WSR-57 radars were the primary weather surveillance radar used by the United States for over 35 years.[1] The National Weather Service operated a network of this model radar across the country, watching for severe weather.
 WSR-57 radar antenna | |
| Country of origin | United States |
|---|---|
| Designer | Dewey Soltow |
| Introduced | 1957 |
| Type | Weather radar |
| Frequency | 2,890 MHz (0.104 m) - S band |
| PRF | 164 Hz (long range) or 545 Hz (short range) |
| Beamwidth | 2° |
| Pulsewidth | 0.5 or 4 μs |
| Range | 494 to 171 nmi (915 to 317 km; 568 to 197 mi) |
| Diameter | 3.66 m (12.0 ft) |
| Precision | 0.15 km (0.093 mi) or 1.2 km (0.75 mi) in range |
| Power | 410 KW |
| Other Names | AN/FPS-41 |
History
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The WSR-57 (Weather Surveillance Radar - 1957) was the first 'modern' weather radar. Initially commissioned at the Miami Hurricane Forecast Center, the WSR-57 was installed in other parts of the Contiguous United States (CONUS).[2] The WSR-57 was the first generation of radars designed expressly for a national warning network.[3]
The WSR-57 was designed in 1957 by Dewey Soltow using World War II technology, using modified versions of those used by United States Navy aircraft. Designated AN/FPS-41 by the military, it provided only coarse reflectivity data and no velocity data, which made it extremely difficult to predict tornadoes.[2] Weather systems were traced across the radar screen using grease pencils. Forecasters had to manually turn a crank to adjust the radar's scan elevation, and needed considerable skill to judge the intensity of storms based on green blotches on the radar scope.[1]
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has pictures of the Charleston, SC, WSR-57 radar image of the 1989 Hurricane Hugo. A WSR-57 dish, located on the roof of the National Hurricane Center (NHC), was blown away by Hurricane Andrew. The NHC report on Hurricane Andrew shows its last radar image, as well as images from nearby WSR-88D radars.[4]
As the network of WSR-57 radars aged, some were replaced with WSR-74S models of similar performance but with better reliability. WSR-57 operators sometimes had to scramble for spare parts no longer manufactured in this country.[1] 128 of the WSR-57 and WSR-74 model radars were spread across the country as the National Weather Service's radar network until the 1990s.[5] The WSR-57 radars were gradually replaced by the Weather Surveillance Radar - 1988, Doppler, WSR-88D, which NOAA named the NEXRAD network. The last WSR-57 radar in the United States was decommissioned on December 2, 1996.[1]
Radar properties
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- Operates on a wavelength of 10.3 cm (2,900 MHz),[6] in the S band, which is also used by today's weather radar network.
- WSR-57 radars had the following statistics:[6]
- Dish diameter: 12 feet (3.7 m)
- Power output: 410,000 watts
- Maximum range: 494 to 171 nmi (915 to 317 km; 568 to 197 mi) depending on Pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) used
Classification of radar systems
editUnder the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), all U.S. military radar and tracking systems are assigned a unique identifying alphanumeric designation. The letters “AN” (for Army-Navy) are placed ahead of a three-letter code.[7]
- The first letter of the three-letter code denotes the type of platform hosting the electronic device, where A=Aircraft, F=Fixed (land-based), S=Ship-mounted, and T=Ground transportable.
- The second letter indicates the type of equipment, where P=Radar (pulsed), Q=Sonar, and R=Radio.
- The third letter indicates the function or purpose of the device, where G=Fire control, R=Receiving, S=Search, and T=Transmitting.
