The 445th Air Expeditionary Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned as the 445th Bombardment Squadron, a regular Air Force unit, to the 321st Bombardment Wing at McCoy Air Force Base, Florida, where it was inactivated on 25 October 1961.
| 445th Bombardment Squadron (Currently 445th Air Expeditionary Squadron)  | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | 1942–1945; 1947–1949; 1953–1961 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Medium bomber |
| Part of | Air Combat Command |
| Engagements | Mediterranean Theater of Operations European Theater of Operations[1] |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation[1] |
| Insignia | |
| 445th Bombardment Squadron emblem[2] |  |
The squadron was first activated in June 1942 as a medium bomber unit. After training in the United States, it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it engaged in combat until April 1945. It was awarded two Presidential Unit Citations for its actions over Athens, Greece in 1944 and Toulon, France in 1944. Following V-E Day, it remained in Italy, until it was inactivated in September 1945.
The squadron was briefly activated in the [[military reserve force}reserve]] from 1947 to 1949, but does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped with operational aircraft. It was activated in 1953 as a Strategic Air Command bomber unit, serving until 1961, when its Boeing B-47 Stratojets were replaced by Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses. It was converted to provisional status in 2011 as the 445th Air Expeditionary Squadron, but does not apoear to have been active as an expeditionary unit.
History
editWorld War II
editInitial organization and training
editThe squadron was first organized as a medium bomber unit at Barksdale Field, Louisiana in late June 1942. It was one of the original four squadrons of the 321st Bombardment Group, which were equipped with North American B-25 Mitchells.[1][3][4] However, it was not until the squadron moved on paper to Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina, that the initial cadre was assigned in August 1942[5]
After five months of training, the ground echelon of the squadron departed for the Port of Embarkation at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 21 January 1943.[1][5] It boarded the USS Elizabeth C. Stanton on 7 February.[6] The air echelon of the squadron remained at DeRidder Army Air Base until 12 February, when it flew to Morrison Field, Florida for staging via the South Atlantic ferry route.[5] It departed Morrison for overseas on 15 February 1943.[7]
Combat in the Mediterranean Theater
edit
The ground echelon landed at Oran, Algeria on 21 February 1943.[8] The air echelon arrived in Algeria at Oujda Airfield on 2 March 43.[9] On 9 March most of the ground and air echelon was united at Oujda.[10] The squadron arrived at its first combat station, Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria, in March 1943, with the air echelon established there on 12 March.[11] The squadron flew its first combat mission, an attack on a landing ground near Mezzouna Tunisia on 15 March.[12] It initially engaged primarily in air support and interdiction missions, bombing marshalling yards, rail lines, highways, bridges, viaducts, troop concentrations, gun emplacements, shipping, harbors, and other objectives in North Africa. Later, objectives spread into France, Italy, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Greece. It also engaged in psychological warfare missions, dropping propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines.[4]
Until May 1943, it participated in Allied operations against the Axis in Algeria and Tunisia. In June, it moved forward to bases in Tunisia, from which it participated in Operation Corkscrew, the projected invasion of and reduction of Pantelleria and Lampedusa. The following month, it supported Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily and in September, Operation Avalanche the invasion of mainland Italy near Salerno. On 8 October 1943, the squadron completed a raid on Eleusis Airfield near Athens, despite intense flak and attacks by numerous enemy Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 interceptor aircraft, which resulted in the loss of two of the squadron's attacking aircraft. For this action it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).[4][13]
The squadron provided air support for the Allied advance toward Rome between January and June 1944 and Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France in August 1944. On 18 August, its attacks on Toulon harbor earned the squadron a second DUC.[4] The enemy had concentrated shipping in the harbor to augment harbor defense artillery. Adverse weather conditions caused other groups to turn back, but the 321st Group continued to the target. The squadron pressed its attack despite "heavy, intense, accurate" flak on the bomb run. Post strike reconnaissance showed the 321st Group heavily damaged a battleship, and sunk a cruiser and a submarine.[14]
After September 1944, it supported Allied operations in northern Italy, including Operation Strangle, the effort to choke off supplies for Axis military in Italy through air interdiction and Operation Grapeshot, the Spring 1945 offensive in Northern Italy from September 1944 to April 1945. It remained in Italy after V-E Day, reducing in size as individuals returned to the United States, being reduced to a mere cadre by August 1945[15] and was inactivated at Pomigliano Airfield on 12 September 1945.[1][4]
Reserve operations
editThe squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) on 29 June 1947 at Toledo Municipal Airport, Ohio. It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped with operational aircraft during this period. [16] In July 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[17] President Truman’s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force,[18] and the 445th was inactivated[1] and not replaced as reserve flying operations at Toledo Municipal Airport ceased.
