The term Fourth Reich (German: Viertes Reich) is commonly used to refer to a hypothetical successor to Adolf Hitler's Third Reich (1933–1945) and the possible resurgence of Nazi ideas.[1] It has also been used pejoratively by political opponents.[2][3]
Origin
editThe term "Third Reich" was coined by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck in his 1923 book Das Dritte Reich. He defined the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) as the "First Reich", the German Empire (1871–1918) as the "Second Reich", while the "Third Reich" was a postulated ideal state including all German people, including Austria. In the modern context, the term refers to Nazi Germany. It was used by the Nazis to legitimize their regime as a successor state to the retroactively-renamed First and Second Reichs.[4]
The term "Fourth Reich" has been used in a variety of different ways. Neo-Nazis have used it to describe their envisioned revival of an ethnically pure state, mostly in reference to, but not limited to, Nazi Germany.[1] Others have used the term derogatorily, such as conspiracy theorists like Max Spiers, Peter Levenda, and Jim Marrs who have used it to refer to what they perceive as a covert continuation of Nazi ideals.[5]
Neo-Nazism
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Neo-Nazis envision the Fourth Reich as featuring Aryan supremacy, anti-semitism, Lebensraum, aggressive militarism and totalitarianism.[6] Upon the establishment of the Fourth Reich, German neo-Nazis propose that Germany should acquire nuclear weapons and use the threat of their use as a form of nuclear blackmail to re-expand to Germany's former boundaries of 1937 and beyond.[6]
Various Neo-Nazis in South America made the establishment of a Fourth Reich one of their goals. Certain Nazi refugees, most notably Otto Skorzeny and Hans-Ulrich Rudel, were deeply involved with neo-Nazi networks and promoting an ambition of a "Fourth-Reich" centered in Latin America.[7][8]
Based on pamphlets published by David Myatt in the early 1990s,[9] many neo-Nazis came to believe that the rise of the Fourth Reich in Germany would pave the way for the establishment of the Western Imperium, a pan-Aryan world empire encompassing all land populated by predominantly European-descended peoples (i.e., Europe, Russia, Anglo-America, Australia, New Zealand, and White South Africa).[10]
Usage to indicate German influence in the European Union
editSome commentators in Europe have used the term "Fourth Reich" to point at the influence that they believe Germany exerts within the European Union.[2][11][12] For example, Simon Heffer wrote in the Daily Mail that Germany's economic power, further boosted by the European financial crisis, is the "economic colonisation of Europe by stealth", whereby Berlin is using economic pressure rather than armies to "topple the leadership of a European nation". This, he says, constitutes the "rise of the Fourth Reich."[13] Likewise, Simon Jenkins of The Guardian wrote that it is "a massive irony that old Europe's last gasp should be to seek ... German supremacy".[13] According to Richard J. Evans of the New Statesman, this kind of language had not been heard since German reunification which sparked a wave of Germanophobic commentary.[13] In a counterbalancing perspective, the "Charlemagne" columnist at The Economist reports that the German hegemony perspective does not match reality.[14]
In August 2012, the Italian newspaper Il Giornale had as headline the phrase "Fourth Reich" (Quarto Reich) as a protest against German hegemony.[15]
This perspective gained particular traction in the United Kingdom in the run up to 2016 EU referendum and the subsequent negotiations.[16]
In December 2021, against the background of the 2015–present Polish constitutional crisis, Jarosław Kaczyński, Polish deputy Prime Minister and head of Poland's ruling party, told the far-right Polish newspaper GPC that "Germany is trying to turn the EU into a federal 'German fourth Reich'".[17] He explained that he was referring to the connection with the first Reich (the Holy Roman Empire), not the third one (Nazi Germany), and there was nothing negative about the comparison. But he criticized the vision of greater federalism, as displayed by Olaf Scholz and his coalition, as "utopian and therefore dangerous". Kaczynski remarked that, "if we Poles agreed to such a modern submission we would be degraded in many ways".[18]
Usage to describe the rise of right-wing populism
editThe term has come to be used by commentators on the left, seeing the rise of right-wing populism as akin to the emergence of fascism in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. In a 1973 interview, black American writer James Baldwin said of Richard Nixon's reelection, "To keep the nigger in his place, they brought into office law and order, but I call it the Fourth Reich."[3] In 2019, a professor of history at Fairfield University named Gavriel D. Rosenfeld remarked that "Too many hyperbolic comparisons – for example, between Donald Trump and Adolf Hitler – dulls the power of historical analogies and risks crying wolf. Too little willingness to see past dangers lurking in the present risks underestimating the latter and ignoring the former."[3]
References in popular culture
editThis section possibly contains original research. (November 2022) |
Film
edit- In the Russian comedy science fiction film Iron Sky in 1945 some Nazis escaped to the far side of the Moon and established the Fourth Reich.
- In the 1978 film adaption of The Boys from Brazil, Dr. Josef Mengele (Gregory Peck) creates clones of Hitler and places them around the world so they would eventually rise to political power and start the Fourth Reich.
Television
edit- In the 1967 episode of Mission: Impossible, "The Legacy", descendants of Adolf Hitler's most trusted Nazi officers meet in Zurich, Switzerland, to locate Hitler's hidden personal fortune in order to launch a new Fourth Reich.
- In the TV series Hunters, several Nazi leaders escaped to South America and plan to establish the Fourth Reich via Nazis brought to the United States by Operation Paperclip. It is revealed that Hitler and Eva Braun are still alive; however, Braun appears to be leading the remaining Nazis rather than Hitler.
Novels
edit- The 1978 Robert Ludlum novel The Holcroft Covenant involves the discovery of a plot by hidden Nazis around the world to create a Fourth Reich by infiltrating many different businesses and countries' governments. His 1995 novel The Apocalypse Watch reaches its climax with the destruction of a Fourth Reich set in the 1990s, and the discovery of an ancient Adolf Hitler controlling a massive multinational corporation.
