The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
| Athletics 4 × 400 metres relay | |
|---|---|
 4 × 400 m men relay at the European Championships in Barcelona 2010 (Martyn Rooney (GBR), Thomas Schneider (GER), Kacper Kozłowski (POL), Jonathan Borlée (BEL), Vladimir Krasnov (RUS), Teddy Venel (FRA)) | |
| World records | |
| Men |  United States (Andrew Valmon, Quincy Watts, Butch Reynolds, Michael Johnson) 2:54.29 (1993) |
| Women |  Soviet Union (Tatyana Ledovskaya, Olga Nazarova, Mariya Pinigina, Olga Bryzgina) 3:15.17 (1988) |
| Mixed | United States (Vernon Norwood (M), Shamier Little (W), Bryce Deadmon (M), Kaylyn Brown (W)) 3:07.41 (2024) |
| Olympic records | |
| Men | United States (Christopher Bailey, Vernon Norwood, Bryce Deadmon, Rai Benjamin) 2:54.43 (2024) |
| Women | Soviet Union (Tatyana Ledovskaya, Olga Nazarova, Mariya Pinigina, Olga Bryzgina) 3:15.17 (1988) |
| Mixed | United States (Vernon Norwood (M), Shamier Little (W), Bryce Deadmon (M), Kaylyn Brown (W)) 3:07.41 (2024) |
| World Championship records | |
| Men | United States (Andrew Valmon, Quincy Watts, Butch Reynolds, Michael Johnson) 2:54.29 (1993) |
| Women | United States (Gwen Torrence, Maicel Malone-Wallace, Natasha Kaiser-Brown, Jearl Miles) 3:16.71 (1993) |
| Mixed | United States (Justin Robinson (M), Rosey Effiong (W), Matthew Boling (M), Alexis Holmes (W)) 3:08.80 (2023) |
Format
editRelay race runners typically carry a relay baton which they must transfer between teammates. Runners have a 20 m box (usually marked with blue lines) in which to transfer the baton. The first transfer is made within the staggered lane lines; for the second and third transfers, runners typically line up across the track despite the fact that runners are usually running in line on the inside of the track. This prevents confusion and collisions during transfer. Unlike the 4 × 100 m relay, runners in the 4 × 400 typically look back and grasp the baton from the incoming runner, due to the fatigue of the incoming runner, and the wider margins allowed by the longer distance of the race. Consequently, disqualification is rare.
As runners have a running start, split times cannot be compared to individual 400 m performances. Internationally, the U.S. men's team has dominated the event, but have been challenged by Jamaica in the 1950s and Britain in the 1990s. The current men's Olympic champions are from the United States.
According to the IAAF rules, world records in relays can only be set if all team members have the same nationality.
Mixed-gendered 4 × 400 metres relays were introduced at the 2017 IAAF World Relays, with the IAAF first recognizing a world record in that event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships. In March 2022 World Athletics Council decided a set order – man, woman, man, woman – at future championships.[1]
Records
editWorld Records
edit| Men's Outdoor World Record[2] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Members | Place | Date | Time |
| United States |
Andrew Valmon, Quincy Watts, Butch Reynolds, Michael Johnson | Stuttgart, Germany | 22 August 1993 | 2:54.29 |
Note: The IAAF rescinded a time of 2:54.20 set at Uniondale on 22 July 1998 by the United States (Jerome Young, Antonio Pettigrew, Tyree Washington, Michael Johnson) on 12 August 2008 after Pettigrew admitted to using human growth hormone and EPO between 1997 and 2003.[3]
| Men's Indoor World Record[4] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Members | Place | Date | Time |
| United States |
Amere Lattin, Obi Igbokwe, Jermaine Holt, Kahmari Montgomery | Clemson, United States | 9 February 2019 | 3:01.51 |
Note: The above world record was bettered by three teams at the 2018 NCAA Division I Championship on 10 March 2018 at the Gilliam Indoor Track Stadium in College Station, United States:
- 3:00.77 by the USC team of Zach Shinnick, Rai Benjamin, Ricky Morgan Jr., Michael Norman). This time was not record-eligible because Benjamin was a citizen of Antigua & Barbuda, and the others are United States citizens. Benjamin has since switched to represent the United States.
