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Anton Zeilinger

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Anton Zeilinger (German: [ˈanton ˈtsaɪlɪŋɐ]; born 20 May 1945) is an Austrian quantum physicist and Nobel laureate in physics of 2022.[8] Zeilinger is professor of physics emeritus at the University of Vienna and senior scientist at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.[9] Most of his research concerns the fundamental aspects and applications of quantum entanglement.

Anton Zeilinger
Zeilinger in 2011
Born (1945-05-20) 20 May 1945 (age 79)
Ried im Innkreis, Austria
Alma mater
Known for
Awards
[1]
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics, Quantum mechanics
Institutions
ThesisNeutron depolarization measurements on a Dy-single crystal (1972)
Doctoral advisorHelmut Rauch
Doctoral students

In 2007, Zeilinger received the first Inaugural Isaac Newton Medal of the Institute of Physics, London, for "his pioneering conceptual and experimental contributions to the foundations of quantum physics, which have become the cornerstone for the rapidly-evolving field of quantum information".[10][9] In October 2022, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Alain Aspect and John Clauser for their work involving experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.[11]

Early life and education

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Anton Zeilinger was born in 1945 in Ried im Innkreis, Upper Austria, Austria. He studied physics at the University of Vienna from 1963 to 1971.[12] He received a doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1971, with a thesis on "Neutron depolarization measurements on a Dy-single crystal" under Helmut Rauch. He qualified as a university lecturer (habilitation) at the Vienna University of Technology in 1979.[13][14][15]

Career

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In the 1970s, Zeilinger worked at the Vienna Atominstitut as a research assistant and later as an associate researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Neutron Diffraction Laboratory until 1979, when he accepted the position of assistant professor at the same Atominstitut. That year he qualified as a university professor at the Vienna University of Technology.[12] [16]

In 1981 Zeilinger returned to MIT, as an associate professor on the physics faculty, until 1983. Between 1980 and 1990 he worked as a professor at the Vienna University of Technology, the Technical University of Munich, the University of Innsbruck and the University of Vienna.[17]

He was also the scientific director of the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information in Vienna between 2004 and 2013.[12] Zeilinger became professor emeritus at the University of Vienna in 2013.[12] He was president of the Austrian Academy of Sciences from 2013 till 2022.[18]

Since 2006, Zeilinger is the vice chairman of the board of trustees of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria, an ambitious project initiated by Zeilinger's proposal. In 2009, he founded the International Academy Traunkirchen,[19] which is dedicated to the support of gifted students in science and technology. He is a fan of the Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy by Douglas Adams, going so far as to name his sailboat 42.[20]

Research

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Quantum teleportation

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Most widely known is his first realization of quantum teleportation of an independent qubit.[21] He later expanded this work to developing a source for freely propagating teleported qubits[22] and quantum teleportation over 144 kilometers between two Canary Islands.[23] Quantum teleportation is an essential concept in many quantum information protocols. Besides its role for the transfer of quantum information, it is also considered as an important possible mechanism for building gates within quantum computers.[24]

Entanglement swapping – teleportation of entanglement

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Entanglement swapping is the teleportation of an entangled state. After its proposal,[25] entanglement swapping was first realized experimentally by Zeilinger's group in 1998.[26] It was then applied to carry out a delayed-choice entanglement swapping test.[27]

Entanglement beyond two qubits – GHZ-states and their realizations

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Anton Zeilinger holding a sculpture by Julian Voss-Andreae, photo by J. Godany

Anton Zeilinger contributed to the opening up of the field of multi-particle entanglement.[28] In 1990, he was the first with Daniel Greenberger and Michael Horne to work on entanglement of more than two qubits.[29] The resulting GHZ theorem (see Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state) is fundamental for quantum physics, as it provides the most succinct contradiction between local realism and the predictions of quantum mechanics.[30]

GHZ states were the first instances of multi-particle entanglement ever investigated.[31]

Finally, in 1999, he succeeded in providing the first experimental evidence of entanglement beyond two particles[32] and also the first test of quantum nonlocality for GHZ states.[33]

Quantum communication, quantum cryptography, quantum computation

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In 1998 (published in 2000), his group was the first to implement quantum cryptography with entangled photons.[34][35]


He then also applied quantum entanglement to optical quantum computation, where in 2005,[36] he performed the first implementation of one-way quantum computation. This is a protocol based on quantum measurement as proposed by Knill, Laflamme and Milburn.[37]

