In military terms, 78th Division or 78th Infantry Division may refer to:
- Infantry divisions
- 78th Division (People's Republic of China), a unit of the Chinese Army 1952–1954; later the Inner Changshan Garrison Division
- 78th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China), 1969–1985
- 78th Reserve Division (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
- 78th Infantry Division (Germany), a unit of the German Army
- 78th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), a unit of the Soviet Army
- 78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom), a unit of the United Kingdom Army
- 78th Division (United States), a unit of the United States Army
- Armoured divisions