Abortion in Hinduism, while generally considered reprehensible by traditional Hindu scriptures and the guiding precept of non-injury, can be interpreted equivocally within the vast spectrum of Hindu beliefs and texts and ultimately depends on individual context.[1] The Mahanarayana Upanishad lists abortion with actions such as breaking one's vow of chastity.[2] Some Hindu scriptures assert that "abortion is a worse sin than killing one's parents" and another text says that "a woman who aborts her child will lose her status".[1] In general, Hinduism teaches the guiding principle of Ahimsa, abstention from causing harm or injury to all living beings, which serves as the root of the ethic of non-violence.[2] However, in the modern context, individual decision-making may be guided by this precept of least harm as it relates to fetus, parents, and society.
Hindu texts such as the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita and the Ramayana, as well as scholars disagree about what the principles of Ahimsa dictate when one is faced with situations that require self-defense or self-study.[3][4] Just as some Hindu texts on Ahimsa praise meat consumption while others suggest a taboo on meat-eating, the precept of "non-injury" has a dynamic meaning throughout the history of Hindu philosophy and text.
Hindu texts such as the Bhagavad Gita argue that the soul is neither born, nor does it die; so-called "sin" cannot touch those who dedicate their actions to duty and devotion to Brahma (thus seated in the Absolute Truth), like a lotus leaf is untouched by water.[5]
Interpretations based on Hindu texts
editThe concept of the soul
editAccording to an article on 1 September 1985, on the Hinduism Today website, "Several Hindu institutions have shared their positions on abortion recently. The Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University does not take a formal unchanging political or religious stance on the issue of abortion. According to Vedic literature an eternal individual soul inhabits the body of every living creature...The soul enters the womb at the time of conception, and this makes the fetus a living, individual person."[6] The Bhagavad Gita states that the soul is neither born, nor does it die.[7] The Bhagavata Purana goes further to state that Jīva (soul) is eternal and as such is unrelated to his body, not subject to decay or change and thus dispassionate.[8] Some Hindu theologians believe personhood begins at 3 months and develops through to 5 months of gestation, possibly implying that abortion up to the third month does not harm a body with a soul, while considering any abortion past the third month to be destruction of the soul's current incarnate body.[9]
Discourse in texts and by religious leaders
editSome Hindu texts make clear distinctions in their sacred texts between abortions and miscarriages [ref?]. The text goes as far as stating that killing a male embryo who could have been a Brahmin is the same as killing an adult Brahmin which is considered one of the worst sins one can commit.[10] This, again, reiterates the importance of producing offspring that serve a particular caste-based role, which may be of dubious concern in modern society. The Bhagavad Gita also includes lamentation of the degradation of a dynasty or society through "undesirable progeny" which has been interpreted by some to mean a lack of descendants qualified to perform propitiatory rites.[11]
The primary discourse of the Bhagavad Gita is Arjuna's predicament of whether it is permissible to kill his own kin and Guru. Here, Sri Krishna makes the argument that it is more important to perform righteous deeds based on informed virtues, free from attachment or emotion.[7] So-called "sin" cannot touch those who dedicate their actions to duty and their devotion to Brahma (thus being seated in the Absolute Truth), like a lotus leaf is untouched by water.[5] The teachings of the Bhagavad Gita encourage informing the morality of an action with following the righteous path or duty of an individual, which in the case of abortion includes self-defense and least harm, and may include maternal choice.
In regards to maternal choice in some contexts, Swami Abhipadananda and Swami Jyotir Vakyananda discuss that, "Where sattva predominates, choice is exercised in more malleable stages of the cycle—such as abstinence and/or deeply conscious choice of a sexual partner or proper use of birth control. However, by the very nature of enslavement to physical existence, all choices made under the predomination of the gunas are flawed. Further, most minds are not predominated by sattva-guna most of the time. Most humans are, to a greater degree, identified with their bodies and minds and therefore in a state of rajas or tamas where the consciousness is pulled downward to earth and outward towards the objects perceived by the senses. Because of this incorrect identification with the body and mind, most humans very often find themselves in situations that they are unconscious of having attracted. In these situations, a great deal of reflection is required in order to exercise right choice."[4] They go on further to say, "If a choice is constrictive to the soul’s evolution, it is wrong. If it is conducive to growth it is right. It is a matter of context. ...Right choice is an exercise in knowing the self, sva-dhyaya or self-study. The terms of choosing are elucidated by consideration of the desires that individuate us, the quality of the mind at the time of choice, and the goal we are seeking to fulfill in our life. ...Our choices will be flawed and from those flaws we will move slowly but inevitably towards liberation."[4] Even still, this discourse does not address nonconsensual pregnancies, but highlights the role of self-study and decision-making based on context.
