The 4.5 inch gun M1 was a field gun developed in the United States in the beginning of World War II. It shared the same carriage with the 155mm howitzer M1 and fired the same ammunition as the British BL 4.5-inch medium field gun. Beginning in 1944, the weapon was used by the U.S. Army as corps-level artillery; with the end of hostilities, it was declared obsolete.
| 4.5 inch gun M1 on carriage M1 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Field gun |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1942–1945 |
| Used by | United States |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1939–1941 |
| Produced | September 1942–February 1944 |
| No. built | 426 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 5,654 kg (12,465 lbs) |
| Length | 8.15 m (27 ft) |
| Barrel length | Bore: 4.756 m (15 ft 7 in) L/41.6 Overall: 4.918 m (16 ft 2 in) L/43 |
| Width | 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) |
| Height | 2.12 m (6 ft 11 in) |
| Shell | separate-loading bagged charge |
| Caliber | 114 mm / 4.5 inch |
| Breech | interrupted screw |
| Recoil | hydro-pneumatic |
| Carriage | split trail |
| Elevation | 0° to +65° |
| Traverse | 53° |
| Rate of fire | Burst: 4 rounds per minute Sustained: 1 round per minute |
| Muzzle velocity | 693 m/s (2,274 ft/s) |
| Maximum firing range | 19,317 m (21,125 yds) |
| Sights | panoramic, M12 |
Development and production
editIn 1920 the US Army Ordnance Department started to work on a new medium field gun. Since the US Army had already employed the 4.7-inch gun M1906 prior to World War I, and during the war in limited numbers, this caliber was also selected for the new weapon. The development resulted in the 4.7-inch gun M1922E on carriage M1921E. Because of lack of funding, the design never reached production.[1][2]
In 1939 the program was restarted; the renewed design, designated the 4.7-inch gun T3, was ready by early 1940.[citation needed] It utilized the same carriage as the concurrently developed 155 mm howitzer. At this stage, the Army decided to change the caliber of the weapon to use British 4.5-inch ammunition. The modified gun was standardized in April 1941 as the 4.5-inch gun M1 on carriage M1.[1][2]
Production started in September 1942 and continued until February 1944.[2]
| Production of M1[3] [4] | |||||||||||
| Year | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | Total | |||||||
| Produced, pcs. | 41 | 345 | 40 | 426 | |||||||
Variants
edit-
4.7-inch gun M1920 on carriage M1920 in battery -
155 mm howitzer on the same carriage from the front -
The 4.7-inch gun in travelling position -
4.7-inch gun M1922E on carriage M1921E in travelling position -
The same gun in firing position
| External image | |
|---|---|
 4.5 inch GMC T16. [1] |
- 4.7-inch gun M1920 on carriage M1920[2] with 65-degree maximal elevation (the carriage was also designed to be used with 155-mm howitzer) weighing 13,000 pounds (5,900 kg).[5]
- 4.7-inch gun M1922E on carriage M1921E[2] of a similar design and same ballistics, but with 45-degree maximal elevation and lighter, just 10,600 pounds (4,800 kg).