The experiments of Zeilinger and his group on the distribution of entanglement over large distances began with both free-space and fiber-based quantum communication and teleportation between laboratories located on the different sides of the river Danube.[38] This was then extended to larger distances across the city of Vienna[39] and over 144 km between two Canary Islands, resulting in a successful demonstration that quantum communication with satellites is feasible. His dream is to put sources of entangled light onto a satellite in orbit.[20] A first step was achieved during an experiment at the Italian Matera Laser Ranging Observatory [it].[40]

Further novel entangled states

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With his group, Anton Zeilinger made many contributions to the realization of novel entangled states. The source for polarization-entangled photon pairs developed with Paul Kwiat when he was a PostDoc in Zeilinger's group[41] is used in many laboratories. The first demonstration of entanglement of orbital angular momentum of photons opened up a new field of research in many laboratories.[42]

Macroscopic quantum superposition

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Zeilinger is also interested to extend quantum mechanics into the macroscopic domain. In the early 1990s, he started experiments in the field of atom optics. He developed a number of ways to coherently manipulate atomic beams, many of which, like the coherent energy shift of an atomic De Broglie wave upon diffraction at a time-modulated light wave, have become part of today's ultracold atom experiments. In 1999, Zeilinger abandoned atom optics for experiments with very complex and massive macro-molecules – fullerenes. The successful demonstration of quantum interference for these C60 and C70 molecules[43] in 1999 opened up a very active field of research.

In 2005, Zeilinger with his group investigated the quantum physics of mechanical cantilevers. In the year 2006 along with Heidmann in Paris[citation needed] and Kippenberg in Garching[citation needed] they demonstrated experimentally the self-cooling of a micro-mirror by radiation pressure, that is, without feedback.[44]

Using orbital angular momentum states, he was able to demonstrate entanglement of angular momentum up to 300 ħ.[45]

Further fundamental tests

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Zeilinger's program of fundamental tests of quantum mechanics is aimed at implementing experimental realizations of many non-classical features of quantum physics for individual systems. In 1998,[46] he provided the final test of Bell's inequality closing the communication loophole by using superfast random number generators. His group also realized the first Bell inequality experiment implementing the freedom-of-choice condition[47] and provided the first realization of a Bell test without the fair sampling assumption for photons.[48]

Among the further fundamental tests he performed the most notable one is his test of a large class of nonlocal realistic theories proposed by Leggett.[49] The group of theories excluded by that experiment can be classified as those which allow reasonable subdivision of ensembles into sub-ensembles. It goes significantly beyond Bell's theorem. While Bell showed that a theory which is both local and realistic is at variance with quantum mechanics, Leggett considered nonlocal realistic theories where the individual photons are assumed to carry polarization. The resulting Leggett inequality was shown to be violated in the experiments of the Zeilinger group.[50]

In an analogous way, his group showed that even quantum systems where entanglement is not possible exhibit non-classical features which cannot be explained by underlying non-contextual probability distributions.[51]

Neutron interferometry

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Anton Zeilinger's earliest work is perhaps his least known. His work on neutron interferometry has provided a foundation for his later research.[52]

As a member of the group of his thesis supervisor, Helmut Rauch, at the Technical University of Vienna, Zeilinger participated in a number of neutron interferometry experiments at the Institut Laue–Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble. His very first such experiment confirmed a fundamental prediction of quantum mechanics, the sign change of a spinor phase upon rotation.[53] This was followed by the first experimental realization of coherent spin superposition of matter waves. He continued his work in neutron interferometry at MIT with C.G. Shull (Nobel Laureate), focusing specifically on dynamical diffraction effects of neutrons in perfect crystals which are due to multi-wave coherent superposition. After his return to Europe, he built up an interferometer for very cold neutrons which preceded later similar experiments with atoms. The fundamental experiments there included a most precise test of the linearity of quantum mechanics. Zeilinger built a double-slit diffraction experiment[54] on the S18 instrument at the Institut Laue-Langevin which, later on, gained in accuracy and could act with only one neutron at a time in the apparatus.[55]

Honours and awards

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International prizes and awards

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Austrian prizes and awards

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Zeilinger has been interviewed by Morgan Freeman in season 2 of Through the Wormhole.[71]