- 3:01.39 by the Texas A&M team of Ilolo Izu, Robert Grant, Devin Dixon and Mylik Kerley. All four runners represent the United States, and World Athletics currently lists this as the NACAC area record, but it has not been ratified as the world record.[5]
- 3:01.43 by the Florida team of Kunle Fasasi, Grant Holloway, Chantz Sawyers, and Benjamin Lobo Vedel. This time was not record-eligible because Fasasi represents Nigeria, Holloway represents the United States, Sawyers represents Jamaica, and Vedel represents Denmark.
| Women's Outdoor World Record | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Members | Place | Date | Time |
| Soviet Union |
Tatyana Ledovskaya (BLR), Olga Nazarova (RUS), Mariya Pinigina (UKR), Olga Bryzgina (UKR) | Seoul, Korea | 1 October 1988 | 3:15.17 |
| Women's Indoor World Record | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Members | Place | Date | Time |
 Russia |
Yuliya Gushchina, Olga Kotlyarova, Olga Zaytseva, Olesya Krasnomovets | Glasgow, Scotland | 27 January 2006 | 3:23.37 |
Note: The above world record was bettered in a time of 3:21.75 by the University of Arkansas team of Amber Anning, Joanne Reid, Rosey Effiong, and Britton Wilson at the 2023 NCAA Division I Indoor Championship on 11 March 2023 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States. This time was not record-eligible because Anning was a citizen of Great Britain, Reid was a citizen of Jamaica, and Effiong and Wilson were United States citizens.[6]
| Mixed Outdoor World Record | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Members | Place | Date | Time |
| United States |
Vernon Norwood, Shamier Little, Bryce Deadmon, Kaylyn Brown | Saint-Denis, France | 2 August 2024 | 3:07.41 |
| Mixed Indoor World Record | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonexistent[7] |
Olympic Records
edit| Men's Olympic Record | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Members | Place | Date | Time |
| United States |
Christopher Bailey, Vernon Norwood, Bryce Deadmon, Rai Benjamin | Saint-Denis, France | 10 August 2024 | 2:54.43 |
| Women's Olympic Record | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Members | Place | Date | Time |
| Soviet Union |
Tatyana Ledovskaya, Olga Nazarova, Mariya Pinigina, Olga Bryzgina | Seoul, South Korea | 1 October 1988 | 3:15.17 |
| Mixed Olympic Record | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Members | Place | Date | Time |
| United States |
Vernon Norwood, Shamier Little, Bryce Deadmon, Kaylyn Brown | Saint-Denis, France | 2 August 2024 | 3:07.41 |
Continental Records
edit
Notes
editAll-time top 10 by country (outdoor)
editMen
edit
Women
edit
Mixed
edit- Correct as of August 2024.
All-time top 25 (outdoor)
editMen
edit- Updated August 2024.
Note
- A USA team ran 2:54.20 in Uniondale in 1998 but the performance was annulled due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Antonio Pettigrew
- A USA team ran 2:56.35 in Sydney in 2000 but the performance was annulled due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Antonio Pettigrew
- A USA team ran 2:56.45 in Seville in 1999 but the performance was annulled due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Antonio Pettigrew
- A USA team ran 2:56.47 in Athens in 1997 but the performance was annulled due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Antonio Pettigrew
- A USA team ran 2:56.60 in Philadelphia in 2000 but the performance was annulled due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Antonio Pettigrew
Women
edit- Correct as of August 2024.[16]
Note
- A Russian team ran 3:18.82 in Beijing in 2008 but the performance was annulled due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Tatyana Firova
Mixed
edit- Correct as of August 2024.
All-time top 10 by country (indoor)
editMen
edit- Correct as of March 2024.[44]
| Rank | Time | Team | Nation | Date | Place | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3:01.39 | Illolo Izu, Robert Grant, Devin Dixon, Mylik Kerley | United States
|
10 March 2018 | College Station | |
| 2 | 3:01.77 | Karol Zalewski, Rafał Omelko, Łukasz Krawczuk, Jakub Krzewina |  Poland
|
4 March 2018 | Birmingham | [45] |
| 3 | 3:02.51 | Dylan Borlée, Jonathan Borlée, Jonathan Sacoor, Kevin Borlée |  Belgium
|
4 March 2018 | Birmingham | [46] |
| 4 | 3:02.52 | Deon Lendore, Jereem Richards, Asa Guevara, Lalonde Gordon |  Trinidad and Tobago
|
4 March 2018 | Birmingham | [47] |
| 5 | 3:03.05 | Rico Lieder, Jens Carlowitz, Karsten Just, Thomas Schönlebe |  Germany
|
10 March 1991 | Sevilla | |
| 6 | 3:03.20 | Allyn Condon, Solomon Wariso, Adrian Patrick, Jamie Baulch |  Great Britain
|
7 March 1999 | Maebashi | |
| 7 | 3:03.69 | Errol Nolan, Allodin Fothergill, Akheem Gauntlett, Edino Steele |  Jamaica
|
9 March 2014 | Sopot | |
| 8 | 3:04.09 | Daniel Němeček, Patrik Šorm, Jan Tesař, Pavel Maslák |  Czech Republic
|
8 March 2015 | Prague | |
| 9 | 3:04.25 | Liemarvin Bonevacia, Ramsey Angela, Terrence Agard, Tony van Diepen |  Netherlands
|
3 March 2024 | Glasgow | [48] |
| 10 | 3:04.75 | Michael Mathieu, Alonzo Russell, Shavez Hart, Chris Brown |  Bahamas
|
20 March 2016 | Portland | [49] |
Women
edit- Correct as of March 2024.[50]
All-time top 25 (indoor)
editMen
edit- Updated March 2024.