Thus, the AN/FPS-41 represents the 41st design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device.[7][8]
Radar sites
editThe 66[1] former sites of the WSR-57 include[2][9][10][11] the following:
| Site (Site ID) | Commissioned (Date / Chronological Rank) |
Decommissioned |
|---|---|---|
| Miami, FL (MIA) Moved to Coral Gables in 1966. |
June 26, 1959 Replaced WSR-1 1st |
August 24, 1992 Destroyed during Hurricane Andrew. |
| Kansas City, MO (MCI) The dome used to reside downtown on the old Federal Building at 911 Walnut Street |
1959 2nd |
November 9, 1995 |
| Charleston, SC (CHS)[1]
Serial model 16 |
August 12, 1960
About 16th |
December 2, 1996 |
| Key West, FL (EYW)[1] Serial model 19 |
June 10, 1960 Among first 31 |
March 21, 1983 Replaced by a WSR-74S. |
| Wichita, KS (ICT) | June 22, 1960 Among first 31 |
November 9, 1995 |
| Cincinnati, OH (CVG) (Covington, KY) at the Greater Cincinnati Airport. |
June 28, 1960 (testing in June) About 16th |
June 21, 1996 |
| St. Louis, MO (STL) | July 18, 1960 Among first 31 |
June 19, 1996 |
| Wilmington, NC (ILM) | Before September 1960 Among first 31 |
November 16, 1995 |
| Tampa Bay Area, FL (TPA while at Tampa, TBW when moved to Ruskin, FL)[2] Serial model 20 |
November 18, 1960 2nd commissioning June 1, 1975 |
May 1, 1975 for move to Ruskin, FL Final decommissioning November 9, 1995 |
| Galveston, TX (GLS) On top of the Post Office Building |
June 11, 1961 Among first 31 |
May 22, 1995 |
| Brownsville, TX (BRO) | March 1, 1961 About 16th |
February 28, 1996 |
| Fort Worth, TX (FTW) Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine moved to Stephenville, TX (SEP) September 10 to October 28, 1973. |
April 5, 1961 Among first 31 |
August 1, 1995 |
| Detroit, MI | September 12, 1961[12]
Among first 31 |
Replaced with a WSR-74S. |
| Amarillo, TX (AMA) | March 6, 1961 Among first 31 |
September 15, 1994 |
| Norman, OK - NSSL Research radar; not part of the national operational network. Originally located at NSSL facility on the University of Oklahoma - Norman's North Research Campus near 35.23807,-97.46264 and later relocated to Woodward, OK in the 1980s as an off-network radar operated to support local emergency management and ARES services in an area of poor network radar coverage. Radar tower and antenna remains in place at 36.44133,-99.37137 |
1962? Probably not counted among first 31 |
1980s |
| Catalina Island, CA (STC?) a.k.a. Santa Catalina - atop Blackjack Mountain. |
June 1, 1963 Among first 31 |
March 24, 1968 Station closed |
| Little Rock, AR (LIT was the WSR-57 designator. LZK is the WSR-88D and WFO Designation.) | April 19, 1961
Among first 31 |
Moved to North Little Rock Airport with NWSFO in 1975. Final decommissioning was June 8, 1995 |
| Sacramento, CA (SAC) | February 2, 1960
Among first 31 |
August 24, 1995 |
| Washington, D.C. (IAD) At Washington Dulles International Airport, Dulles, VA. |
Early 1960s Among first 31 |
Early 1980s Replaced by a WSR-74S at Patuxent River, MD. |
| Apalachicola, FL (AQQ) | December 28, 1959
Among first 31 |
January 19, 1996 |
| Daytona Beach, FL (DAB) | May 14, 1960
Among first 31 |
December 1, 1995 |
| Des Moines, IA (DSM) | May 27, 1960 Among first 31 |
May 7, 1996 |
| Chicago, IL (CHI) Moved to Marseilles, IL (MMO) June 1, 1972 to April 5, 1973 |
January 2, 1963 Second commissioning April 5, 1973 |
1st decommissioning May 31, 1972 Final decommissioning February 28, 1983 |
| Evansville, IN (EVV) Serial model 8 |
April 28, 1960 Among first 31 |
July 12, 1996 |
| Lake Charles, LA (LCH) Serial model 2 |
July 10, 1961 Among first 31 |
October 12, 1995 |
| New Orleans, LA (MSY) (SIL at Slidell, LA) Originally on roof of Federal Building in New Orleans before moving to 1120 Old Spanish Trail in Slidell, LA |
November 2, 1960 Among first 31 |
August 22, 1995 |
| Minneapolis, MN (MSP) At the airport |
September 12, 1961 Among first 31 |
April 3, 1996 |
| Missoula, MT (MSO) At Point Six Mountain |
November 1, 1961 Among first 31 |
December 12, 1995 |
| Atlantic City, NJ (ACY) | August 25, 1961 Among first 31 |
September 13, 1995 |
New York City, NY (NYC) |
March 6, 1961 Among first 31 |
September 26, 1995 |
| Oklahoma City, OK (OKC) Was located at 35.40159,-97.60149 |
April 1, 1960 Among first 31 |
July 25, 1994 |
| Brunswick Naval Air Station, ME (NHZ) | January 1, 1962 (under Navy operations) Transferred to NOAA |
February 1, 1985 Replaced by a WSR-74S in Portland, ME (PWM). |
