The 2m Bubble Chamber was a device used in conjunction with CERN's 25 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS) machine to study high-energy physics. It was decided to build this chamber in 1958 with a large team of physicists, engineers, technicians and designers led by Charles Peyrou.[1] This project was of considerable magnitude, thus requiring a long-term plan so that all its characteristics could be carefully studied. Several models of this chamber were built and the problems encountered surpassed any of its predecessors.[2] The construction only began three years later and in 1964 the chamber was finally commissioned.[3] This chamber was devoted to the study of interaction mechanisms of high-energy particles and the investigation of the properties of their excited states.
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The bubble chamber was filled with 1150 litres of liquid hydrogen and was expanded by a piston placed at the top. The chamber had vertical windows, a magnet made up of copper coils which generated a field of 1.7 T and the whole apparatus weighted more than 700 tons.[2] The expansion system of the 2 m bubble chamber allowed for multiple expansions during one PS pulse, which resulted in three event photos per beam pulse.
A 10 GeV/c K- beam was required to produce the Ω− suggested by Murray Gell-Mann on his SU(3) theory.[4] Hence, in 1965 a RF separated beam was added in order to obtain a separated K− and K+ at higher energies than with electrostatic separators.[5] Furthermore, these beams enabled the study of hyperon resonances of strangeness -1 and -2. The most thorough effort in the field was a massive exposure of the chamber to K− at 4.2 GeV/c. Experiments with antiprotons at 1.2 GeV/c, 5 GeV/c and at rest were conducted to investigate the formation of hyperon-antihyperon pairs and 8GeV/c π+ experiments to study mechanism of two-body production.[5] The 2 m bubble chamber was also used to study weak interactions and K0 decays since it allowed the determination of the K0 trajectory independently of its decay over a distance corresponding to various K0
s lifetimes.[4]
The experiments were performed with a variety of beams, namely K+ (1.2-16 GeV/c), K− (2.8-16 GeV/c), p (12-24 GeV/c), anti-p (1.5-12 GeV/c) and π± (4-16 GeV/c). The ones carried out in the 2 m bubble chamber with hydrogen liquid filling were: T40, T41, T55, T64, T80, T82, T87, T88, T99, T106, T107, T108, T109, T112, T113, T115, T116, T117, T118, T129, T130, T131, T139, T140, T141, T143, T144, T145, T148, T150, T153, T155, T158, T159, T164, T168, T172, T173, T177, T178, T180, T181, T184, T186, T187, T196, T197, T198, T200, T201, T203, T204, T208, T209, T214, T215, T216, T218, T220, T221, T226, T227, T232, T233, T236, T237 and T239; and with deuterium: T52, T68, T97, T104, T105, T128, T152, T157, T162, T169, T174, T179, T182, T183, T188, T194, T195, T202, T210, T211, T217, T246 and T247.[6]
The 2m bubble chamber was very reliable, accurate and extremely productive. In the twelve years of operation, until 1976, it took nearly 40 million pictures of which about 7 million were with deuterium filling and the rest with hydrogen, resulting in a total of 20,000 km of film. The photographs were analysed by more than 50 European laboratories and led to 600 publications.[7] For the first time, these photographs were globally distributed as well as the programs required to analyse them. People from all around the world were able to contribute and be part of the experiments conducted at CERN. After its closure, the 2 m bubble chamber was donated to the Deutsche Museum in Munich.[8]
See also
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- ^ Derrick, M. (1994). Bubbles 40: Proceedings of the Conference on the Bubble Chamber and its Contributions to Particle Physics - Giant Chambers. Geneva, Switzerland: North-Holland. p. 197.
- ^ a b Laura Weiss (November 1988). Studies in CERN History: The construction of CERN's First Hydrogen Bubble Chambers (PDF) (Report). CERN. pp. 34–42.
4 July 2016
- ^ "Track Chambers". Annual Report (1964). CERN: 81. 1965. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ a b Montanet, Lucien (1 June 2003). "Charles Peyrou and his impact on physics". CERN Courier. 43 (5). IOP Publishing: 25–28. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Track Chambers". Annual Report (1965). CERN: 76–82. 1966. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ Ella W. D. Steel (1976). List of publications covering bubble-chamber experiments carried out at CERN during the period 1960-1974 (Report). CERN. pp. 1–15. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ "CERN Particle Detectors". Annual Report (1977). CERN: 14–16. 1978. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ Wenninger, Horst (2004). "In the tracks of the bubble chamber". CERN Courier. 44 (6). IOP Publishing: 26–29. Retrieved 4 July 2016.