Strategic Air Command
editThe squadron was reactivated on 15 December 1953 at Pinecastle Air Force Base, Florida,[1] an Air Training Command (ATC) base, where ATC's 3540th Flying Training Wing conducted transition training on Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers.[19] On 1 January 1954, the base and B-47 training mission were transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC).[20][b] Under SAC's dual deputy organization, the squadron was assigned directly to the 321st Wing, with the group level organization eliminated. Over the next six months, the B-47 training mission at Pinecastle was phased out and was replaced by the 445th and other operational units of the 321st Bombardment Wing, and the squadron became operational in late May 1954.[1][21]
The squadron trained in global strategic bombardment operations with the B-47. It deployed with the 321st Wing to RAF Lakenheath, England from December 1954 until March 1955 and to Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco From April through July 1956.[21] Starting in 1957, overseas deployments of entire wings to stand alert were replaced by Operation Reflex. Reflex placed Stratojets and Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters from multiple wings at bases closer to the Soviet Union for 90 day periods, although individuals rotated back to home bases during unit Reflex deployments.[22] From 1958, SAC B-47 units began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases, with an initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[23]
By 1961, SAC was relying on dispersed Boeing B-52 Stratofortress units as the backbone of its bomber force. The squadron and the rest of the 321st Wing became nonoperational on 15 September 1961 and were replaced by the 4047th Strategic Wing, a B-52 unit. The squadron was inactivated in late October 1961.[1][21]
Expeditionary unit
editIn May 2011, the squadron was converted to provisional status as the 445th Air Expeditionary Squadron and assigned to Air Combat Command to activate and inactivate as needed.[1] The squadron has apparently never been active in this status.
Lineage
edit- Constituted as the 445th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 19 June 1942
- Activated on 26 June 1942
- Redesignated 445th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 19 June 1942
- Inactivated on 12 September 1945
- Redesignated 445th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 26 May 1947
- Activated in the reserve on 29 June 1947
- Inactivated on 27 June 1949
- Redesignated 445th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 25 November 1953
- Activated on 15 December 1953
- Discontinued and inactivated on 25 October 1961
- Redesignated 445 Air Expeditionary Squadron and converted to provisional status on 13 May 2011[1]
Assignments
edit- 321st Bombardment Group, 26 June 1942 – 12 September 1945
- 321st Bombardment Group, 29 June 1947 – 27 June 1949
- 321st Bombardment Wing, 15 December 1953 – 25 October 1961
- Air Combat Command, to activate or inactivate as needed[1]
Stations
edit
|
|
Aircraft
edit- North American B-25 Mitchell, 1942-1945
- Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1953-1961[1]
Awards and campaigns
edit| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Distinguished Unit Citation | 8 October 1943 | Athens, Greece; 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Distinguished Unit Citation | 18 August 1944 | Toulon, France; 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Tunisia | 12 March 1943–13 May 1943 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Air Combat, EAME Theater | 12 March 1943–11 May 1945 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Sicily | 14 May 1943–17 August 1943 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Naples-Foggia | 18 August 1943–21 January 1944 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Rome-Arno | 22 January 1944–9 September 1944 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Central Europe | 22 March 1944–21 May 1945 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Southern France | 15 August 1944–14 September 1944 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
North Apennines | 10 September 1944–4 April 1945 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Po Valley | 3 April 1945–8 May 1945 | 445th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- Explanatory notes
- ^ Aircraft is North American B-25C-1 Mitchell, serial 41-13207 "OH-7". The photo shows its six crew members at the bomber prior to the start of a combat mission. This plane was salvaged on 31 January 1944. Baugher, Joe (11 April 2023). "1941 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ Despite its mission of training bomber crews, the 3540th was designated as the 3540th Flying Training Wing (Fighter). Manning, p. 87. With the transfer to SAC, the 3540th became the 4240th Flying Training Wing and the fighter parenthetical was eliminated.
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Robertson, Patsy (22 August 2011). "Factsheet 445 Air Expeditionary Squadrpn (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ Watkins, pp. 86-87
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 550-554
- ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Units, pp 201-202
- ^ a b c "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, 1 August 1942-31 January 1943" (PDF). p. 38. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, February 1943" (PDF). p. 13. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, February 1943" (PDF). p. 31. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, February 1943" (PDF). p. 45. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943" (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943" (PDF). p. 16. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943" (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943" (PDF). p. 25. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, October 1943" (PDF). p. 39. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, August 1944" (PDF). pp. 156, 15, 164. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, July - September 1945" (PDF). p. 54. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ See Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 530-31 (no operational aircraft listed as assigned to the squadron from 1947 to 1949).
- ^ "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
- ^ Knaack, p. 25
- ^ Manning, p. 75
- ^ Manning, p. 95
- ^ a b c Ravenstein, Combat Wings, pp. 172-173
- ^ Narducci, p. 2
- ^ Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
Bibliography
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Manning, Thomas A.; Aschcroft, Bruce A.; Emmons, Richard H.; Hussey, Ann K.; Mason, Joseph L. (2005). History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002 (PDF). Randolph AFB, Texas: Office of History and Research, Headquarters, Air Education and Training Command. ISBN 978-1376984057. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Narducci, Henry M. (1988). Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Schake, Col Kurt W. (1998). Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950-1960 (PDF). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ISBN 978-8277650241. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
- Watkins, Robert A. (2009). Insignia and Aircraft Markings of the U.S. Army Air Force In World War II. Vol. IV, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater of Operations. Atglen,PA: Shiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-3401-6.