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Peace and Security Council

(Redirected from AU PSC)

The Peace and Security Council (PSC) is the organ of the African Union in charge of enforcing union decisions. It is patterned somewhat after the United Nations Security Council. The PSC is also the main pillar of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), and works with other pillars of the APSA in order to promote "peace, security and stability in Africa".[1] The specific goal of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) is the "prevention, management and resolution of conflicts".[1] To achieve these goals, it involves subsidiary organizations such as the Military Staff Committee and the Committee of Experts.

Members are elected by the African Union Executive Council and endorsed by the Assembly of the African Union so as to reflect regional balance within Africa, as well as a variety of other criteria, including capacity to contribute militarily and financially to the union, political will to do so, and effective diplomatic presence at Addis Ababa.[1]

The council is composed of fifteen countries, of which five are elected to three-year terms, and ten to two-year terms. Countries are immediately re-eligible upon the expiration of their terms.

History

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Background

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In the early 1990s, members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor to the African Union (AU), decided to abstain from active peacekeeping operations and focus instead on "preventive diplomacy".[2] However, they reevaluated their stances after conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi.[2]

In 1995, members of the OAU started to support the use of peacekeeping operations after a summit in Addis Ababa. However, the OAU still prioritized preventive diplomacy and believed that the United Nations should shoulder most of the responsibility for organizing peacekeeping operations.[2]

Later conflicts in Africa were largely mediated by African institutions rather than the UN. For example, conflicts in Liberia and Sierra Leone were addressed by the Economic Community of West African States. Similarly, conflicts in Lesotho and the Democratic Republic of Congo were addressed by the Southern African Development Community.[2]

These sub-regional organizations' large role in addressing regional conflicts led to a debate about the effectiveness of the OAU. Members specifically wished to reform the OAU's focus on consensus-based meetings rather than on-the-ground action, since some conflicts' actors were part of the meetings and could interfere with their judgement. Similarly, the large size of the OAU, its consensus decision-making and its lack of clear procedures both obstructed constructive debate.[2][3] However, on-the-ground interventions were also limited by the OAU's non-interventionist principles, which only allowed domestic military intervention with the state's consent.[4]

Thus, in 2001, an OAU Assembly session moved to reform the OAU's mechanisms in a new institution: the African Union.[2] The new African Union was designed to center around a central decision-making organ with concrete rules, a smaller membership of 15 states to facilitate decision-making, majority rather than consensus-based decision-making, and viable options to recommend military intervention to the African Union Assembly.[2][3] After some debate, this decision-making organ was coined the Peace and Security Council, and its rules were outlined in the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council.

Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council

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Adopted in July 2002, the Protocol was later ratified by a majority of AU members in December 2003.[2] Within the Protocol's text, the institutional design, subsidiary committees, powers and goals of the PSC were outlined.

Specifically, its Objectives were stated in Article 3, and its Principles were stated in Article 4. When outlining its Principles, the Protocol cites three inspirations: "the [AU's] Constitutive Act, the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights".[5]

In Article 5, the Protocol details the PSC's membership structure and membership criteria.[5]

Article 8 outlines the PSC's procedural rules, including rules for voting, organizing meetings and creating subsidiary bodies.[5]

Specific subcommittees that support the PSC, such as the Panel of the Wise, the Continental Early Warning System, and the African Standby Force are detailed in Articles 11, 12 and 13, respectively.[5]

Finally, the Protocol outlines the PSC's relationship with regional bodies in Article 16, and relationship with international organizations, especially the UN, in Article 17.[5]

Organization

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Meetings

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There are three levels of PSC meetings: meetings between permanent representatives, meetings between ministers, and meetings between heads of state. Permanent representative meetings meet at least twice a month, whereas the other two levels meet at least once per year.[5]

Until 2007, there were three types of meetings: formal meetings, briefing sessions and consultations.[2] In formal meetings, members discuss AU Commission reports, which often concern brewing conflicts.[2] In briefing sessions, PSC staff briefs members on various subject areas and themes, such as terrorism and development.[2] In consultation meetings, PSC members work to gather various actors and develop an understanding of a certain issue.[2]

After a brainstorming session in July 2007, the PSC instead chose to meet under four types of meetings: public meetings, closed meetings, consultations and "Arria-type" meetings.[2] In "Arria-type" meetings, PSC members meet with non-state actors and carry out informal discussions.[2]

As of 2016, the PSC has held over 600 meetings.[6]

Chairperson of the Commission

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Every month, a new chairperson is selected from the PSC members. This selection cycles through the alphabetical order of the PSC's member country names, in English.[7]

Members

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Although the PSC was partly inspired by the United Nations Security Council, unlike the UNSC, the PSC does not have any permanent members or veto power. All 15 members have equal power in the council.[4] Ten members are elected for two years and five members are elected for three years. Members are elected to represent Africa's regional distribution. In order, each potential member must meet certain criteria. These criteria are outlined in Article five of the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council.

