Laird v. Tatum, 408 U.S. 1 (1972), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court dismissed for lack of ripeness a claim in which the plaintiff accused the U.S. Army of alleged unlawful "surveillance of lawful citizen's political activity." The appellant's specific nature of the harm caused by the surveillance was that it chilled the First Amendment rights of all citizens and undermined that right to express political dissent.
| Laird v. Tatum | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued March 27, 1972 Decided June 26, 1972 | |
| Full case name | Melvin Robert Laird, Secretary of Defense, et al. v. Tatum, et al. |
| Citations | 408 U.S. 1 (more) 92 S. Ct. 2318; 33 L. Ed. 2d 154; 1972 U.S. LEXIS 25 |
| Holding | |
| Respondents' claim that their First Amendment rights are chilled, due to the mere existence of this data-gathering system, does not constitute a justiciable controversy based on the record in this case, disclosing as it does no showing of objective harm or threat of specific future harm. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Burger, joined by White, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist |
| Dissent | Douglas, joined by Marshall |
| Dissent | Brennan, joined by Stewart, Marshall |
Background
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Arlo Tatum,[1] the executive secretary of the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, sued Melvin Laird, the Secretary of Defense. Tatum sued after Washington Monthly published an article revealing that US military intelligence units were gathering intelligence on civilians and civil organizations in the US.[2]
Opinion
editThe Court was initially divided into three camps. Justices Rehnquist and Powell initially urged the conservatives to determine that the surveillance program was constitutional. However, Chief Justice Burger along with Justices Blackmun and White determined that, 'It would be more controversial for the Court to enter into a political question.' After further reflection, Powell concluded that it was unwise to rule on the constitutionality of the surveillance program and that the issue was best decided on the principle of ripeness: That is, in the absence of a discernable injury, the issue was too speculative for the Court to rule upon. Burger eventually prevailed on Rehnquist to abandon a concurrence and join with the majority.[3]
The Court determined that the plaintiff's claim was based on the fear that sometime in the future the Army might cause harm with information retrieved during their surveillance; and that there was no present threat. Therefore, the claim was too "speculative."
Mr. Justice Douglas wrote in dissent, with Mr. Justice Marshall concurring:
This case involves a cancer in our body politic. It is a measure of the disease which afflicts us. Army surveillance, like Army regimentation, is at war with the principles of the First Amendment. Those who already walk submissively will say there is no cause for alarm. But submissiveness is not our heritage. The First Amendment was designed to allow rebellion to remain as our heritage. The Constitution was designed to keep government off the backs of the people. The Bill of Rights was added to keep the precincts of belief and expression, of the press, of political and social activities free from surveillance. The Bill of Rights was designed to keep agents of government and official eavesdroppers away from assemblies of people. The aim was to allow men to be free and independent and to assert their rights against the government. There can be no influence more paralyzing of that objective than Army surveillance. When an intelligence officer looks over every nonconformist's shoulder in the library or walks invisibly by his side in a picket line, or infiltrates his club, the America once extolled as the voice of liberty heard around the world no longer is cast in the image which Jefferson and Madison designed, but more in the Russian image.
Participation by Justice Rehnquist
editThe dismissal of the case was made possible by the timely nomination by Richard Nixon of Assistant Attorney General William Rehnquist to the Supreme Court. Rehnquist had previously testified to Senator Sam Ervin's committee that there were no 'serious constitutional problems with respect to collecting data or keeping under surveillance persons who are merely exercising their right of a peaceful assembly or petition to redress a grievance.' He further stated that he felt that Laird v. Tatum should be dismissed on the procedural ground that the plaintiffs lacked standing to sue. Yet he later refused to recuse himself from the case though legal ethicists almost unanimously agreed that he should. After a petition for rehearing was filed based on his participation, Rehnquist issued a memorandum[4] stating that the attack on his impartiality was essentially a criticism of his conservative judicial philosophy and that there had been no actual bias towards the litigant.[5][6]
See also
edit- Surveillance-related
- Amnesty v. Blair
- Clapper v. Amnesty International
- COINTELPRO
- Fusion center
- PRISM (surveillance program)
- Recusal-related
References
edit- ^ An obituary for Arlo Tatum appears in The Cornish Quaker, May 2014, giving his vital dates as 21.2.23-2.4.14. A contributed obituary also appears in The Guardian, 7-05-2014.
- ^ David Andrew Schultz (2009). Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution. Infobase Publishing. p. 420. ISBN 978-1-4381-2677-7.
- ^ Joshua E. Kastenberg, Shaping U.S. Military Law: Governing a Constitutional Military. (London: Ashgate Press, 2013), 164-5
- ^ https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/409/824/case.html 409 U.S. 824 (1973) (in chambers)
- ^ Stempel, Jeffrey W. (1987), "Rehnquist, Recusal and Reform", Brooklyn Law Journal, 53: 589, 593–94
- ^ Craig R. Ducat (2008). Constitutional Interpretation: Powers of Government, Volume I (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-495-50323-1.
Further reading
edit- Christie, George C. (1972). "Government Surveillance and Individual Freedom: A Proposed Statutory Response to Laird v. Tatum and the Broader Problem of Government Surveillance of the Individual" (PDF). New York University Law Review. 47: 871–902.[permanent dead link]
- Kastenberg, Joshua E. (2014). Shaping U.S. Military Law: Governing a Constitutional Military. London: Ashgate Press. pp. 123–129. ISBN 9781472419101.
- Stein, Ralph Michael (1973). "Laird v. Tatum: The Supreme Court and a First Amendment Challenge to Military Surveillance of Lawful Civilian Political Activity". Hofstra Law Review. 1: 244.
External links
edit- Text of Laird v. Tatum, 408 U.S. 1 (1972) is available from: CourtListener Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)