The 6th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army active in World War I, World War II, and the last years of the Cold War. Known as "Red Star", it was previously called the "Sight Seein' Sixth".[1]
| 6th Infantry Division | |
|---|---|
 6th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia | |
| Active | 1917–1921 1939–1949 1950–1956 1986–1994 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Army |
| Role | Light infantry (1986–1994) |
| Size | Division |
| Nickname(s) | "Red Star" "Sight Seein' Sixth" (former)[1] |
| Motto(s) | On the Line |
| Engagements | |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Edwin D. Patrick Orlando Ward Robert T. Frederick David Bramlett |
| Insignia | |
| Distinctive Unit Insignia |  |
World War I
editActivated: November 1917
Subordinate Units:
- Headquarters, 6th Division
- 11th Infantry Brigade
- 51st Infantry Regiment
- 52nd Infantry Regiment
- 17th Machine Gun Battalion
- 12th Infantry Brigade
- 53rd Infantry Regiment
- 54th Infantry Regiment
- 18th Machine Gun Battalion
- 6th Field Artillery Brigade
- 3rd Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
- 11th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
- 78th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
- 6th Trench Mortar Battery
- 16th Machine Gun Battalion
- 318th Engineer Regiment
- 6th Field Signal Battalion
- Headquarters Troop, 6th Division
- 6th Train Headquarters and Military Police
- 6th Ammunition Train
- 6th Supply Train
- 6th Engineer Train
- 6th Sanitary Train
- 20th, 37th, 38th, and 40th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals
The division went overseas in June 1918, and saw 43 days of combat. Casualties totalled 386 (KIA: 38; WIA: 348).
The 6th Division saw combat in the Geradmer sector, Vosges, France, 3 September – 18 October 1918, and during the Meuse-Argonne offensive 1–11 November 1918.[2] Separately the 11th Field Artillery Battalion became engaged earlier in the Meuse-Argonne offensive and fought from 19 October to the Armistice.
Commanders
edit| Col. Charles E. Tayman | 26 November 1917 – 28 December 1917 |
| Brig. Gen. James Brailsford Erwin | 29 December 1917 – 27 August 1918 |
| Maj. Gen. Walter H. Gordon | 28 August 1918 – 1 June 1919 |
Interwar period
editThe 6th Division arrived at Camp Mills, New York, on 10 June 1919 after completing 6 months of training at Aignay-le-Duc, France, and occupation duty near and in Bad Bertrich, Germany. On arrival, emergency period personnel were discharged from the service at Camp Mills. The division proceeded to Camp Grant, Illinois, arrived 17 June, and remained there until September 1921. The division was inactivated, less the 12th Infantry Brigade and several smaller units, on 30 September 1921 at Camp Grant. Concurrently, the inactivated units were assigned active associate units for mobilization purposes. The 6th Division was allotted to the Sixth Corps Area for mobilization responsibility and assigned to the VI Corps. Camp Grant was designated as the mobilization and training station for the division upon reactivation. During the period 1921–39, the active elements of the 6th Division consisted of the 12th Infantry Brigade and other assorted divisional elements that formed the base force from which the remainder of the division would be reactivated in the event of war. The division headquarters was organized on 17 April 1926 with Organized Reserve personnel as a “Regular Army Inactive” (RAI) unit at Chicago, Illinois. Additionally, most of the division's inactive elements were also organized in the Chicago area by mid-1927 as RAI units. The active elements of the division maintained habitual training relationships with divisional RAI units, as well as those of the VI Corps, XVI Corps, and the 85th, 86th, and 101st Divisions. The RAI and Reserve units often trained with the active elements of the division during summer training camps which were usually conducted at Camp Custer, Michigan, Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and at the regimental home stations of the 2nd and 6th Infantry Regiments. These two regiments also supported the Reserve units’ conduct of the Citizens Military Training Camps held at Fort Sheridan and Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.