Each term starts from the date of the 1st of April and ends on the date of the 31st of March. As of April 2020, the following countries occupy the seats of the PSC:[8]

Morocco, a member of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union, assumed the presidency of this important executive body for a three-year term (2022–2025) starting from the first of February 2024. This council is dedicated to promoting peace, security, and stability on the African continent.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Term Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa
1 April 2017   Congo-Brazzaville   Kenya   Egypt   Zambia   Nigeria
2018   Togo
2019   Equatorial Guinea   Gabon   Djibouti   Ethiopia   Morocco   Angola   Zimbabwe   Liberia   Sierra Leone
2020   Burundi   Kenya   Algeria   Lesotho   Benin   Nigeria
2021   Cameroon   Chad   Egypt   Malawi   Mozambique   Ghana   Senegal
2022

Role

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Mission

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The mission of the PSC is to respond to conflicts in Africa. The PSC relies on collective security and its early warning detection systems. Article 3 of the Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council expands upon the PSC's objectives.

Powers

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Article 7 of the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council lists the PSC's power.

Some of these powers include undertaking "peace-making and peace-building functions to resolve conflicts", recommending intervention to the AU Assembly in "grave circumstances, namely war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity", promoting a close relationship with regional bodies as well as with the United Nations, facilitating humanitarian action and finally, deciding "on any other issue having implications for the maintenance of peace, security and stability on the Continent".[5]

Peace support missions

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The following peace support operations have been conducted under an AU mandate, or with AU authorisation:

  • African Union Mission in Burundi (AMIB) – 2003 to 2004
    AU mandated 2 April 2003 (for a period of 12 months); deployed 27 April 2003 to 31 May 2004 when the mission was succeeded by a UN mission. The Head of Mission and Special Representative of the Chairperson of the AU Commission was Ambassador Mamadou Bah (Guinea). The Force Commander of AMIB's military component was Major-General Sipho Binda (South Africa), while his deputy, Brigadier-General G. Ayele, was from Ethiopia.
  • African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) – 2004 to 2007
  • African Union Military Observer Mission in the Comoros (MIOC) - 2004
  • African Union Mission for Support to the Elections in Comoros (AMISEC) – 2006
  • African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) – 2007 to present
    On 20 February 2007 the UN Security Council adopted SC Resolution 1744, which authorised AMISOM's deployment.
  • African Union Electoral and Security Assistance Mission to the Comoros (MAES) – 2007 to 2008
  • African Union/ United Nations Hybrid Mission (UNAMID) - 2008 to present
    On 31 July 2007 UN Security Council Resolution 1769 (UNSC 2007) established the AU/ UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur, also referred to as UNAMID.
  • Regional Cooperation Initiative for the Elimination of the Lord's Resistance Army (RCI-LRA) – 2011 to 2017
    Authorised by the AU Peace and Security Council in November 2011.
  • African-led International Support Mission to Mali (AFISMA) – 2013
  • African-led Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) – 2013 to 2014
    A regional peace support mission - the Mission for the consolidation of peace in Central African Republic (MICOPAX) - was deployed in 2008 under the leadership of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). But a new crisis erupted in 2012–2013, when Séléka forces seized the capital Bangui. In response, on 19 July 2013, the AU Peace and Security Council approved the deployment of MISCA. The transfer of authority between ECCAS/MICOPAX and the AU/MISCA mission took place on 19 December 2013. The mission ended with the transfer of authority from MISCA to the UN mission MINUSCA on 15 September 2014.[19][failed verification]
  • Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) – 2015 to present
  • Regional Protection Force – 2017 to present
    During July 2016 the AU agreed to a Regional Protection Force to bolster the UN mission in South Sudan, similar to the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade role with the MONUSCO mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo[20] UN Security Council resolution 2304 adopted on 12 August 2016 approved the deployment of a Regional Protection Force to the UN Mission in South Sudan to provide a secure environment in and around Juba. Rwandan troops deployed during 2017 as part of the proposed force,[21] but there has been little subsequent news of this force and it appears it may have been merely absorbed into the larger UN mission. It included a Bangladeshi engineer company and a Nepalese company in addition to a Rwandan mechanised infantry battalion, so cannot be said to be an African force.

The following operations were authorized but never resulted in deployment:

Criticism

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Some AU members criticized the PSC Protocol for being vague on which institution has the "primary legal authority" to use military force; in Article 16, the PSC Protocol states that the AU has "the primary responsibility for promoting peace, security and stability in Africa" whereas in Article 17, the Protocol states that the UN Security Council "has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security".[2]

Ben Kioko, the African Union's legal adviser, argued that "[some African] leaders have shown themselves willing to push the frontiers of collective stability and security to the limit without any regard for legal niceties such as the authorization of the [United Nations] Security Council".[2]

Later in 2005, African Union members acknowledged the Security Council's authority on military use, as demonstrated in a meeting roadmap which promised that the AU would first get Security Council authorization before carrying out military interventions.[2]

Some officials within the PSC have also argued that the PSC should broaden its scope beyond traditional military threats to security, and also address nontraditional threats such as disease and climate change.[2]