- 4.7-inch gun T3 (1940).[2]
- 4.5-inch gun M1 on carriage M1 (1941).[1]
The weapon was experimentally mounted on a lengthened chassis of the M5 light tank, in mount M1. The resulting vehicle received the designation 4.5 in gun motor carriage T16. A single prototype was built.[6]
Description
editThe M1 was very similar in construction and appearance to the 155mm howitzer M1. The only significant difference was its tube of 4.5 inch (114 mm) caliber. The tube had uniform right hand twist, with one turn in 32 calibers.[7] The unbalanced weight of the barrel was supported by two equilibrator springs. The breach was of interrupted screw type; the recoil system hydro-pneumatic, variable length. The carriage was of split trail type, unsprung and had wheels with pneumatic tires. In firing position, the weapon was supported by a retractable pedestal. The gun was equipped with M12 panoramic sight.[8]
Service
edit
The M1 equipped 16 field artillery battalions in Northwest Europe; the 172nd, 176th, 199th, 211th, 259th, 770th through 775th, 777th, 935th, 939th, 941st, and 959th.[9]
It was employed for corps support. The M5 high-speed tractor was assigned as prime mover. The weapon was declared obsolete in September 1945.[1][2] The gun had good range, longer than the World War I-era 155 mm gun M1918MI, and nearly five kilometers longer than its 155 mm howitzer sibling. It was out-ranged by the newer 155 mm gun M1, but this weapon was nearly three times heavier. On the other hand, the 4.5-inch gun was criticized for the insufficient power of its high-explosive shell. The shell was produced from low grade ("19 ton") steel, which necessitated thick walls. As a result, it carried only about two kilograms of TNT or substitute, less than the 105 mm high-explosive shell. Additionally, it was felt that having a small number of guns of an atypical caliber unnecessarily complicated logistics.[1][2]
Ammunition
editThe M1 utilized separate loading, bagged charge ammunition. Only high explosive projectile was available.[10]
The projectile could be fired with propelling charge M7 (normal) at reduced velocity or with propelling charge M8 (super) to achieve full velocity. The dummy propelling charge M6 simulated the M8 charge.[11] The velocity and range data in the table below is for the M8 charge.
| Available ammunition.[7][10][12] | |||||
| Type | Model | Projectile weight, kg | Filler | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Range, m |
| HE | HE M65 Shell | 24.9 | TNT, 2.04 kg or Amatol 50/50, 1.85 kg or Trimonite, 2.10 kg |
693 | 19,317 |
| Dummy | Dummy M8 Projectile | - | - | ||
| Propelling charges[11] | ||
| Model | Weight, complete, kg | Components |
| M7 (normal) | 2.95 | Single section |
| M8 (super) | 5.08 | Base charge and increment |
| M6 (dummy) | 5.40 | Base charge and increment |
| Concrete penetration, mm[7] | ||||
| Ammunition \ Distance, m | 0 | 914 | 4,572 | 9,144 |
| HE M65 Shell (meet angle 0°) | 1,158 | 1,067 | 640 | 366 |
| Different methods of measurement were used in different countries / periods. Therefore, direct comparison is often impossible. | ||||
See also
edit- Field artillery
- List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation – Item C38
- BL 4.5-inch Medium Field Gun – British weapon using same ammunition
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e Hogg – Allied Artillery of World War II, p 50-51.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Zaloga – US Field Artillery of World War II, p 18-19.
- ^ Zaloga – US Field Artillery of World War II, p 9.
- ^ Official Munitions Production of the United States, by Months, July 1, 1940 – August 31, 1945 (War Production Board and Civilian Production Administration, 1 May 1947) p. 137
- ^ "The Field Artillery Journal (volume XII) 1922" (PDF). tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net. Retrieved 2 April 2023. [page needed]
- ^ Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 337-338.
- ^ a b c Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 506.
- ^ Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons, p 59-62.
- ^ Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). World War II Order of Battle. Galahad Books. pp. 393–424. ISBN 0-88365-775-9.
- ^ a b Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide, p 486-490.
- ^ a b Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 300-304.
- ^ Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 183-184.
References
edit
- Hogg, Ian V. (1998). Allied Artillery of World War Two. Crowood Press, Ramsbury. ISBN 1-86126-165-9.
- Hunnicutt, R. P. (1992). Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-462-2.
- Williford, Glen M (2016). American Breechloading Mobile Artillery 1875-1953. Thomas D. Batha. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-5049-8.
- Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). US Field Artillery of World War II. New Vanguard 131. illustrated by Brian Delf. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-061-1.
- Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition. War Department, 1944.
- Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide. War Department, 1944.
- Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons. War Department, 1942.
- Technical Manual TM 9-328 4.5-inch Gun M1 and 4.5-inch Gun Carriage M1. War Department. December 1943.
- "Anderson, Rich – US Army in World War II at MilitaryHistoryOnline website". Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.