The 12th Infantry Brigade, reinforced by the active elements of the 6th Tank Company, 6th Field Artillery Brigade, 3rd and 14th Field Artillery Regiments, and the 6th Quartermaster Regiment, held maneuvers at Camp Custer in those years when funds were available. During these maneuvers, the 6th Division headquarters was often formed in a provisional status to train Regular and Reserve officers in division-level command and control procedures. The division was also provisionally formed for the August 1936 Second Army maneuvers at Camp Custer and near Allegan, Michigan. For that maneuver, the division (12th Infantry Brigade as the nucleus) was reinforced by the Illinois National Guard's 8th Infantry (Colored), in addition to the other active divisional elements. Under the new “triangular” tables of organization, the 6th Division was reactivated 10 October 1939 at Fort Lewis, Washington. It was transferred to Fort Jackson, South Carolina, on 9 November 1939, relieved from the VI Corps, and attached to the IV Corps. After maneuvers in Louisiana in May 1940, the division was transferred to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and assigned to the Second Army. The division participated in the Second Army maneuvers at Camp Ripley, Minnesota, in August 1940, in the Second Army maneuvers in Arkansas in August 1941, and in the GHQ maneuvers in Louisiana in September–October 1941. After the GHQ maneuvers, the 6th Division was moved to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, for permanent station and arrived there 10 October 1941.[3]
World War II
edit
See also:Another image
Activated: 12 October 1939 at Fort Lewis, Washington State
- Overseas: 21 July 1943
- Campaigns: Luzon, New Guinea
- Days of combat: 306
- Distinguished Unit Citations: 7
- Awards: MH: 2, DSC: 10, DSM: 3, SS: 697, LM: 18, DFC: 3, SM: 94, BSM: 3,797, AM: 45.
Order of battle
edit- Headquarters, 6th Infantry Division
- 1st Infantry Regiment
- 20th Infantry Regiment
- 63rd Infantry Regiment
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 6th Infantry Division Artillery
- 1st Field Artillery Battalion
- 51st Field Artillery Battalion
- 53rd Field Artillery Battalion
- 80th Field Artillery Battalion
- 6th Engineer Combat Battalion
- 6th Medical Battalion
- 6th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
- Headquarters, Special Troops, 6th Infantry Division
- Headquarters Company, 6th Infantry Division
- 706th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
- 6th Quartermaster Company
- 6th Signal Company
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
- 6th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment
World War II combat chronicle
editThe division moved to Hawaii in July and August 1943 to assume defensive positions on Oahu, training meanwhile in jungle warfare. It moved to Milne Bay, New Guinea, 31 January 1944, and trained until early June 1944. The division first saw combat in the Toem-Wakde area of Dutch New Guinea, engaging in active patrolling 14–18 June, after taking up positions 6–14 June. Moving west of Toem, it fought the bloody Battle of Lone Tree Hill, 21–30 June, and secured the Maffin Bay area by 12 July.
After a brief rest, the division made an assault landing at Sansapor, 30 July, on the Vogelkop Peninsula. The 6th secured the coast from Cape Waimak to the Mega River and garrisoned the area until December 1944.
The division landed at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, in the Philippines on D-day, 9 January 1945, and pursued the Japanese into the Cabanatuan hills, 17–21 January, capturing Muñoz on 7 February. On 27 January, Special Operations units also attached to the Sixth United States Army took part in the Raid at Cabanatuan. The division then drove northeast to Dingalan Bay and Baler Bay, 13 February, isolating enemy forces in southern Luzon. The U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment operated on Bataan together with the Philippine Commonwealth forces, 14–21 February, cutting the peninsula from Abucay to Bagac.
