The ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) is a free-trade area among the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the People's Republic of China.
| ASEAN–China Free Trade Area | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 ASEAN–China Free Trade Area | |||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国―东盟自由贸易区 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國─東盟自由貿易區 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Khu vực mậu dịch tự do Trung Quốc – ASEAN | ||||||||
| Indonesian name | |||||||||
| Indonesian | Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN-Tiongkok | ||||||||
History
editChina first proposed the idea of a free trade area in November 2000. Leaders of ASEAN and China thus decided to explore measures aimed at economic integration within the region[1][2] In Brunei the following year, they endorsed the establishment of an ASEAN–China Free Trade Area.[3]
The framework agreement was signed on 4 November 2002 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, by eleven heads of government.:[4] Hassanal Bolkiah (Sultan of Brunei Darussalam), Hun Sen (Prime Minister of Cambodia), Megawati Soekarnoputri (President of Indonesia), Bounnhang Vorachith (Prime Minister of Laos), Mahathir Mohamad (Prime Minister of Malaysia), Than Shwe (Prime Minister of Burma), Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (President of the Philippines), Goh Chok Tong (Prime Minister of Singapore), Thaksin Shinawatra (Prime Minister of Thailand), Phan Văn Khải (Prime Minister of Vietnam), Zhu Rongji (Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China).[4][5]
The first stage implied the 6 first signatories who engaged in the elimination of their tariffs on 90% of their products by 2010.[6] Between 2003 and 2008, trade with ASEAN grew from US$59.6 billion to US$192.5 billion.[7] China's transformation into a major economic power in the 21st century has led to an increase of foreign investments in the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[8][9] ASEAN members and the People's Republic of China had a combined nominal gross domestic product of approximately US$6 trillion in 2008.[10][11]
Once the 6 first signatories accomplished their goal by 2010, the CLMV countries (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Vietnam) engaged in the same policy on tariffs, with the same goal to achieve by 2015.[6] In 2010, the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area became the largest free trade area in terms of population and third largest in terms of nominal GDP. It was also the third largest trade volume after the European Economic Area and the North American Free Trade Area.[12][7]
On 1 January 2010, the average tariff rate on Chinese goods sold in ASEAN countries decreased from 12.8 to 0.6 percent pending implementation of the free trade area by the remaining ASEAN members. Meanwhile, the average tariff rate on ASEAN goods sold in China decreased from 9.8 to 0.1 percent.[13] By 2015, ASEAN's total merchandise trade with China reached $346.5 billion (15.2% of ASEAN's trade), and the ACFTA accelerated the growth of direct investments from China and commercial cooperation.[6]
In November 2022, China and ASEAN jointly announced the official start of the China-ASEAN FTA 3.0 negotiations.[14][15] This agreement will encompass the following areas: trade in goods, investment, digital economy, and green economy.[16] The initial round of consultations regarding the China-ASEAN FTA 3.0 negotiations was initiated on February 7, 2023. The Substantial conclusion of the China-ASEAN FTA 3.0 negotiations is proclaimed in Vientiane, Laos, on October 10, 2024.[17][18]
Description
editAmendments for the framework of the free trade area mostly concerned Vietnam. These amendments were designed to assist Vietnam lower tariffs and put forth dates as guidelines.[19]
The free trade agreement reduced tariffs on 7,881 product categories, or 90 percent of imported goods, to zero.[20] This reduction took effect in China and the six original members of ASEAN: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The remaining four countries were supposed to follow suit in 2015.[21]
Signatories
edit| Flag | Country | Capital | Area (km2) | Population (2017, U.N. data) |
GDP (nominal) (bln USD, 2017, IMF) |
Currency | Official languages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Brunei Darussalam | Bandar Seri Begawan | 5,765 | 428,697 | 11.9 | dollar | Malay |
 |
Cambodia | Phnom Penh | 181,035 | 16,005,373 | 22.2 | riel | Khmer |
 |
Indonesia | Jakarta | 1,904,569 | 263,991,379 | 1,015.4 | rupiah | Indonesian |
 |
Laos | Vientiane | 236,800 | 6,858,160 | 17.1 | kip | Lao |
 |
Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | 329,847 | 31,624,264 | 314.4 | ringgit | Malay, English |
