricity0.02–0.98[1]
633–20046[1] y
Inclination13–150[1]
7–174[1]
2107.69–12883.36[1]
4–176[1]
Star2M1207
Physical characteristics
1.15 RJ[2]
Mass5.5±0.5[3] MJ
Temperature1200 K[3]
Spectral type
mid-to-late L[3]
Atmosphere
Composition by volumehydrogen, water, carbon monoxide, helium[3][4]

The object is a very hot gas giant; the estimated surface temperature is roughly 1200 K (930 °C or 1700 °F),[3] mostly due to gravitational contraction.[8] Its mass is well below the calculated limit for deuterium fusion in brown dwarfs, which is 13 Jupiter masses. The projected distance between 2M1207b and its primary is around 40 AU (similar to the mean distance between Pluto and the Sun).[9] Its infrared spectrum indicates the presence of water molecules in its atmosphere.[10][4] The object is not a likely candidate to support life, either on its surface or on any satellites.

Discovery and identification

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Infrared image of 2M1207 (blueish) and 2M1207b (reddish). The two objects are separated by less than one arc second in Earth's sky. Image taken using the ESO's 8.2m Yepun VLT.

2M1207b is around 100 times fainter in the sky than its companion. [11] It was first spotted as a "faint reddish speck of light" in 2004 by the VLT. After the initial observation, there was some question as to whether the objects might be merely an optical double, but subsequent observations by the Hubble Space Telescope and the VLT have shown that the objects move together and are therefore presumably a binary system.[10]

An initial photometric estimate for the distance to 2M1207b was 70 parsecs.[5] In December 2005, American astronomer Eric Mamajek reported a more accurate distance (53±6 parsecs) to 2M1207b using the moving-cluster method.[12] Recent trigonometric parallax results have confirmed this moving-cluster distance, leading to a distance estimate of 52.75+1.04
−1.00 parsecs or 172 ± 3 light years.[5]

Properties

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Estimates for the mass, size, and temperature of 2M1207b are still uncertain. Although spectroscopic evidence is consistent with a mass of 8 ± 2 Jupiter masses and a surface temperature of 1600 ± 100 kelvins, theoretical models for such an object predict a luminosity 10 times greater than observed. Because of this, lower estimates for the mass and temperature have been proposed. Alternatively, 2M1207b might be dimmed by a surrounding disk of dust and gas.[8] As an unlikely possibility, Mamajek and Michael Meyer have suggested that the planet is actually much smaller, but is radiating away heat generated by a recent collision.[13][14]

JWST observations of 2M1207B with NIRSpec did not detect any methane (CH4) and only weak carbon monoxide (CO) in the atmosphere of this object. The best-fit models show stronger methane and carbon monoxide bands than observed. A weaker methane band is a sign for nonequilibrium chemistry for young low-mass objects. The weakness of carbon monoxide could be attributed to other effects, such as temperature gradient or cloud thickness. The researchers used cloudless models that show some inconsistency with the temperature and absorption of methane and carbon monoxide, which might be resolved in the future with models that include clouds.[3]

The JWST observations were also able to detect emission of hydrogen (Paschen transitions) and the Helium I triplet at 1.083 μm. This is a sign of active accretion from a small circumstellar disk or circumplanetary disk.[3] For now this disk remains undetected, but it might be detected in future observations by JWST at longer wavelengths.[15]

Status as an exoplanet

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Although the mass of 2M1207b is less than that required for deuterium fusion to occur, some 13 times the mass of Jupiter, and the image of 2M1207b has been widely hailed as the first direct image of an exoplanet, it may be questioned whether 2M1207b is actually a planet. As of 2018, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) official definition of an exoplanet requires that the mass ratio of the orbiting object to the central object be below the L4/L5 instability, which is given by the equation M/Mcentral < 2/(25+√621) ≈ 1/25.[16][17] The mass ratio of 2M1207b and 2M1207 is approximately 0.22, which exceeds the L4/L5 instability threshold and therefore means 2M1207b does not qualify as an exoplanet under the IAU's definition.