Conversely, others question the political will of PSC and AU members to follow the PSC protocol and carry out military interventions against other members without their consent in cases of mass human rights abuses. Furthermore, the PSC relies on regional bodies contributing funds or troops for operations, but many regional bodies do not have enough resources to meet these standards.[3]

When electing members into the PSC itself, critics have noted that members who were actively disobeying AU decisions or carrying out human rights violations within their borders have still been admitted into the Council because the Assembly of the African Union Heads of State did not properly evaluate the potential members' compliance to the PSC membership criteria.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "The Peace & Security Council". African Union. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Williams, Paul D. (12 November 2009). "The Peace and Security Council of the African Union: evaluating an embryonic international institution". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 47 (4): 603–626. doi:10.1017/s0022278x09990048. ISSN 0022-278X. S2CID 154680567.
  3. ^ a b c Powell, Kristiana; Tieku, Thomas Kwasi (Autumn 2005). "The African Union's New Security Agenda: Is Africa Closer to a Pax Pan-Africana?". International Journal. 60 (4): 937–952. doi:10.2307/40204092. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204092.
  4. ^ a b Møller, Bjørn (1 January 2005). "THE PROS AND CONS OF SUBSIDIARITY: THE ROLE OF AFRICAN REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN ENSURING PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA". Danish Institute for International Studies. Retrieved 15 June 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union". African Union. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  6. ^ Nagar, Dawn; Nganje, Fritz (1 August 2016). "The AU's Peace and Security Architecture". The African Union: Regional and Global Challenges. Centre for Conflict Resolution: 22–25. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  7. ^ "Special Research Report No. 2: Working Together for Peace and Security in Africa: The Security Council and the AU Peace and Security Council". Security Council Report. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  8. ^ "Composition of the PSC". African Union – Peace and Security Department. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  9. ^ "Morocco Assumes Presidency of African Union Peace, Security Council for 3rd Term". www.moroccoworldnews.com/. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  10. ^ "Le Royaume du Maroc, membre du Conseil de Paix et de Sécurité de l'Union Africaine pour un mandat de trois ans (2022-2025), accédera, à partir du 1er février 2024, à la présidence de cet important organe décisionnel de l'Union Africaine, chargé de promouvoir la paix, la sécurité et la stabilité sur le continent africain". Le Ministère délégué auprès du Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, de la Coopération Africaine et des Marocains Résidant à l'Étranger, chargé des Marocains Résidant à l'Étranger (in French). 5 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  11. ^ "Le Royaume du Maroc, membre du Conseil de Paix et de Sécurité de l'Union Africaine pour un mandat de trois ans (2022-2025), accédera, à partir du 1er février 2024, à la présidence de cet important organe décisionnel de l'Union Africaine, chargé de promouvoir la paix, la sécurité et la stabilité sur le continent africain". Le Ministère délégué auprès du Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, de la Coopération Africaine et des Marocains Résidant à l'Étranger, chargé des Marocains Résidant à l'Étranger (in French). 5 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  12. ^ "المغرب يتولى رئاسة مجلس السلم والأمن الإفريقي". القدس العربي (in Arabic). 1 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  13. ^ "Union africaine : le Maroc accède à la présidence du Conseil de paix et de sécurité". LesEco.ma (in French). 2 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  14. ^ أ, أ ش (17 November 2023). "المغرب يتولى رئاسة مجلس السلم والأمن التابع للاتحاد الإفريقي". بوابة الأهرام (in Arabic). Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  15. ^ الحساني, ثريا (1 February 2024). "ابتداء من اليوم..المغرب يتولى رئاسة مجلس السلم والأمن بالاتحاد الأفريقي". Cap24 - كاب 24 (in Arabic). Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  16. ^ Hebdo, Maroc. "Le maroc prend les rênes du conseil de paix et de sécurité de l'UA". Maroc Hebdo (in French). Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  17. ^ "Afrique/Sécurité : Le Maroc préside pour les 3e fois le Conseil de paix et de sécurité de l'Ua". Agence Congolaise d'Information. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  18. ^ Taibi, FADLI; Technology, Archos (17 January 2024). "Morocco Assumes Presidency of AU Peace and Security Council". MapNews (in French). Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  19. ^ "The Peace & Security Council". African Union. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  20. ^ Aglietti, Stephanie (20 July 2016). "AU Agrees to Send Troops to South Sudan". The Citizen. Dar-es-Salaam. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  21. ^ "Rwanda deploys Mechanised Infantry battalion to South Sudan under Regional Protection Force" (Press release). Rwanda Ministry of Defence. 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018.
  22. ^ Karuhanga, James (20 December 2015). "What Next After AU Authorizes Deployment of African Force in Burundi?". The New Times. Kigali. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  23. ^ "The African Peace and Security Architecture: need to refocus EU support", European Court of Auditors Special Report, no. 20, Publications Office of the European Union, 2018, retrieved 29 March 2020

Bibliography

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