Aboriginal dugout canoes were a significant advancement in canoe technology. Dugout canoes may have been stronger, faster, and more efficient than previous types of bark canoes. The Australian Aboriginal peoples' use of these canoes brought about many changes to both their hunting practices and society.
History
editAboriginal people began using dugout canoes from around 1640 in coastal regions of northern Australia. They were brought by Buginese fishers of sea cucumbers, known as trepangers, from Makassar in South Sulawesi.[1]
In Arnhem Land, dugout canoes used by the local Yolngu people are called lipalipa[2] or lippa-lippa.[1]
Construction
editAboriginal canoes were constructed much more easily than previous types of vessels, such as bark canoes. This ease of construction played a significant role in the dugout canoes’ widespread use. While earlier vessels required a great deal of labor and time-consuming sewing to make, dugout canoes were constructed easily and in a shorter period of time.[3] First, one would have to cut down a tree and shape the exterior into an even form. The sides of the canoe were shaped in one of two ways. They were either carved straight up and down or in a "u" shape, curving in towards the center of the boat. Next, one would have to dig out the inner wood of the log to make space for the oarsmen to sit and paddle.[4] In some early dugout canoes, Aboriginal people would not make the bottoms of the canoes smooth, but would instead carve "ribbing" into the vessel. Ribbing (literally sections of wood that looked like ribs) was used to stabilize bark canoes, and though not necessary to dugout canoes, was a carryover in the transition from one canoe type to the other.[4] Both the chopping down of the tree and the digging out of the log were easily done with an iron-axe.[5]
The wood used in the construction of dugout canoes was essential to its strength and durability. A wide variety of trees were used depending upon the location of a particular people, but in most cases the Aboriginal people used a type of native sycamore, possibly Litsea reticulata or Cryptocarya glaucescens (Silver sycamore), White sycamore (Polyscias elegans or Cryptocarya obovata), Ceratopetalum succirubrum (Satin sycamore), Cardwellia sublimia, Cryptocarya hypospodia (Bastard Sycamore), Ceratopetalum virchowii (Pink Sycamore) or Ceratopetalum corymbosum (Mountain sycamore).[6][7] Sycamores are strong and extremely durable, making them suitable for use in the construction of dugout canoes.[4]
Uses
editBoth sea turtles and dugongs were essential components of the Aboriginal diet.[3] The transformation from bark canoes to dugout canoes greatly increased the ability of the tribal hunters to catch and kill both of these types of sea creatures due primarily to a more formidable structure. Dugout canoes included a stronger and better platform for harpooning that greatly increased the stability of an upright hunter by providing essential footing.[3] In order to capture dugongs and sea turtles, the hunters needed to maintain the utmost degree of stealth. Perfect balance was required and the new dugout canoes gave the hunters this necessary edge.[8]
Additionally, the shift towards using dugout canoes maximized the overall possibilities of seafarers. Not only did increased sturdiness, speed and stability of Dugout canoes make hunting easier, but these characteristics also allowed for long-distance travel.[9] Whereas bark canoes had been only used for inland use or travel extremely close to the shore, Dugout canoes offered a far greater range of travel which allowed for trade outside the area of the village. Dugout canoes were capable of traveling distances over 500 km.[3] This new vessel gave the Aboriginal people the ability and opportunity to explore, trade and locate additional resources located outside the central location.
Impacts
editThe widespread use of dugout canoes had many impacts on Aboriginal life. The most significant were results of the Aboriginal peoples' ability to hunt larger prey. With the strength to transport larger prey over longer distances, dugout enabled the peoples to vastly expand their hunting grounds. This larger prey also enabled support of a larger group of people over a longer period of time. This increase in the ability to support population led to both population growth and expansion.[citation needed]
Torres Strait Islander boats
editTorres Strait Islander people, another Indigenous Australian group of peoples (who are not Aboriginal), used a different type of boat – a double outrigger, unique to their area and probably introduced from Papuan communities and later modified. It was about 14 metres (46 ft) long, with two bamboo masts and sails made of pandanus-mat. They could sail as far as 80 kilometres (50 mi) and carry up to twelve people.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b Clark, Marshall; May, Sally K., eds. (2013). Macassan History and Heritage: Journeys, Encounters and Influences (PDF). ANU Press. ISBN 9781922144966. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- ^ "Djalu' Gurruwiwi" (PDF). Buku-Larrnggay Mulka Centre. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020 – via Hollow Logs Didgeridoos.
- ^ a b c d Mitchell 2005
- ^ a b c Thomas 1905,
- ^ Bellwood and Hiscock 2005
- ^ http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Polyscias.html Sorting Polyscias names
- ^ http://www.woodsolutions.com.au/Wood-Species/satin-sycamore Satin sycamore, also known as Ceratopetalum succirubrum
- ^ Thompson 1905
- ^ Worsley 1955,
- ^ Korff, Jens (5 November 2019). "Torres Strait Islander culture". Creative Spirits. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- Bellwood; Hiscock (2005). Chris Scarre (ed.). The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies. pp. 275–300.
- Thomas, N.W. (January–June 1905). "Australian Canoes and Rafts". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 35. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 56–79. doi:10.2307/2843117. JSTOR 2843117.
- Mitchell, Scott. "Dugongs and Dugouts, Sharptacks and Shellbacks: Macassan Contact and Aboriginal Marine Hunting on the Cobourg Peninsula, Northwestern Arnhem Land". Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin. 2: 181–191.
- Thompson, Donald (July–December 1934). "The Dugong Hunters of Cape York". Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 64. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 237–263. doi:10.2307/2843809. JSTOR 2843809.
- Worsley, Peter (April 1955). "Early Asian Contacts with Australia". Past and Present (7): 1–11. doi:10.1093/past/7.1.1.