References

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  1. ^ a b Korte, Andrea (4 October 2022). "AAAS Fellow Anton Zeilinger Is a Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  2. ^ Barz, Stefanie (15 October 2012). "Photonic Quantum Computing". Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2021 – via othes.univie.ac.at.
  3. ^ "Prof. Dr. Stefanie Barz". Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, University of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  4. ^ "Prof. Jian-Wei Pan". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  5. ^ Thomas Jennewein (11 June 2002). "Quantum Communication and Teleportation Experiments using Entangled Photon Pairs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  6. ^ "Gregor Weihs – CV". Universität Innsbruck. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  7. ^ Weihs, G.; Jennewein, T.; Simon, C.; Weinfurter, H.; Zeilinger, A. (7 December 1998). "Violation of Bell's Inequality under Strict Einstein Locality Conditions". Physical Review Letters. 81 (23): 5039–5043. arXiv:quant-ph/9810080. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..81.5039W. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.81.5039. S2CID 29855302.
  8. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  9. ^ a b "Anton Zeilinger". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  10. ^ "Anton Zeilinger scoops first Isaac Newton medal". Physics World. 3 October 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  11. ^ a b Ahlander, Johan; Burger, Ludwig; Pollard, Niklas (4 October 2022). "Nobel physics prize goes to sleuths of 'spooky' quantum science". Reuters. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d "Anton Zeilinger". Encyclopedia Britannica. 16 May 2024.
  13. ^ "Curriculum Vitae Anton Zeilinger" (PDF). Austrian Academy of Sciences. 30 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  14. ^ "Neutron depolarization measurements on a Dy-single crystal" (PDF). Austrian Academy of Sciences. 1972. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  15. ^ For a history of Zeilinger's career in the Austrian context of the rise of quantum foundationd and quantum information, see Del Santo, F. and Schwarzhans, E., 2022. “Philosophysics” at the University of Vienna: The (Pre-) History of Foundations of Quantum Physics in the Viennese Cultural Context. Physics in Perspective, 24(2-3), pp.125-153. {cite|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.11969}
  16. ^ Del Santo, F. and Schwarzhans, E., 2022. “Philosophysics” at the University of Vienna: The (Pre-) History of Foundations of Quantum Physics in the Viennese Cultural Context. Physics in Perspective, 24(2-3), pp.125-153. {cite|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.11969}
  17. ^ Del Santo, F. and Schwarzhans, E., 2022. “Philosophysics” at the University of Vienna: The (Pre-) History of Foundations of Quantum Physics in the Viennese Cultural Context. Physics in Perspective, 24(2-3), pp.125-153. {cite|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.11969}
  18. ^ "Anton Zeilinger – new President of the Austrian Academy of Sciences". Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology. 16 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  19. ^ "International Academy Traunkirchen". Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  20. ^ a b Minkel, JR (1 August 2007). "The Gedanken Experimenter". Scientific American. 297 (2): 94–96. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297b..94M. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0807-94. PMID 17894178.
  21. ^ D. Bouwmeester, J. W. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter & A. Zeilinger, Experimental Quantum Teleportation, Nature 390, 575–579 (1997). Abstract Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Selected for the Nature "Looking Back" category of classic papers from Nature's archive; one of ISI's "Highly Cited Papers".
  22. ^ J.-W. Pan, S. Gasparoni, M. Aspelmeyer, T. Jennewein & A. Zeilinger, Experimental Realization of Freely Propagating Teleported Qubits, Nature 421, 721–725 (2003). Abstract Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.Selected by the International Institute of Physics as one of the top ten Physics Highlights in 2003.
  23. ^ X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, T. Scheidl, D. Wang, S. Kropatschek, W. Naylor, B. Wittmann, A. Mech, J. Kofler, E. Anisimova, V. Makarov, T. Jennewein, R. Ursin & A. Zeilinger, Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometres using active feed-forward, Nature 489, 269–273 (2012). Abstract Archived 4 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Ranked as a "highly cited paper" by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, placing it in the 1% of the academic field of physics based on a highly cited threshold for the field and publication year.
