Abdullah bin Ali Al Rashid (Arabic: عبد الله بن علي الرشيد; 1788–1848) was the founder of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar.[1] He founded the Emirate in 1836[2] and ruled it until 1848.[3] He was called Sheikh due to his noble lineage and military ability.[4]
| Abdullah bin Ali Al Rashid | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emir of Jabal Shammar | |||||
| Reign | 1836–1848 | ||||
| Predecessor | Office established | ||||
| Successor | Talal bin Abdullah Al Rashid | ||||
| Born | 1788 | ||||
| Died | April 1848 (aged 59–60) | ||||
| Issue | |||||
| |||||
| House | Rashidi dynasty | ||||
Biography
editAbdullah was the eldest son of Ali Al Rashid.[5] The family were from the Jafar clan of the Abdih section of the Shammar tribe.[6] He had a younger brother, Ubayd, with whom he founded the Emirate.[1] They were both major Nabati poets.[6]
Abdullah was very influential in Ha'il which caused him to be forced out of the region by Mohammed bin Ali, his cousin and ruler of the region.[4] Another reason for his exile was his challenging the rule of Muhammad bin Ali.[7] Therefore, he left Ha'il and settled in Riyadh where he became a companion of Faisal bin Turki Al Saud, the ruler of the Second Saudi State. Abdullah supported Faisal against the latter's cousin Mishari bin Abdul Rahman.[4][8] In fact, it was Abdullah bin Ali who murdered Mishari in 1834.[9]
Faisal bin Turki named Abdullah bin Ali as governor of Ha'il the same year.[10][11][12] Then he became the sole ruler of the region after he defeated his cousin.[13][14] Abdullah bin Rashid announced his loyalty to Faisal bin Turki, Emir of Najd, and permitted a Wahhabi qadi to settle in Hail.[13] However, when Faisal bin Turki was arrested and sent by the Egyptian forces led by Mohammad Ali Pasha to exile in Cairo, Abdullah bin Rashid declared his independence from Al Saud in 1836.[10]
During his cooperation with Faisal bin Turki he married one of his daughters, Al Jawhara.[4] Under Abdullah Al Rashid's leadership, the Rashidi dynasty contended with the Second Saudi State in Najd and the Ottoman Empire in Iraq. He was succeeded by his son, Talal, in 1848.[4] He had two other sons, Mutaib and Mohammed.[11]
His state fell to the Saudis in 1921.[15]
References
edit- ^ a b Abdulaziz Al Fahd. "The Imama vs. the Iqal: Hadari-Bedouin Conflict and the Formation of Saudi State" (PDF). RSC Working Papers. p. 16. ISSN 1028-3625. Archived from the original (Working Paper) on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- ^ Madawi Al Rasheed (1992). "Durable and Non-Durable Dynasties: The Rashidis and Sa'udis in Central Arabia". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 19 (2): 144–158. doi:10.1080/13530199208705558. JSTOR 195697.
- ^ Henry Rosenfeld (July–December 1965). "The Social Composition of the Military in the Process of State Formation in the Arabian Desert". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 95 (2): 174–194. doi:10.2307/2844424. JSTOR 2844424.
- ^ a b c d e Christopher Keesee Mellon (May 2015). "Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745-1975" (Master's Project). The American University of Beirut. Beirut. hdl:10938/10663. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Bakor Omar Kashmeeri (1973). Ibn Saud: The Arabian Nation Builder (PhD thesis). Howard University. p. 94. ProQuest 302645613.
- ^ a b Saad Abdullah Sowayan (2020). Nabaṭi Poetry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 68. doi:10.1525/9780520335073-005. ISBN 9780520048829.
- ^ Eveline J. van der Steen (2009). "Tribal States in History: The Emirate of Ibn Rashid as a Case Study". Al Rafidan. 30: 120.
- ^ Ehab Omar (14 March 2018). "The Story of the Shammar Tribe, the Indigenous Inhabitants of the Region". Raseef. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ Hassan S. Abedin (2002). Abdulaziz Al Saud and the Great Game in Arabia, 1896-1946 (PhD thesis). King's College London. p. 36.
- ^ a b J. E. Peterson (15 March 2020). Historical Dictionary of Saudi Arabia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-5381-1980-8.
- ^ a b Michael John Baran (1992). The Rashidi Amirate of Hayl: The rise, development and decline of a premodern Arabian principality (PhD thesis). University of Michigan. pp. 42, 51. ProQuest 303993600.
- ^ Abdulmuhsin Rajallah Al Ruwaithy (1990). American and British aid to Saudi Arabia, 1928-1945 (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Austin. p. 7. ProQuest 303920456.
- ^ a b Jacob Goldberg (1986). The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years. Harvard University Press. p. 26. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1. ISBN 9780674281844.
- ^ Madawi Al Rasheed (1987). "The Process of Chiefdom-Formation as a Function of Namadic/Sedentary Interaction The Case of the Shammar Nomads of North Arabia". The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology. 12 (3): 35. JSTOR 23817448.
- ^ Muhammad Suwaed (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. ISBN 9781442254503.