5-Formylcytosine (5fC) is a pyrimidine nitrogen base derived from cytosine. In the context of nucleic acid chemistry and biology, it is regarded as an epigenetic marker. Discovered in 2011 in mammalian embryonic stem cells by Thomas Carell's research group[1] the modified nucleoside was more recently confirmed to be relevant both as an intermediate in the active demethylation pathway and as a standalone epigenetic marker.[2] In mammals, 5fC is formed by oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) a reaction mediated by TET enzymes.[3] Its molecular formula is C5H5N3O2.[4]
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| Preferred IUPAC name
4-Amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C5H5N3O2 | |
| Molar mass | 139.11 g/mol |
| Appearance | yellow solid |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Localization
editSimilarly to the related cytosine modifications 5-Methylcytosine (5mC) and 5hmC, 5fC is broadly distributed across the mammalian genome, although it is much more rarely occurring.[5] The specific concentration values vary significantly depending on the cell type.[6] 5fC can be aberrantly expressed in distinct sets of tissue that can indicate different tumor onsets and canceration.[7]
Functions
editThe exact functions of 5fC have not been yet precisely defined, although it is likely to play key roles in at least two distinct frameworks. Firstly, 5fC serves as an intermediate of the active demethylation pathway, a process that contributes to the DNA maintenance and integrity by replacing 5mC with canonical cytosine. A central dilemma regarding 5fC (and epigenetics in general) is how reader proteins recognise their substrates with such high specificity over the overwhelming background. Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG), a protein which is involved in the removal of 5fC from DNA in mammals, is especially interesting in this context.[8] Secondly, 5fC can exist as an independent, stable modification, but its role in this context is still blurry. [2]
5fC impact on DNA structure and flexibility
editThe understanding of the impact of 5fC on DNA physical properties is to date limited. Recent studies have reported contradictory findings regarding the structural impact of 5fC on DNA.[9][10] On the other hand, several researchers working independently have identified 5fC to distinctly increase DNA flexibility.[11][12] 5fC also curtails DNA double helix stability and increases base pair opening.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Pfaffeneder, Toni; Hackner, Benjamin; Truß, Matthias; Münzel, Martin; Müller, Markus; Deiml, Christian A.; Hagemeier, Christian; Carell, Thomas (2011). "The Discovery of 5-Formylcytosine in Embryonic Stem Cell DNA". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (31): 7008–7012. doi:10.1002/anie.201103899. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 21721093.
- ^ a b Bachman, Martin; Uribe-Lewis, Santiago; Yang, Xiaoping; Burgess, Heather E.; Iurlaro, Mario; Reik, Wolf; Murrell, Adele; Balasubramanian, Shankar (2015). "5-Formylcytosine can be a stable DNA modification in mammals". Nature Chemical Biology. 11 (8): 555–557. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1848. ISSN 1552-4469. PMC 5486442. PMID 26098680.
- ^ Ito, Shinsuke; Shen, Li; Dai, Qing; Wu, Susan C.; Collins, Leonard B.; Swenberg, James A.; He, Chuan; Zhang, Yi (2011-09-02). "Tet Proteins Can Convert 5-Methylcytosine to 5-Formylcytosine and 5-Carboxylcytosine". Science. 333 (6047): 1300–1303. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1300I. doi:10.1126/science.1210597. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3495246. PMID 21778364.
- ^ PubChem. "5-Formylcytosine". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
- ^ Wu, Xiaoji; Zhang, Yi (2017). "TET-mediated active DNA demethylation: mechanism, function and beyond". Nature Reviews Genetics. 18 (9): 517–534. doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.33. ISSN 1471-0064. PMID 28555658. S2CID 3393814.
- ^ Song, Chun-Xiao; Szulwach, Keith; Dai, Qing; Fu, Ye; Mao, Shi-Qing; Lin, Li; Street, Craig; Li, Yujing; Poidevin, Mickael; Wu, Hao; Gao, Juan (2013). "Genome-wide Profiling of 5-Formylcytosine Reveals Its Roles in Epigenetic Priming". Cell. 153 (3): 678–691. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.001. PMC 3657391. PMID 23602153.
- ^ Wang, Yafen; Zhang, Xiong; Zou, Guangrong; Peng, Shuang; Liu, Chaoxing; Zhou, Xiang (2019-01-22). "Detection and Application of 5-Formylcytosine and 5-Formyluracil in DNA". Accounts of Chemical Research. 52 (4): 1016–1024. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00543. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 30666870. S2CID 58623597.
- ^ Maiti, Atanu; Michelson, Anna Zhachkina; Armwood, Cherece J.; Lee, Jeehiun K.; Drohat, Alexander C. (2013-10-23). "Divergent Mechanisms for Enzymatic Excision of 5-Formylcytosine and 5-Carboxylcytosine from DNA". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (42): 15813–15822. doi:10.1021/ja406444x. ISSN 0002-7863. PMC 3930231. PMID 24063363.
- ^ Raiber, Eun-Ang; Murat, Pierre; Chirgadze, Dimitri Y.; Beraldi, Dario; Luisi, Ben F.; Balasubramanian, Shankar (2015). "5-Formylcytosine alters the structure of the DNA double helix". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 22 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2936. ISSN 1545-9985. PMC 4287393. PMID 25504322. S2CID 10288745.
- ^ Hardwick, Jack S; Ptchelkine, Denis; El-Sagheer, Afaf H; Tear, Ian; Singleton, Daniel; Phillips, Simon E V; Lane, Andrew N; Brown, Tom (2017). "5-Formylcytosine does not change the global structure of DNA". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 24 (6): 544–552. doi:10.1038/nsmb.3411. ISSN 1545-9993. PMC 5747368. PMID 28504696.
- ^ Ngo, Thuy T. M.; Yoo, Jejoong; Dai, Qing; Zhang, Qiucen; He, Chuan; Aksimentiev, Aleksei; Ha, Taekjip (2016-02-24). "Effects of cytosine modifications on DNA flexibility and nucleosome mechanical stability". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 10813. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710813N. doi:10.1038/ncomms10813. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4770088. PMID 26905257.
- ^ Sanstead, Paul J.; Ashwood, Brennan; Dai, Qing; He, Chuan; Tokmakoff, Andrei (2020-02-20). "Oxidized Derivatives of 5-Methylcytosine Alter the Stability and Dehybridization Dynamics of Duplex DNA". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 124 (7): 1160–1174. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11511. ISSN 1520-6106. PMC 7136776. PMID 31986043.
- ^ Dubini, Romeo C. A.; Schön, Alexander; Müller, Markus; Carell, Thomas; Rovó, Petra (2020). "Impact of 5-formylcytosine on the melting kinetics of DNA by 1H NMR chemical exchange". Nucleic Acids Research. 48 (15): 8796–8807. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa589. PMC 7470965. PMID 32652019.