Abdol Hossein Sardari (Persian: عبدالحسین سرداری; 1914–1981) was an Iranian diplomat.[1] He is credited with saving thousands of Jews in Europe, issuing to Iranian Jews in France new passports that did not state their religion as well as issuing hundreds of Iranian passports for non-Iranian Jews.[2] He has since been known as "The Iranian Schindler"[3][4][5][6][7] or "The Schindler of Iran".[8]
Abdol Hossein Sardari | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ambassador of Iran to Belgium | |
| In office 2 October 1945 – 1 October 1948 | |
| Monarch | Mohammad Reza Pahlavi |
| Preceded by | Abdollah Bahrami |
| Succeeded by | Mostafa Samii |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1914 Tehran, Persia |
| Died | 1981 (aged 66–67) Nottingham, England, UK |
| Nationality | Iranian |
| Relatives | Amir Abbas Hoveyda (nephew) Fereydoun Hoveyda (nephew) |
| Alma mater | University of Geneva |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
Early life and family
editSardari was born in 1914 in Tehran in a well-to-do aristocratic family.[1] His mother, known as Afsar-Saltaneh, was a niece of Shah Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (r. 1848–1896).[1] His father was Soleyman Adib-ol-Soltaneh.[1] His parents had four sons and three daughters, with Sardari himself being the second youngest son.[1] When he was eight years old, he was sent to a boarding school in England.[1] Sardari then moved to Switzerland where he studied law at University of Geneva, graduating with a law degree in 1936.[1] During his time in Switzerland, he entered the Iranian Foreign Service in that country.[1]
Sardari was the uncle of Amir Abbas[9] and Fereydoun Hoveyda.
Career
editSardari became an Iranian diplomat in Paris in 1937.[9][1] As the Holocaust struck, which eventually led to the crippling of the embassy, he decided to remain in Paris while many of his colleagues in the embassy fled to Vichy, France (a safer city at the time). The Nazi invasion of France also led to the departure of Iran's ambassador in Paris, who was Sardari's brother-in-law, which led to the affairs of the embassy being left to Sardari.[3][4][5][6][10]
Sardari was in charge of the Iranian consular office in Paris in 1942. There was a sizeable community of Iranian Jews in Paris when German forces invaded and occupied the city.
Leaning on the national socialist perception that Iranians were Aryan, Nazi Germany had also declared Iranians to be immune to all Nuremberg Laws since 1936, as they were "pure-blooded Aryans" according to their racial theory.[11] The Iranian government of the time during Reza Shah was able to protect Iranian Jews, whose families had been present in Iran since the time of the Persian Empire. (Cyrus the Great personally ordered the Jews of Babylonia to be freed from Babylonian slavery.) He very strongly argued this point to the Germans and specifically ascertained that the Iranian Jews were protected under these statutes. The Nazis grudgingly agreed, and accordingly, many Persian Jews were saved from harassment and eventually deportation by the Nazi regime.[7]
Once he realized the full nature of the Nazi's ambitions, Sardari began issuing hundreds of Iranian passports for non-Iranian Jews to save them from persecution. To safeguard his plan, he did not ask for permission, and felt that support by the Iranian leadership was implied. His actions were later confirmed and applauded by the government of Iran.[12] Sardari helped roughly 1,000 Iranian Jewish families escape the Nazi-occupied country, as well as many non-Iranian Jews.[3][5][4][6]
Operation to rescue the Jews
editSardari's first step to help Iranian Jews in France was to issue them with new passports that did not state their religion. He helped around 2,000 Jews obtain passports. Ibrahim Morady, an Iranian Jewish merchant that was saved by Sardari, stated that Sardari was asked by Iran's Foreign Ministry to return to Iran. Sardari refused to leave the Jews behind and feared that they would be deported. He began issuing hundreds of Iranian passports for non-Iranian Jews as well, to protect them from the Nazis. In hopes of protecting them from persecution, Sardari issued passports and signed affidavits for as many Iranian and non-Iranian Jews as he could.[3][4][5][6][10]
Sardari was determined to free the Iranian Jews and get them out of France immediately. He did so by making use of his political position. He argued that the Iranian Jews did not belong to Hitler's "enemy race" - that they were not Jewish and that they were in fact "Djougoutes" (a fabricated race of Muslim Iranians). He argued that they were not of Jewish descendancy and that in Iran they have the same civil, legal, and military rights and responsibilities as Muslims. As it turned out, many senior Nazis in Berlin agreed with this. Though Sardari formulated this argument in hopes of sparing the Iranian Jews, he did just as much to help non-Iranian Jews escape the horrors of the war.[3][4]
His efforts to help the Jews of France went as far as hiding their belongings for them. When the Germans attacked France, Sardari told a man who went by the name of Haim Sassoon that he would hide the Jewish man's antiquities in the embassy or the basement of his own house during the war. When the Germans were no longer in France, Sardari called Mr. Sassoon and said to him, "You could now come and collect your belongings.”.[3][4]
Post-World War II
editWhen World War II ended, Sardari worked in Brussels, Belgium for the Iranian Diplomatic Corps.