The division then took part in the Battle of Manila, shifting to the Shimbu Line northeast of Manila, on 24 February to take part in the longest continuous combat operation of the division in the Battle of Wawa Dam. The 6th Division faced a tough seesaw battle versus the Shimbu Group as the Japanese Shimbu Group created network of tunnels, artillery positions, and machine gun nests in the hill country of Antipolo, San Mateo, and Montalban in Rizal Province. The terrain is formed by sharp hills and deep valleys, where direct assaults could be made in a day, and the next day units would be forced to retreat. The 6th Division took Mount Mataba on 17 April, Mount Pacawagan on 29 April,Bolog on 29 June, Lane's Ridge of Mount Santo Domingo on 10 July, and Kiangan, 12 July. The 6th remained with the Philippine Military forces in the Cagayan Valley and the Cordillera Mountains until VJ-day.[4]
After the war, the division moved to Korea and controlled the southern half of the United States zone of occupation until inactivated. [5]
Casualties
edit- Total battle casualties: 2,370[6]
- Killed in action: 410[6]
- Wounded in action: 1,957[6]
- Missing in action: 3[6]
Medal of Honor recipients
editMedal of Honor recipients for the 6th Infantry Division during World War II:
- Corporal Melvin Mayfield of Company D, 20th Infantry Regiment, 6th Infantry Division—Cordillera Mountains, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 29 July 1945
- Second Lieutenant (then T/Sgt.) Donald E. Rudolph of Company E, 2nd Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 6th Infantry Division—Munoz, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 5 February 1945
Commanders
edit| Brig. Gen. Clement Augustus Trott | October 1939 – October 1940 |
| Brig. Gen. Frederick E. Uhl | October 1940 – December 1940 |
| Maj. Gen. Clarence S. Ridley | January 1941 – August 1942 |
| Maj. Gen. Durward S. Wilson | September 1942 – October 1942 |
| Maj. Gen. Franklin C. Sibert | October 1942 – August 1944 |
| Maj. Gen. Edwin Davies Patrick † | August 1944 – March 1945 |
| Maj. Gen. Charles E. Hurdis | March 1945 – April 1946 |
| Col. George M. Williamson Jr. | April 1946 – June 1946 |
| Maj. Gen. Albert E. Brown | June 1946 – September 1946 |
| Brig. Gen. John T. Pierce | September 1946 – October 1946 |
| Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward | October 1946 – 1 January 1949 |
Post World War
editCold War era
editThe 6th Division was reactivated 4 October 1950 at Fort Ord, California. There the division remained throughout the Korean War, training troops and providing personnel for combat, but was never deployed overseas as an entity itself and was again inactivated on 3 April 1956.
In the American build-up during the Vietnam War the Division was reactivated in 1967 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and later a forward brigade was located in Hawaii.[7] There was sentiment against sending the Division to Vietnam because its shoulder sleeve insignia (a red six-pointed star) invited a derisive nickname ("Commie Jew Division") that General Westmoreland, cognizant of troop morale problems, considered too offensive, and the decision was made instead to form the Americal Division (23rd Infantry Division), with less offensive insignia, in Vietnam itself. During June 1968 the US Joint Chiefs of Staff also declared the Division unsuitable for combatant deployment because it failed its readiness report and shortly thereafter the Division was inactivated on 25 July 1968.[8]
The Division never received its full TO&E equipment and most of its personnel were Vietnam returnees. The purpose for activating the division was to obtain military hardware which would eventually be turned over to the South Vietnamese.
The last incarnation of the Division came on 16 April 1986 under the command of Major General Johnnie H. Corns at Fort Richardson, Alaska when the assets of the 172nd Infantry Brigade were used to reactivate the 6th Infantry Division (Light). Over the next seven years the 6th was the U.S. Army's primary Arctic warfare division.