  24. ^ Shelton, Jim (5 September 2018). "Yale researchers 'teleport' a quantum gate". YaleNews. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  25. ^ M. Zukowski, A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne & A.K. Ekert, Event-Ready-Detectors Bell Experiment via Entanglement Swapping, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4287–90 (1993). Abstract.
  26. ^ J.-W. Pan, D. Bouwmeester, H. Weinfurter & A. Zeilinger, Experimental entanglement swapping: Entangling photons that never interacted, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (18), 3891–3894 (1998). Abstract.
  27. ^ X.-S. Ma, S.Zotter, J. Kofler, R. Ursin, T. Jennewein, Č. Brukner & A. Zeilinger, Experimental delayed-choice entanglement swapping, Nature Physics 8, 479–484 (2012). Abstract Archived 4 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ^ D. Greenberger; M. Horne; A. Zeilinger (1 August 1993). "Multiparticle Interferometry and the Superposition Principle". Physics Today. 46 (8): 22. Bibcode:1993PhT....46h..22G. doi:10.1063/1.881360. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  29. ^ D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, A. Shimony & A. Zeilinger, Bell's Theorem without Inequalities, American Journal of Physics 58, 1131–1143 (1990). This paper has become a citation classic.
  30. ^ Daniel M. Greenberger; Michael A. Horne; Anton Zeilinger (1989). "Going Beyond Bell's Theorem". In Kafatos, Menos (ed.). Bell's Theorem, Quantum Theory, and Conceptions of the Universe (1 ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 69–72. arXiv:0712.0921. ISBN 978-94-017-0849-4.
  31. ^ Jian-Wei Pan; Zeng-Bing Chen; Chao-Yang Lu; Harald Weinfurter; Anton Zeilinger; Marek Żukowski (11 May 2012). "Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry". Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 (2): 777. arXiv:0805.2853. Bibcode:2012RvMP...84..777P. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.84.777. S2CID 119193263. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021. Ranked as a "highly cited paper" by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, placing it in the 1% of the academic field of physics based on a highly cited threshold for the field and publication year.
  32. ^ D. Bouwmeester, J.-W. Pan, M. Daniell, H. Weinfurter & A. Zeilinger, Observation of three-photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger entanglement, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (7), 1345–1349 (1999). Abstract Archived 4 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ^ J.-W. Pan, D. Bouwmeester, M. Daniell, H. Weinfurter & A. Zeilinger, Experimental test of quantum nonlocality in three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement, Nature 403, 515–519 (2000). Abstract Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  34. ^ T. Jennewein, C. Simon, G. Weihs, H. Weinfurter & A. Zeilinger, Quantum Cryptography with Entangled Photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4729–4732 (2000). Abstract. This paper was featured in several popular science magazines, both online and in print.
  35. ^ Del Santo, F. and Schwarzhans, E., 2022. “Philosophysics” at the University of Vienna: The (Pre-) History of Foundations of Quantum Physics in the Viennese Cultural Context. Physics in Perspective, 24(2-3), pp.125-153. {cite|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.11969}
  36. ^ P. Walther, K.J. Resch, T. Rudolph, E. Schenck, H. Weinfurter, V. Vedral, M. Aspelmeyer & A. Zeilinger, Experimental one-way quantum computing, Nature 434 (7030), 169–176 (2005). Abstract Archived 4 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ^ E. Knill, R. Laflamme & G. J. Milburn, A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics, Nature 409, 46–52 (2001). Abstract Archived 14 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  38. ^ Rupert Ursin; Thomas Jennewein; Markus Aspelmeyer; Rainer Kaltenbaek; Michael Lindenthal; Philip Walther; Anton Zeilinger (18 August 2004). "Quantum teleportation across the Danube". Nature. 430 (7002): 849. doi:10.1038/430849a. PMID 15318210. S2CID 4426035.
  39. ^ Markus Aspelmeyer; Hannes R. Böhm; Tsewang Gyatso; Thomas Jennewein; Rainer Kaltenbaek; Michael Lindenthal; Gabriel Molina-Terriza; Andreas Poppe; Kevin Resch; Michael Taraba; Rupert Ursin; Philip Walther; Anton Zeilinger (1 August 2003). "Long-Distance Free-Space Distribution of Quantum Entanglement". Science. 301 (5633): 621–623. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..621A. doi:10.1126/science.1085593. PMID 12817085. S2CID 40583982.
  40. ^ P. Villoresi, T. Jennewein, F. Tamburini, M. Aspelmeyer, C. Bonato, R. Ursin, C. Pernechele, V. Luceri, G. Bianco, A. Zeilinger & C. Barbieri,Experimental verification of the feasibility of a quantum channel between Space and Earth Archived 22 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, New Journal of Physics 10, 033038 (2008). Highlight of New J. Phys. for 2008.