Women
edit- Updated March 2024
Olympic medalists
editMen
edit
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds and also received medals.
Women
edit
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds and also received medals.
- nb1 Marion Jones was stripped of her Olympic medal in 2000.
- nb2 Crystal Cox was stripped of her Olympic medal in 2004.
- nb3 Dominique Blake was accidentally given her Olympic medal and she returned it in 2017.[71]
- a Original silver medalists, Russia, and 4th place finishers, Belarus, were stripped of their results for doping offenses. Following reallocation, Jamaica were promoted to the silver medal, and Great Britain to the bronze.[72]
- b Original silver medalists, Russia, were stripped of their medal for doping offenses. Following reallocation, Jamaica will be promoted to the silver medal, and Ukraine to the bronze.[73]
Mixed
edit
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran only in the preliminary round and also received medals.
World Championships medalists
editMen
edit
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran only in the preliminary round and also received medals.
- dq1 The United States team (Jerome Young, Antonio Pettigrew, Chris Jones and Tyree Washington) originally won the 1997 World Championships in a time of 2:56.47 minutes, but was disqualified in 2009 after Pettigrew admitted to doping during the period.
- dq2 The United States team (Jerome Davis, Antonio Pettigrew, Angelo Taylor and Michael Johnson) originally won the 1999 World Championships, but was disqualified in 2009 after Pettigrew admitted to doping during the period.
- dq3 The United States team (Leonard Byrd, Antonio Pettigrew, Derrick Brew and Angelo Taylor) originally won the 2001 World Championships, but was disqualified in 2009 after Pettigrew admitted to doping during the period.
- dq4 The United States team (Calvin Harrison, Tyree Washington, Derrick Brew and Jerome Young) originally won the 2003 World Championships, but was disqualified in 2004 after Harrison and Young were found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.
- dq5 The Russian team (Maksim Dyldin, Lev Mosin, Sergey Petukhov and Vladimir Krasnov) originally finished third in the 2013 World Championships, but was disqualified after Dyldin was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.
Medalists by country
edit| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  United States (USA) |
12 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
| 2 |  Great Britain (GBR) |
2 | 2 | 5 | 9 |
| 3 |  Bahamas (BAH) |
1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 |  France (FRA) |
1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)
|
1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
| 6 |  Poland (POL) |
1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 7 |  Soviet Union (URS) |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 |  Jamaica (JAM) |
0 | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 9 |  Germany (GER) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
 South Africa (RSA)
|
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 11 |  Belgium (BEL) |
0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 12 |  Australia (AUS) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Women
edit
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran only in the preliminary round and also received medals.
- dq1 The Russian team (Anastasiya Kapachinskaya, Tatyana Firova, Lyudmila Litvinova and Antonina Krivoshapka) originally finished third in the 2009 World Championships, but was disqualified after Kapachinskaya was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.
- dq2 The Russian team (Antonina Krivoshapka, Natalya Antyukh, Lyudmila Litvinova and Anastasiya Kapachinskaya) originally finished third in the 2011 World Championships, but was disqualified after Kapachinskaya was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.
- dq3 The Russian team (Yuliya Gushchina, Tatyana Firova, Kseniya Ryzhova and Antonina Krivoshapka) originally won in the 2013 World Championships, but was disqualified after Krivoshapka was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.
Medalists by country
edit| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) |
10 | 5 | 1 | 16 |
| 2 |  Russia (RUS) |
3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |
| 3 | Jamaica (JAM) |
2 | 6 | 2 | 10 |
| 4 |  East Germany (GDR) |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | Germany (GER) |
1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 6 | Soviet Union (URS) |
1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 7 |  Netherlands (NED) |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Great Britain (GBR) |
0 | 2 | 8 | 10 |
| 9 | Poland (POL) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 |  Czechoslovakia (TCH) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 11 | Australia (AUS) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| France (FRA)
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Mixed
edit
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran only in the preliminary round and also received medals.