Organization 1989
editThe planned activation of two additional light infantry battalions for the division, one at Fort Richardson in October 1988, and one at Fort Wainwright in May 1989, was cancelled with the Fiscal Year 1988 budget.[9] To round-out the division the 6th Battalion, 297th Infantry, of the Alaska Army National Guard was activated on 1 September 1989.[10]
At the end of the Cold War parts of the division were organized as follows:
- 6th Infantry Division (Light), Fort Richardson, Alaska
- Headquarters & Headquarters Company
- 1st Brigade, Fort Richardson
- 1st Battalion(LT), 17th Infantry Regiment (United States)
- 2nd Battalion(LT), 17th Infantry Regiment. (October 1989 2-17 Infantry became 1-501 Infantry)
- 1st Battalion (ABN), 501st Infantry Regiment (United States)[11]
- 6th Battalion(MECH), 297th Infantry Regiment (United States), an Alaska Army National Guard, unit.[12]
- 2nd Brigade, Fort Wainwright
- 4th Battalion(LT), 9th Infantry Regiment (United States)
- 5th Battalion(LT), 9th Infantry Regiment
- 205th Infantry Brigade (Light), Fort Snelling, Minnesota (Army Reserve)[13][14]
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company
- 3rd Battalion, 3rd Infantry, Saint Paul, Minnesota[13][15][14]
- 1st Battalion, 409th Infantry, St. Cloud, Minnesota[16]
- 1st Battalion, 410th Infantry, Iowa City, Iowa[17][14]
- 3rd Battalion, 14th Field Artillery, Sioux City, Iowa (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzer)[18][14][19][20][21]
- Support Battalion[22]
- Cavalry Troop[22]
- Engineer Company[22]
- Aviation Brigade, Fort Wainwright
- Division Artillery, Fort Richardson, Alaska[18][19][20][21]
- Headquarters & Headquarters Battery
- 4th Battalion, 11th Field Artillery, Fort Richardson (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzer)[19][20][21][18]
- 5th Battalion, 11th Field Artillery, Fort Wainwright (18 × M101 105mm towed howitzer)[19][20][21][18]
- Battery G, 11th Field Artillery, Mankato, Minnesota (Army Reserve, 8 × M198 155 mm towed howitzer)[19][20][21][18]
- 6th Division Support Command
- Headquarters & Headquarters Company, 706th Maintenance Battalion (Arctic Workhorse) which included Medical, Supply, Transportation and Maintenance Companies [citation needed]
- 431st Aviation Intermediate Maintenance Company, Saint Paul, Minnesota (Army Reserve)[24]
- 1st Battalion, 188th Air Defense Artillery, Grand Forks, North Dakota (North Dakota Army National Guard)[26][27]
- 6th Engineer Battalion, Fort Wainwright[28]
- 6th Signal Battalion, Fort Richardson[29]
- 106th Military Intelligence Battalion, Fort Richardson[30]
- 6th Military Police Company[citation needed]
- Chemical Company[citation needed]
- 6th Division Band
In 1988 the airborne companies (Charlie Airborne) of 1-17 Infantry, 2-17 Infantry and 4-9 Infantry were consolidated in 2-17 Infantry, giving the 6th ID an airborne battalion. Notable operational deployments included an eight-month deployment to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt by 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, in 1990 as part of the Multinational Force and Observers. The deployment began as a six-month rotation but was extended in August 1990 due to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait which precipitated Operation Desert Shield and delayed the arrival of their relieving unit. The division headquarters was moved from Fort Richardson to Fort Wainwright (near Fairbanks) in 1990.[31] Commanders during the Arctic activation included Maj. Gen. Johnnie H. Corns (1986–1988), Maj. Gen. Samuel E. Ebbesen (1990–1992)[32] and Maj. Gen. David A. Bramlett (1992–1994).[33] The division had two active maneuver brigades and the Army Reserve's 205th Infantry Brigade (Light) was assigned as the division's roundout force. The 1st Battalion, 188th Air Defense Artillery of the North Dakota Army National Guard served as the division's roundout Air Defense Artillery. They were the only National Guard Air Defense battalion to ever roundout an active duty division.[34]
Inactivation
editThe division was inactivated most recently on 6 July 1994, and reduced to a single brigade, the 1st Brigade, 6th Infantry Division. In reality, the 6th no longer existed as a division and command of the brigade fell under the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) at Fort Drum, NY. In April 1998, 1st Brigade was reflagged back to the separate 172nd Infantry Brigade from which the division had been reestablished in 1986. The 172nd Brigade was then reflagged as the 1st Brigade Combat Team (Stryker), 25th Infantry Division on 16 December 2006.[35]
On 16 October 2008 the division's HHC 6th Engineer Battalion[36] was reactivated as a non-divisional unit in Alaska.[37] In this new role it is configured as an Airborne unit with two subordinate engineer companies: the 23d Engineer Company[38] and the 84th Engineer Company.[39]
References
edit- ^ a b "Special Unit Designations". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ George B. Clark, The American Expeditionary Force in World War I: A Statistical History 1917–1919, McFarland, 2012, ISBN 0786472235, ISBN 9780786472239, p. 106
- ^ Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle 1919-1941 Volume 1. The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 213–214.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "A Brief History of the 6th Infantry Division". 6th Infantry Division. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
- ^ Gugeler, Russell A. (2008). Major General Orlando Ward: Life of a Leader. Red Anvil Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-1-932762-89-1.