Some other definitions of the term planet require a planet to have formed in the same way as the planets in the Solar System did, by secondary accretion in a protoplanetary disk.[18] With such a definition, if 2M1207b formed by direct gravitational collapse of a gaseous nebula, it would be a sub-brown dwarf rather than a planet. A similar debate exists regarding the identity of GQ Lupi b, also first imaged in 2004.[19] On the other hand, the discovery of marginal cases like Cha 110913-773444—a free-floating, planetary-mass object—raises the question of whether distinction by formation is a reliable dividing line between stars/brown dwarfs and planets.[20]In 2006, the IAU's Working Group on Extrasolar Planets described 2M1207b as a "possible planetary-mass companion to a brown dwarf."[21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Blunt, Sarah; et al. (2017). "Orbits for the Impatient: A Bayesian Rejection-sampling Method for Quickly Fitting the Orbits of Long-period Exoplanets". The Astronomical Journal. 153 (5). 229. arXiv:1703.10653. Bibcode:2017AJ....153..229B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6930. S2CID 119223138.
  2. ^ "The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — 2M1207 A". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Paris Observatory. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Luhman, K. L.; Tremblin, P.; Birkmann, S. M.; Manjavacas, E.; Valenti, J.; Alves de Oliveira, C.; Beck, T. L.; Giardino, G.; Lützgendorf, N.; Rauscher, B. J.; Sirianni, M. (2023-06-01). "JWST/NIRSpec Observations of the Planetary Mass Companion TWA 27B". The Astrophysical Journal. 949 (2): L36. arXiv:2305.18603. Bibcode:2023ApJ...949L..36L. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd635. ISSN 0004-637X.
  4. ^ a b Barman, Travis S.; Macintosh, Bruce; Konopacky, Quinn M.; Marois, Christian (2011-07-01). "The Young Planet-mass Object 2M1207b: A Cool, Cloudy, and Methane-poor Atmosphere". The Astrophysical Journal. 735 (2): L39. arXiv:1106.1201. Bibcode:2011ApJ...735L..39B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/735/2/L39. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 44225360.
  5. ^ a b c Mamajek, Eric (November 8, 2007). "The Distance to the 2M1207 System". Archived from the original on 2008-01-24. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  6. ^ Chauvin, G.; Lagrange, A.-M.; Dumas, C.; Zuckerman, B.; Mouillet, D.; Song, I.; Beuzit, J.-L.; Lowrance, P. (2004). "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf: Direct VLT/NACO observations using IR wavefront sensing". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 425 (2): L29–L32. arXiv:astro-ph/0409323. Bibcode:2004A&A...425L..29C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. ISSN 0004-6361.
  7. ^ "Star: 2M1207". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  8. ^ a b Mohanty, Subhanjoy; Jayawardhana, Ray; Huelamo, Nuria; Mamajek, Eric (2007-03-10). "The Planetary Mass Companion 2MASS 1207−3932B: Temperature, Mass, and Evidence for an Edge-on Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 657 (2): 1064–1091. arXiv:astro-ph/0610550. Bibcode:2007ApJ...657.1064M. doi:10.1086/510877. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ Estimated observed projected separation from observed angular separation and estimated distance.
  10. ^ a b "Yes, it is the Image of an Exoplanet: Astronomers Confirm the First Image of a Planet Outside of Our Solar System" (Press release). European Southern Observatory. April 30, 2005. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  11. ^ Mohanty et al. 2007, Bolometric luminosity, Table 1.
  12. ^ Mamajek (2005). "A Moving Cluster Distance to the Exoplanet 2M1207b in the TW Hydrae Association". The Astrophysical Journal. 634 (2): 1385–1394. arXiv:astro-ph/0507416. Bibcode:2005ApJ...634.1385M. doi:10.1086/468181. S2CID 17162407.
  13. ^ Mamajek, Eric E.; Meyer, Michael R. (2007-10-20). "An Improbable Solution to the Underluminosity of 2M1207B: A Hot Protoplanet Collision Afterglow". The Astrophysical Journal. 668 (2): L175–L178. arXiv:0709.0456. Bibcode:2007ApJ...668L.175M. doi:10.1086/522957. ISSN 0004-637X.
  14. ^ "Planet collision could explain alien world's heat". New Scientist Space Website. January 9, 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
  15. ^ Cassese, Ben (2023-06-28). "Baby Brown Dwarf Might be Growing: JWST Observations of TWA 27B". AAS Nova. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  16. ^ "Official Working Definition of an Exoplanet". IAU position statement. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  17. ^ Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Lissauer, Jack J. (June 2022). "The IAU working definition of an exoplanet". New Astronomy Reviews. 94: 101641. arXiv:2203.09520. Bibcode:2022NewAR..9401641L. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2022.101641. S2CID 247065421.
  18. ^ E.g., Soter, Steven (2006). "What Is a Planet?". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (6): 2513–2519. arXiv:astro-ph/0608359. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.2513S. doi:10.1086/508861. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 261212633.
  19. ^ Britt, Robert Roy (April 30, 2005). "Fresh Debate over First Photo of Extrasolar Planet". Space.com. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  20. ^ Clavin, Whitney (November 29, 2005). "A Planet With Planets? Spitzer Finds Cosmic Oddball". NASA. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  21. ^ "Lists of Extrasolar Planets". IAU Working Group on Extrasolar Planets. August 28, 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-06-19. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
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