World Indoor Championships medalists
editMen
edit
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran only in the preliminary round and also received medals.
- A USA team of Milton Campbell, Leonard Byrd, Trinity Gray and Jerome Young originally finished second in the 2001 World Indoor Championships, but was disqualified after Young was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.[74]
- A USA team of James Davis, Jerome Young, Milton Campbell and Tyree Washington originally won in the 2003 World Indoor Championships, but was disqualified after Young was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.[75]
Women
edit
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran only in the preliminary round and also received medals.
- A Russian team of Svetlana Pospelova, Natalya Nazarova, Kseniya Vdovina and Tatyana Firova originally finished second in the 2010 World Indoor Championships, but was disqualified after Firova was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.[76]
- A Jamaican team of Bobby-Gaye Wilkins, Clora Williams, Davita Prendergast and Novlene Williams-Mills originally finished third in the 2010 World Indoor Championships, but was disqualified after Wilkins was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.[76]
- A Russian team of Yuliya Gushchina, Kseniya Ustalova, Marina Karnaushchenko and Aleksandra Fedoriva originally finished third in the 2012 World Indoor Championships, but was disqualified in 2019 after Gushchina was found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.[77]
Notable splits
editMen
edit- Herb McKenley (Jamaica) ran a 44.6 split in the 1952 Helsinki Olympic final.
- Ron Freeman (USA) ran a 43.2 split in the 1968 Mexico Olympic final.
- Julius Sang (Kenya) ran a 43.6 split in the 1972 Munich Olympic final.
- Alberto Juantorena (Cuba) ran a 43.7 split in the 1977 IAAF World Cup event as part of the Americas team.
- Quincy Watts ran a 43.1 split and Steve Lewis (USA) ran a 43.4 split in the 1992 Barcelona Olympic final.
- Butch Reynolds ran a 43.23 split and Michael Johnson (both USA) ran a 42.91 split in the 1993 Stuttgart World Championship final; the USA team's final time of 2:54.29 is the current world record.
- Mark Richardson (GBR) ran a 43.57 split and Davian Clarke (JAM) ran a 43.51 split in the 1997 Athens World Championship final.
- Jeremy Wariner (USA) ran a 43.10 split in the 2007 Osaka World Championship final.
- Jeremy Wariner (USA) ran a 43.18 split in the 2008 Beijing Olympic final.
- Michael Norman (USA) ran a 43.06 split in the 2018 NCAA West Preliminaries final.[78]
Women
edit- Jarmila Kratochvílová (CZE) ran a 47.6 split in the 1982 Athens European Championship final, a 47.75 split in the 1983 Helsinki World Championship final, and a 47.9 split in the 1983 Europa Cup in London.
- Marita Koch (GDR) ran a 47.70 split in Erfurt 1984, a 47.9 split in the 1982 European Championship final, and a 47.9 split at the 1985 Canberra World Cup.
- Allyson Felix (USA) ran a 47.72 split in the 2015 Beijing World Championships final, a 48.01 split in the 2007 Osaka World Championships final, and a 48.20 split in the 2012 London Olympic final.
- Olga Nazarova and Olga Bryzgina (USSR) both ran a 47.80 split in the 1988 Seoul Olympics final; the Soviet team's final time of 3:15.17 is the current world record.
- Sydney McLaughlin (USA) ran a 47.70[79] split in the 2024 Paris Olympics, and a 47.91 split at the 2022 World Championships in Eugene.
- Femke Bol (NED) ran a 47.93 split in the 2024 Paris Olympics mixed 4x400 final.
- Florence Griffith Joyner (USA) ran a 48.08 split in the 1988 Seoul Olympic final.