| Jackson, MS (JAN) At Jackson International Airport at Thompson Field. |
March 7, 1969 Replaced a WSR-3 |
June 21, 1995 |
| Limon, CO (LIC) | July 1, 1970 | December 22, 1995 |
| Garden City, KS (GCK) | March 31, 1970 | September 1, 1994 |
| Grand Island, NE (GRI) | June 15, 1971 | January 19, 1996
Has been torn down to make way for a new airport terminal |
| Buffalo, NY (BUF) | October 29, 1961 | February 14, 1996 |
| A note on the chronological ranks - The first 31 were built through the early 1960s, at existing Weather Bureau offices. 14 were along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. 11 were in the Midwest. 3 were inland of the East Coast, and California and Montana had one each on mountaintops. The late 1960s saw 14 more built east of the Rockies. | ||
| Nashville, TN (BNA) (OHX is the WSR-88D) |
November 30, 1970
Replaced a WSR-3 |
January 19, 1996 |
| Memphis, TN [3] (MEG is the WSR-88D) |
July 1, 1961 (under Navy operations) Operations transferred to NOAA |
January 6, 1986 Replaced by a WSR-74S. |
| Medford, OR (MFR) | June 30, 1971 | August 30, 1996 |
| Centreville, AL (CKL) |
December 10, 1970 2nd commissioning August 10, 1973 |
May 27, 1973 heavily damaged by an F4 tornado
Final decommissioning June 27, 1995 |
| Pensacola, FL (NPA) | January 19, 1996 | |
| Athens, GA (AHN) | June 21, 1966 | September 13, 1996 |
| Waycross, GA (AYS) | August 6, 1969 | January 19, 1996 |
| Cape Hatteras, NC (HAT)
At what is now 47730 Buxton Back Road |
January 30, 1968 Replaced a SP-1M |
December 6, 1995 |
| Pittsburgh, PA (PIT) (PBZ is the WSR-88D) |
August 1, 1966 | May 10, 1995 |
| Huron, SD (HON) | October 30, 1971 [13] | November 4, 1996, now a live dual-polarization for KELO-TV |
| Bristol, TN (TRI) Located at 6247 Panhandle Road atop Holston Mountain near Elizabethton |
May 25, 1972 | January 19, 1996 |
| Midland/Odessa, TX (MAF) | June 15, 1972 Replaced a WSR-1 |
June 4, 1996 |
| Neenah, WI (EEW)
At 3009 Fairview Road |
June 28, 1971 | November 2, 1995 |
| Hondo, TX (HDO) | August 2, 1971 66th and final WSR-57 |
March 14, 1996 |
| Monett, MO (UMN)
Located at 3258 Farm Road 1090 south of Monett |
March 18, 1971 | February 1, 1996 |
| Chatham, MA (CHH) Transfer of operations from the SP-1M at Nantucket, MA |
August 9, 1971 | Replaced by a WSR-74S |
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f "Weather service retires last of old radars". USAToday. Archived from the original on February 23, 2002. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
- ^ a b c "History of Operational Use of Weather Radar by U.S. Weather Services". Weather and Forecasting. 13. AMS: 219. 1998. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0219:HOOUOW>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0434.
- ^ "Historic Tornado Warning Conference Launched Nation's First Weather Radar Network". NOAA. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- ^ Rappaport, Ed (December 10, 1993), Preliminary Report - Hurricane Andrew 16-28 August, 1992, retrieved August 16, 2024
- ^ "An Overview of NEXRAD Products Available via UCAR's Unidata Program". wsicorp.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- ^ a b "WSR - Weather Surveillance Radar". weather.cod.edu. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- ^ a b Avionics Department (2013). "Missile and Electronic Equipment Designations". Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook (PDF) (4 ed.). Point Mugu, California: Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division. p. 2-8.1.
- ^ Winkler, David F. (1997). "Radar Systems Classification Methods". Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program (PDF). Langley AFB, Virginia: United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command. p. 73. LCCN 97020912.
- ^ Assessment of Nexrad Coverage and Associated Weather Services (1995). books.nap.edu. 1995. doi:10.17226/9056. ISBN 978-0-309-57126-5. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- ^ "Report of US Weather Bureau Studies in Radar Hydrology" (PDF). cig.ensmp.fr. Retrieved 2008-03-27.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "NWS Offices Past and Present". dm.net. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- ^ National Weather Service Detroit/Pontiac Forecast Office. "Beecher 50th Anniversary Commemoration". National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
- ^ "The Daily Plainsman from Huron, South Dakota on July 18, 1971 · Page 13". 18 July 1971.