- ^ a b c d Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
- ^ Stanton, Shelby, Vietnam Order of Battle: A Complete Illustrated Reference to the U.S. Army and Allied Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1973, Stackpole Books, 2006, pp. 340–341 where a divisional order of battle at Fort Campbell and Hawaii can be found.
- ^ Stanton, Shelby, The Rise and Fall of an American Army, Random House 2003, p. 367
- ^ "Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1989". United States Congress. Senate Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Defense. 1988. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ "Historical Summary: FY 1989". Department of the Army. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Lineages and Honors Information". Archived from the original on 9 November 2010.
- ^ "National Guard Given New Command, Duties". Daily Sitka Sentinel. 30 August 1989. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Captain Dick Gilliam (1985). "Arctic Fighters". Army Reserve Magazine. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d "The 205th Infantry Brigade". Infantry May–June 1986. 1986. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ "3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)". Charlie Company COMPANY 4th Bn. 3rd Infantry Reg. "The Old Guard". Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ "1st Battalion 409th Infantry Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "1st Battalion 410th Infantry Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e McKenney, Janice E. "Field Artillery - Army Lineage Series - Part 1" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Field Artillery - February 1987". US Army Field Artillery School. 1987. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Field Artillery - December 1989". US Army Field Artillery School. 1988. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Field Artillery - February 1990". US Army Field Artillery School. 1990. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ a b c "All about the Army Reserve". Army Reserve Magazine Winter 1985. 1985. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "From cold-weather tests to Strykers and helicopters - 70 years of history". www.army.mil. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ a b Sgt. Gloria F., Burmeister (1991). "North Central Aviators find Alaska warmer than home". Army Reserve Magazine, Volumes 37-38. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Captain William C., Quistorf (1989). "Activation of the 4th Battalion, 123rd Aviation". United States Army Aviation Digest, Issue 9. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "1st Battalion, 188th Air Defense Artillery Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "1-188th ADA trains at McGregor". Air Defense Artillery, Issue 5. 1989. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "6th Engineer Battalion Lineage". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Robbins Raines, Rebecca. "Signal Corps" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ John Patrick Finnegan; Romana Danysh. "Military Intelligence" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "The Army in Alaska". www.usarak.army.mil. Archived from the original on 18 August 2006.
- ^ "Lieutenant General Samuel e. Ebbesen, United States Army | Capitol Wo…". Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- ^ "Northern Edge". www.army.mil. Archived from the original on 14 April 2006.
- ^ "1st Battalion, 188th Air Defense Artillery (HVY) (MSCS)".
- ^ "25th Infantry Division Association: The Units". 25thida.org. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ "6th Engineer Battalion". The Institute of Heraldry. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ "6th Engineer Battalion". Archived from the original on 2 August 2009.
- ^ "23d Engineer Company". The Institute of Heraldry. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ "84th Engineer Company". The Institute of Heraldry. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950 reproduced at CMH Archived 21 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
- The Army in Alaska.
- Northern Edge.
External links
edit
- Brief History of the 6th US Infantry Division By Thomas E. Price
- Unit Histories Site Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- Reunion page @ Military.com
- The short film Big Picture: The 6th Infantry Division is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.