  41. ^ P.G. Kwiat, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, A.V. Sergienko & Y.H. Shih, New High-Intensity Source of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (24), 4337–41 (1995). Abstract.
  42. ^ A. Mair, A. Vaziri, G. Weihs & A. Zeilinger, Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons, Nature 412 (6844), 313–316 (2001). Abstract Archived 3 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  43. ^ M. Arndt, O. Nairz, J. Voss-Andreae, C. Keller, G. van der Zouw & A. Zeilinger, Wave-particle duality of C60 molecules, Nature 401, 680–682 (1999). Abstract Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Selected by the American Physical Society as a physics highlight of 1999.
  44. ^ S. Gigan, H. R. Böhm, M. Paternostro, F. Blaser, G. Langer, J. B. Hertzberg, K. Schwab, D. Bäuerle, M. Aspelmeyer & A. Zeilinger, Self-cooling of a micro-mirror by radiation pressure, Nature 444, 67–70 (2006). Abstract Archived 1 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  45. ^ R. Fickler, R. Lapkiewicz, W. N. Plick, M. Krenn, C. Schäff, S. Ramelow & A. Zeilinger, Quantum entanglement of high angular momenta, Science 338, 640–643 (2012). Abstract Archived 29 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Selected as one of the top 10 breakthroughs of the year 2012 by IOP's Physics World. Also featured in DPG's Physik Journal. Ranked as a "highly cited paper" by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, placing it in the 1% of the academic field of physics based on a highly cited threshold for the field and publication year.
  46. ^ G. Weihs, T. Jennewein, C. Simon, H. Weinfurter & A. Zeilinger, Violation of Bell's inequality under strict Einstein locality conditions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (23), 5039–5043 (1998). Abstract. This paper is a classic. It is cited (among others) in the German Wikipedia article on Bell's inequality and in several popular science books and science books for University students.
  47. ^ T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, J. Kofler, S. Ramelow, X. Ma, T. Herbst, L. Ratschbacher, A. Fedrizzi, N. K. Langford, T. Jennewein & A. Zeilinger, Violation of local realism with freedom of choice, PNAS 107 (46), 19709 – 19713 (2010). Abstract
  48. ^ M. Giustina; A. Mech; S. Ramelow; B. Wittmann; J. Kofler; J. Beyer; A. Lita; B. Calkins; T. Gerrits; S.-W. Nam; R. Ursin; A. Zeilinger (2013). "Bell violation using entangled photons without the fair-sampling assumption". Nature. 497 (7448): 227–230. arXiv:1212.0533. Bibcode:2013Natur.497..227G. doi:10.1038/nature12012. PMID 23584590. S2CID 18877065. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2021.. Ranked as a "highly cited paper" by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, placing it in the 1% of the academic field of physics based on a highly cited threshold for the field and publication year.
  49. ^ A. J. Leggett, Nonlocal Hidden-Variable Theories and Quantum Mechanics: An Incompatibility Theorem, Foundations of Physics 33 (10), 1469–1493 (2003)(doi:10.1023/A:1026096313729) Abstract Archived 4 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ^ S. Gröblacher, T. Paterek, R. Kaltenbaek, C. Brukner, M. Zukowski, M. Aspelmeyer & A. Zeilinger, An experimental test of non-local realism, Nature 446, 871–875 (2007). Abstract Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ^ R. Lapkiewicz, P. Li, C. Schäff, N. K. Langford, S. Ramelow, M. Wiesniak & A. Zeilinger, Experimental non-classicality of an indivisible quantum system, Nature 474, 490–493 (2011).Abstract Archived 7 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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  53. ^ H. Rauch; A. Zeilinger; G. Badurek; A. Wilfing; W. Bauspiess; U. Bonse (20 October 1975). "Verification of coherent spinor rotation of fermions". Physics Letters A. 54 (6): 425–427. Bibcode:1975PhLA...54..425R. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(75)90798-7. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  54. ^ Zeilinger, Anton; Gähler, Roland; Shull, C. G.; Treimer, Wolfgang; Mampe, Walter (1 October 1988). "Single- and double-slit diffraction of neutrons". Reviews of Modern Physics. 60 (4): 1067–1073. Bibcode:1988RvMP...60.1067Z. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.60.1067. ISSN 0034-6861.
  55. ^ Hasegawa, Yuji; Loidl, Rudolf; Badurek, Gerald; Baron, Matthias; Rauch, Helmut (September 2003). "Violation of a Bell-like inequality in single-neutron interferometry". Nature. 425 (6953): 45–48. Bibcode:2003Natur.425...45H. doi:10.1038/nature01881. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12955134. S2CID 39583445.
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  71. ^ How Does the Universe Work?
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