The Delaware Nation (Delaware: Èhëliwsikakw Lënapeyok),[1] based in Anadarko, Oklahoma[2] is one of three federally recognized tribes of Delaware Indians in the United States, along with the Delaware Indians based in Bartlesville, Oklahoma[2] and the Stockbridge–Munsee Community of Wisconsin. Two Lenape First Nations are in Ontario, Canada.
Èhëliwsikakw Lënapeyok | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| 2,081 (2021) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( Oklahoma) | |
| Languages | |
| English, Delaware (Unami, Munsee) | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Native American Church, traditional tribal religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| other Lenape and Algonquian peoples |
The Delaware Nation was also known as the Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma and was sometimes called the Absentee or Western Delaware.
Government
editDelaware Nation had 2,081 enrolled members as of December 17, 2021, according to the tribal enrollment office located in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
As of March 16, 2019, Delaware Nation membership was changed from minimum blood quantum of 1/8 blood to Lineal Descendancy by vote during a Secretarial Election.[3]
The Delaware Nation's tribal complex is located two miles (3 km) north of Anadarko, Oklahoma on Highway 281. Their tribal jurisdictional area is located within Caddo County, Oklahoma. They operate their own housing authority and issue tribal vehicle tags.
The current Delaware Nation Executive Committee are:
- President: Deborah Dotson
- Vice-president: Michael McLane
- Secretary: Ann Brower
- Treasurer: Barbara Nixon
- Committee Member: Terry Williams
- Committee Member: Reynolds French Sr.
Economic development
edit
The nation's annual economic impact was estimated at $5 million in 2010.[4] Their tribal casino, Gold River Bingo and Casino, is located north of Anadarko.[5] In August 2012, the Delaware Nation opened Casino Oklahoma located in Hinton, OK.
Language
editThe Delaware peoples historically spoke the Delaware language (also known as the Lenape language), Munsee and Unami, two closely related languages of the Eastern Algonquian subgroup of the Algonquian language family.
History
editThe Lenape people were divided into three dialectal divisions, which later became the basis for the three Clans of the Lenape. These divisions were the Monsi (Munsee) or Wolf, the Unami or Turtle, and the Unilactigo or Turkey. Today the clans are known as the Tùkwsit (Wolf Clan), Pùkuwànko (Turtle Clan), and Pële (Turkey Clan). The Delaware Nation is the Pùkuwànko (Turtle Clan).
The Delaware were the first Indian nation to enter into a treaty with the newly formed government of the United States; the treaty was signed on September 17, 1778.
The Oklahoma branches were established in 1867, with the purchase of land by Delaware from the Cherokee Nation; they made two payments totaling $438,000. A court dispute followed over whether the sale included citizenship rights for the Delaware within the Cherokee Nation. In 1867, the courts ruled that they had only purchased rights to the land for their lifetimes.
The Curtis Act of 1898 dissolved tribal governments and ordered the allotment of tribal lands to individual members of tribes. The Lenape fought the act in the courts but lost. The lands were allotted in 160-acre (650,000 m2) lots in 1907, with any land left over sold to non-Indians.
The Nation became federally recognized on July 5, 1958, as the "Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma." They ratified their current constitution in 1972. In November 1999, the tribe officially changed its name to the Delaware Nation.[6]
In September 2000 the Delaware Nation of Oklahoma received 11.5 acres of land in Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania[7]
In 2004 the Delaware of Oklahoma sued Pennsylvania over land lost in 1800. This was related to the colonial government's Walking Purchase of 1737, an agreement of doubtful legal veracity.[8][9] The court held that the justness of the extinguishment of aboriginal title is nonjusticiable, including in the case of fraud. Because the extinguishment occurred prior to the passage of the first Indian Nonintercourse Act in 1790, that Act did not avail the Delaware.
As a result, the court granted the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss. In its conclusion the court stated: "... we find that the Delaware Nation's aboriginal rights to Tatamy's Place were extinguished in 1737 and that, later, fee title to the land was granted to Chief Tatamy—not to the tribe as a collectivity."[10]
Notable Western Delaware
edit- Black Beaver (1806–1880), Delaware leader, scout, and rancher
- Holly Wilson (born 1968), Delaware multi-media artist
Notes
edit- ^ Online Lenape Talking Dictionary, "Western Delawares (from Anadarko area)"
- ^ a b Delaware Tribe regains federal recognition. Archived 2016-03-19 at the Wayback Machine NewsOk. 4 Aug 2009 (retrieved 5 August 2009)
- ^ "Delaware Nation Makes History - Delaware Nation".
- ^ 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. Archived April 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: 12. Retrieved 3 Jan 2012.
- ^ Gold River Bingo & Casino. 500 Nations. 2009 (retrieved 21 Feb 2009)
- ^ McCollum, Timothy James. Delaware, Western. Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. (retrieved 21 Feb 2009)
- ^ "Delaware Indians may use land donated by couple as burial ground". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 19, 2000. p. B-10. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
- ^ Duffy, Shannon. "Indian Tribe Sues Over Pennsylvania Land." Law.com. 20 Jan 2004. Retrieved 3 Jan 2012.
- ^ "Walking Purchase" Archived 2009-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, Delaware Tribe of Indians
- ^ "FindLaw's United States Third Circuit case and opinions".
External links
edit- Delaware Nation – Official web site
- Western Delaware, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
- Delaware Nation – Official Facebook page