 |
Myanmar (Burma) | Naypyidaw | 676,578 | 53,370,609 | 66.5 | kyat | Burmese |
 |
Philippines | Manila | 300,000 | 104,918,090 | 313.4 | peso | Filipino, English |
 |
Singapore | Singapore | 707.1 | 5,708,844 | 323.9 | dollar | Malay, Mandarin, English, Tamil |
 |
Thailand | Bangkok | 513,115 | 69,037,513 | 445.3 | baht | Thai |
 |
Vietnam | Hanoi | 331,690 | 95,540,800 | 220.4 | đồng | Vietnamese |
 |
People's Republic of China | Beijing | 9,640,821 | 1,409,517,397 | 12,014.6 | renminbi | Mandarin |
Members of the ASEAN have a combined population of more than 650 million. Indonesia accounts for more than 40 percent of the region's population, and its people have voiced the greatest amount of opposition to the agreement.[22][13]
See also
edit- ASEAN Free Trade Area
- Chiang Mai Initiative
- Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
- Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (between ROC and PRC)
- List of free trade agreements
- ASEAN–India Free Trade Area (AIFTA)
- Bamboo network
- Nanning-Singapore Economic Corridor
- Rules of Origin
- Market access
- Free-trade area
- China and Southeast Asia in the Xi Jinping Era
References
edit- ^ Richardson, Michael (27 November 2000). "Asian Leaders Cautious on Forging New Regional Partnerships". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ Asmoro, Andry (23 December 2009). "ASEAN-China free trade deal: Let's face the music". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ Wattanapruttipaisan, Thitapha (April 2003). "ASEAN—China Free Trade Area: Advantages, Challenges, and Implications for the Newer ASEAN Member Countries". ASEAN Economic Bulletin. 20 (1). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: 31–48. doi:10.1355/AE20-1C. JSTOR 25773753. S2CID 150644951.
- ^ a b "Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Co-Operation Between ASEAN and the People's Republic of China". ASEAN. 5 November 2002. Archived from the original on 7 November 2002. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ de Castro, Isagani (6 November 2002). "'Big brother' China woos ASEAN". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 6 November 2002. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c Vasundhara Rastogi (7 December 2017). "ASEAN's Free Trade Agreements: An Overview". Aseanbriefing.com. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ a b Gooch, Liz (31 December 2009). "Asia Free-Trade Zone Raises Hopes, and Some Fears About China". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ Quinlan, Joe (13 November 2007). "Insight: China's capital targets Asia's bamboo network". Financial Times.
- ^ Murray L Weidenbaum (1 January 1996). The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia. Martin Kessler Books, Free Press. pp. 4–8. ISBN 978-0-684-82289-1.
- ^ equivalent to US$11.4 trillion by PPP in 2008
- ^ Brown, Kevin (1 January 2010). "Biggest regional trade deal unveiled". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ Walker, Andrew (1 January 2010). "China and Asean free trade deal begins". BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ a b Coates, Stephen (31 December 2009). "ASEAN-China open free trade area". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ "China, ASEAN announce major progress in CAFTA 3.0". Phnom Penh Post. 11 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- ^ "China aims to clinch more free trade agreements, vowing increased openness". English.news.cn. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- ^ View all posts (11 October 2024). "China and ASEAN announce substantial conclusion of FTA version 3.0 negotiations – Solondais". Solondais – Where news breaks first, every time. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- ^ "Upgraded free trade deal opens new opportunities for China, ASEAN". Chinadaily.com.cn. 10 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- ^ "China-ASEAN FTA 3.0 provides solutions for global challenges under rules". EconoScope. 12 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- ^ "Protocol to Amend the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Co-Operation Between the Association of South East Asian Nations and the People's Republic of China". ASEAN. 6 October 2003. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ "ASEAN-6 zero tariffs take effect immediately". The Jakarta Post. 2 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ "China-ASEAN FTA pact set to boost trade volume". China Daily. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ Ten Kate, Daniel (1 January 2010). "Free-trade agreement between China, ASEAN grouping comes into force". The China Post. Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 January 2010.