Popular beliefs among Hindus
editIndividual Hindus hold varying stances on abortion. For this reason, one cannot state the Hindu view on abortion, but rather an individual Hindu's view on abortion.
Even with a high rate of abortion in India, a study in 1996 showed 80% of Indian women (which did not separate by religious identification) disapproved and 56% considered it a heinous crime.[10] One of the social reasons for a massive number of abortions in India most likely includes the gender of the fetus. The 2011 census showed 7.1 million fewer girls than boys aged younger than seven, which showed an increase compared to the 6 million in 2001 and 4.2 million in 1991.[12]
In the United States, the discourse surrounding the legality and morality of abortion is in large part framed by Christian groups.[13][14][15] In the United States, 68% of Hindus surveyed believe abortion should be legal in all/most cases while 29% believe abortion should be illegal in all/most cases.[16]
Amount of suffering
editA BBC Religions article from 2009 cites Lipner's "Hindu Ethics: Purity, Abortion, and Euthanasia" (1989) and states that if the mother's life is at risk, Hinduism permits abortion.[17] The general value system of Hinduism teaches that the correct course of action in any given situation is the one that causes the least harm to those involved. Thus in the case where the mother's life is at risk, abortion is considered acceptable.[17][better source needed] The BBC article also states that the guiding principle of least harm includes least harm to "mother and father, the foetus and society".[17] Whether maternal choice falls within the scope of least harm to mother, society, and duty can only be interpreted within an individual's context.[4]
Popular misinterpretations
editSeveral sources use the following quotes from Hindu texts regarding the morality of abortion:
Bhagavad Gita, 2.13 "Just as the embodied soul continuously passes from childhood to youth to old age, similarly, at the time of death, the soul passes into another body. The wise are not deluded by this."
This quote from the Bhagavad Gita describes the process of reincarnation, without any particular judgement on the act of abortion.
Bhagavata Purana, 6.16.14 "Queen Kṛtyadyuti’s co-wives, who had poisoned the child, were very much ashamed, and they lost all their bodily luster. While lamenting, O King, they remembered the instructions of Aṅgirā and gave up their ambition to bear children. Following the directions of the brāhmaṇas, they went to the bank of the Yamunā, where they bathed and atoned for their sinful activities."
This quote is taken from a story regarding Citraketu, the King of Śūrasena. He had borne no male children until meeting the great sage Aṅgirā who blessed the King's first wife, Kṛtadyuti, that she then gave birth to a son. However, her co-wives were envious and committed infanticide – thus, this parable concerns the act of infanticide motivated by jealousy rather than the general act of abortion.[18] Infanticide also features in several Hindu epics such as within the Mahabharata in the story of Ganga and Shantanu.
References
edit- ^ a b "Hinduism: Abortion". BBC. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ a b Stephens, Moira, Christopher Jordens, Ian Kerridge, and Rachel A. Ankeny (2010). "Religious Perspectives on Abortion and a Secular Response". Journal of Religion and Health, 49 (4D), 513–535.
- ^ The pacifist impulse in historical perspective. Peter Brock, Harvey L. Dyck. Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. 1996. pp. 230–234. ISBN 978-1-4426-8200-9. OCLC 244766903.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d Swami Abhipadananda; Swami Jyotir Vakyananda. "Hindus and Choice: The Continuum of Choice in Sanatana Dharma". RCRC.
- ^ a b Mukundananda, Swami. "Chapter 5 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda". www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Hindus In America Speak out on Abortion Issues". Hinduism Today. 7 September 1985. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ a b Mukundananda, Swami. "Chapter 2 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda". www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (19 August 2022). "Citraketu' s Realization of Lord Ananta [Chapter 16]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ Crawford, S. Cromwell (1995). "The Ethics of Abortion". Dilemmas of Life and Death: Hindu Ethics in a North American Context. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2165-1.
- ^ a b Damian, Constantin-Iulian (January–March 2010). "Abortion from the Perspective of Eastern Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism". Romanian Journal of Bioethics. 8 (1): 125. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ^ "Bhagavad-Gita: Chapter 1, Verse 41". www.bhagavad-gita.org. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ^ Aramesh, Kiarash (5 August 2019). "Perspectives of Hinduism and Zoroastrianism on abortion: a comparative study between two pro-life ancient sisters". Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 12: 9. doi:10.18502/jmehm.v12i9.1340. ISSN 2008-0387. PMC 7166242. PMID 32328222.
- ^ "Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Views about abortion". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Which religious groups' members are most likely to identify as pro-choice? | YouGov". today.yougov.com. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Views about abortion among Hindus". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ^ a b c "Hinduism and abortion". BBC. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda (25 February 2023). "King Citraketu's Lamentation". Vedabase.