Notes and references
edit- ^ "Key competition decisions made at 227th World Athletics Council Meeting". World Athletics. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ "4x400 Metres Relay Records – outdoor". International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ "IAAF deletes Americans' 4 × 400 m world record from the books". The Star. Malaysia. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ "4x400 Metres Relay Records – indoor". World Athletics. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ^ Roy Jordan (10 March 2018). "Norman breaks world indoor 400m record at NCAA Indoor Championships". IAAF. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "Alfred, Garland and Wilson threaten world records at NCAA Indoor Championships". World Athletics. 12 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "4x400 Metres Relay - mixed - senior - all". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ "Stats | World Athletics | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ "Stats | World Athletics | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ "Stats | World Athletics | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ "All-time men's best 4 × 400m Relay". IAAF. 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ "All-time men's best 4 × 400m Relay". alltime-athletics.com. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f "4x400 Metres Relay Result | The XXXIII Olympic Games". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ "Men's 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). olympics.com. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ "All-time women's best 4 × 400m Relay". IAAF. 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ a b "All-time women's best 4 × 400m Relay". alltime-athletics.com. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ a b c "4x400 Metres Relay Result | The XXXIII Olympic Games". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ "Women's 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). olympics.com. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f "4 x 400m Relay Mixed Round 1 Results". Olympics.com. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "4 x 400m Relay Mixed Final Results". Olympics.com. 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ a b "4 x 400m Relay Mixed Final Results". Olympics.com. 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ a b "4 x 400m Relay Mixed Final Results". Olympics.com. 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Mixed 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "4 x 400m Mixed Relay Final - 2020 Olympics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Mike Rowbottom (8 June 2024). "European champions! Inspired Ireland storm to inaugural mixed 4x400m title". European Athletics. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ "4 x 400m Relay Mixed Round 1 Results". Olympics.com. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "4 x 400m Relay Mixed Round 1 Results". Olympics.com. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "Men's 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). olympics.com. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ "Men's 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ^ "4 × 400 m Relay Men − Final − Results" (PDF). IAAF. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ "Men's 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). olympics.com. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ "Men's 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). olympics.com. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ "Women's 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). olympics.com. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ "Women's 4 × 400 m Relay Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ^ "Women 4x400 M Relay Result". flashresults.ncaa.com. 8 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ Jon Mulkeen (9 June 2024). "Pryce, Long and Jones impress in sprints at NCAA Championships". World Athletics. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ "4 x 400 Metres Relay Women − Final − Results" (PDF). IAAF. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ "4 × 400 m Relay Results" (PDF). IAAF. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ "Results - 4 x 400 Metres Relay Mixed - Final" (PDF). World Athletics. 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "4 × 400 m Relay Mixed − Final − Results" (PDF). IAAF. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
- ^ "Mixed 4 x 400 Metres Relay - Round 1 Results Summary" (PDF). World Athletics. 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ a b "4 x 400m Mixed Relay Heat 2 - 2020 Olympics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2021.
- ^ "FINAL | 4x400 Metres Relay | Results | Bahamas 24 | World Athletics Relays". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
- ^ "4x400 Metres Relay Short Track Men". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ Final results
- ^ Final results
- ^ Final results
- ^ "Results 4 x 400 Metres Relay Men - Final" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ Final results
- ^ "4x400 Metres Relay Short Track Women". World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ a b Final results
- ^ a b "Results 4 x 400 Metres Relay Women - Final" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ Final results
- ^ Roy Jordan (10 March 2018). "Norman breaks world indoor 400m record at NCAA Indoor Championships". IAAF. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ Roy Jordan (10 March 2018). "Norman breaks world indoor 400m record at NCAA Indoor Championships". IAAF. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ Roy Jordan (10 March 2018). "Norman breaks world indoor 400m record at NCAA Indoor Championships". IAAF. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ Final results
- ^ Final results
- ^ Final results
- ^ Final results
- ^ "Men's 4×400m Relay Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Men's 4×400m Relay Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ NCAA Indoor Championships Albuquerque, NM - March 10-11, 2023 - Women 4x400 M Relay (Finals) section 3 splits NCAA
- ^ "Women's 4×400m Relay Final Results" (PDF). IAAF. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "Women's 4×400m Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Women's 4×400m Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "4x400m Relay Results". flashresults.com. 11 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Women's 4×400m Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Women's 4×400m Relay Round 1 Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ "Women's 4×400m Relay Final Results" (PDF). IAAF. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "Track and Field Olympians to be Recognized". University Park, Pennsylvania. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Blake, a member of Penn State's NCAA Champion 4x400 in 2008, also had a successful London experience, earning a bronze medal as a member of Jamaica's 4x400 relay pool.
- ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-doping-russia/russia-stripped-of-beijing-2008-4x400m-womens-silver-medal-idUSKCN10U242
- ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/38825752
- ^ "2001 World Indoor Championships men's 4x400m final". Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ "2003 World Indoor Championships men's 4x400m final". Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ a b "2010 World Indoor Championships - Women's 4x400m Relay Final". Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ "2012 World Indoor Championships - Women's 4x400m Relay Final". Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ "Norman and Benjamin the latest stars to shine in the IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/08/10/usa-womens-4x400-olympics-gold-medal/74751695007/