Later in life, his lover, Tchin Tchin (Chiao-Yen Chow), was a Chinese opera singer.[9] She disappeared during the Chinese Civil War in 1948 when she travelled to China to receive a blessing from her parents to marry Sardari.[citation needed]
In 1952, Sardari had to return to Tehran, Iran and was charged with misconduct for issuing Iranian passports during the war. Consequently, his career was damaged until he was able restore his reputation in 1955. Shortly thereafter he retired from the Iranian Diplomatic Corps and moved to London. In the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Sardari's nephew Amir Abbas Hoveyda was executed by the new Islamic regime, and all of his belongings in Iran were destroyed.[citation needed]
He resided in Nottingham at the end of his life and died in London in 1981.[4][9]
Honors
editSardari has been honored by Jewish organizations such as the convention in Beverly Hills[clarification needed] and the Simon Wiesenthal Center on multiple occasions.[13][4][9] In April 1978, three years before his death, Sardari responded to the queries of Yad Vashem, the Israeli national Holocaust Memorial, about his actions in this way: "As you may know, I had the pleasure of being the Iranian Consul in Paris during the German occupation of France, and as such it was my duty to save all Iranians, including Iranian Jews."[14] However his name has not yet been added to the Yad Vashem garden of the righteous.[15]
In popular culture
editThe 2007 Iranian TV series Zero Degree Turn (Madare sefr darajeh) was loosely based on Sardari's actions in Paris. The focus of the series is an Iranian student who falls in love with a Jewish woman while studying in France during World War II and later desperately looks for ways to save her and other Jews from the imminent threat of deportation.[16][17]
In 2023 it was announced that Abdol Hossein Sardari would feature in an exhibit within the upcoming Fortnite Holocaust Museum.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mokhtari, Fariborz (2010). "Sardari, Abdol Hossein". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.
- ^ Ahren, Raphael (25 February 2012). "Beating the Nazis at their own game". Times of Israel. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "Abdol-Hossein Sardari". historylearning.com. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Abdol Hossein Sardari (1895–1981)". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
- ^ a b c d Wheeler, Brian (21 Dec 2011). "The Iranian 'Schindler' who saved Jews from the Nazis". BBC Magazine.
- ^ a b c d "Abdol Hossein Sardari: An Iranian Hero of the Holocaust". ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
- ^ a b Mokhtari, Fariborz (June 7, 2012). "Interview". Voices on Antisemitism. Interviewed by Aleisa Fishman. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012 – via ushmm.org.
- ^ "Nessah Cultural and Educational Center record" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-04.
- ^ a b c d e Tenorio, Rich (May 1, 2019). "Unrecognized 'Iranian Schindler' said to have saved countless Paris Jews in WWII". Times of Israel. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^ a b "Abdolhossein Sardari: An Iranian Hero of the Holocaust". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 2018-12-06 – via YouTube.
- ^ "A History of Iran: The Iran Documents P.2". world-news-research.com. World News Research.
- ^ "Iran - Sardari and the Jews of Paris during World War II". Archived from the original on 2007-06-01 – via sedona.net.
- ^ "Search - Simon Wiesenthal Center".[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Abdol Hossein Sardari (1895-1981)". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ^ https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics.html [bare URL]
- ^ Peterson, Scott (November 27, 2007). "In hit Iranian TV drama, Holocaust no 'myth'". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ Fassihi, Farnaz (September 7, 2007). "Iran's Unlikely TV Hit". The Wall Street Journal.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Gillott, Hannah (3 August 2023). "Virtual Holocaust museum to be launched in Fortnite". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 2023-08-14.