- Ira Levin's 1976 novel The Boys from Brazil Dr. Josef Mengele creates clones of Hitler and places them around the world so they would eventually rise to political power and start the Fourth Reich.
Comics
edit- In the British comic 2000 AD a storyline called The Shicklgruber Grab from Strontium Dog mutant bounty hunters Johnny Alpha and Wulf Sternhammer are hired to go back to 1945 and bring Hitler to the future to stand trial. Hitler, who murdered Eva Braun shortly after marrying her, and used his simpleton body double to fake his suicide so he could escape and start the Fourth Reich, gets dragged to the future not understanding what is going on.
Video games
edit- In Call of Duty: Vanguard, the term "Fourth Reich" is used to describe either a Nazi government-in-exile that the antagonists are forming, or the state of Germany after Hitler's death but before the end of WWII.
- In the Metro franchise, there is a faction within the Moscow Metro known as the Fourth Reich. Instead of wanting racial purity, the Reich's goal is genetic purity, killing anyone believed to have any mutant abnormalities.
- In the Hearts of Iron IV expansion Trial of Allegiance, an alternate history path for Argentina allows the player to create the Fourth Reich with Hitler (as "Señor Hilter") as its leader if they are in a war with a capitulated Nazi Germany.
See also
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- Alternate history – Genre of speculative fiction, where one or more historical events occur differently
- Eurabia – Far-right Islamophobic conspiracy theory
- Europe a Nation – Ideology developed by Oswald Mosley
- Far-right politics in Germany since 1945 – German politics since the fall of Nazism
- Fifth International – Campaign for a new worker's international
- Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II – Alternate history scenario
- Neo-Nazism – Movement to revive Nazi ideologies
- Neo-Sovietism – Movement to revive the Soviet lifestyle
- Pan-European identity – Personal identification with Europe
- Pan-European nationalism – Far-right ultra-nationalism
- Pan-nationalism – Nationalism beyond national boundaries
- Reichsbürger movement – German far-right anti-government movement
- Third Rome – Desire to be latter-day Roman Empire
- United States of Europe – Speculative future European federation
- White ethnostate – State whose citizenry is limited to White people
- White nationalism – Ideology that seeks to develop a white national identity
References
edit- ^ a b Reitman, Janet (2 May 2018). "All-American Nazis: Inside the Rise of Fascist Youth in the U.S." Rolling Stone. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ a b Heffer, Simon (15 May 2016). "The Fourth Reich is here – without a shot being fired". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- ^ a b c Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (5 May 2019). "Fears of a Fourth Reich | History Today". History Today. Vol. 69. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ Lauryssens, Stan (1999). The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck. Stroud: Sutton. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-7509-1866-4.
- ^ Bullen, Jamie (17 October 2016). "Conspiracy theorist discussed 'Fourth Reich' in final interview". Evening Standard. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ a b Schmidt, Michael (1993). The New Reich: Violent Extremism in Germany and Beyond. Translated by Daniel Horch. ISBN 9780091780043.
- ^ Glenn Infield. The Secrets of the SS. Stein and Day, New York, 1981
- ^ Joseph Wechsberg, The Murderers Among Us. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967. pp. 81, 116.
- ^ These writings of Myatt included the 14 pamphlets in his Thormynd Press National-Socialist Series, most of which were republished by Liberty Bell Publications (Reedy, Virginia) in the 1990s, and essays such as Towards Destiny: Creating a New National-Socialist Reich [archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20040712101315/http://www.geocities.com/myattns/newreich.html] and a constitution for the 'fourth Reich' [archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20041208070520/http://www.geocities.com/myattns/cons_reich.html]
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002). "Chapter 4: Imperium and the New Atlantis; Chapter 11: Nazi Satanism and the New Aeon". Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and The Politics of Identity. New York: N.Y. University Press. ISBN 978-0814731550.
- ^ "Merkels Tyskland – Fjärde Riket?" [Merkel's Germany – Fourth Reich?]. Yle (in Swedish). 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ "'The Fourth Reich': What Some Europeans See When They Look at Germany". Spiegel Online. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- ^ a b c Evans, Richard J. (24 November 2011). "The myth of the Fourth Reich". The New Statesman. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ Charlemagne (11 June 2019). "Wurst among equals: Contrary to popular belief, Germany does not in fact run the EU". The Economist. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- ^ "Germany outraged by Italian newspaper's 'Fourth Reich' headline". the Guardian. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ O'Toole, Fintan (16 November 2018). "The paranoid fantasy behind Brexit | Fintan O'Toole". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ "Polish deputy PM says Germany wants to turn EU into 'fourth Reich' | Jarosław Kaczyński's remarks in far-right newspaper are latest episode in Poland's lengthy standoff with EU". The Guardian. Agence France Presse. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "Berlin wants EU to be 'Fourth German Reich', says Poland's Kaczynski". euronews. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
Bibliography
edit- Infield, Glenn (1981). Secrets of the SS. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2790-2.
- Marrs, Jim (2008). The Rise of the Fourth Reich. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 9780061245589.
- Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (2019). The Fourth Reich: The Specter of Nazism since World War II. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108628587. ISBN 9781108628587. S2CID 241057550.
- Schultz, Sigrid. Germany Will Try It Again (Reynal & Hitchcock, New York, 1944)
- Tetens, T.H. (1961). The New Germany and the Old Nazis. New York: Random House. ISBN 9781131026664. LCCN 61-7240.
- Wechsberg, Joseph (1967). The Murderers Among Us: The Simon Wiesenthal Memoirs. New York: McGraw-Hill. LCCN 67-13204.