Acmeism, or the Guild of Poets, was a modernist transient poetic school, which emerged c. 1911[1] or in 1912 in Russia under the leadership of Nikolay Gumilev and Sergei Gorodetsky.[2][3] Their ideals were compactness of form and clarity of expression.[4] The term was coined after the Greek word ἀκμή (akmē), i.e., "the best age of man".
The acmeist mood was first announced by Mikhail Kuzmin in his 1910 essay "Concerning Beautiful Clarity". The acmeists contrasted the ideal of Apollonian clarity (hence the name of their journal, Apollon[3][5]) to "Dionysian frenzy" propagated by the Russian symbolist poets like Bely and Vyacheslav Ivanov. To the Symbolists' preoccupation with "intimations through symbols" they preferred "direct expression through images".[6]
In his later manifesto "The Morning of Acmeism" (1913), Osip Mandelstam defined the movement as "a yearning for world culture". As a "neo-classical form of modernism", which essentialized "poetic craft and cultural continuity", the Guild of Poets placed Alexander Pope, Théophile Gautier, Rudyard Kipling, Innokentiy Annensky, and the Parnassian poets among their predecessors.[7]
Major poets in this school include Osip Mandelstam, Nikolay Gumilev, Mikhail Kuzmin, Anna Akhmatova, and Georgiy Ivanov. The group originally met in The Stray Dog Cafe, St. Petersburg, then a celebrated meeting place for artists and writers. Mandelstam's collection of poems Stone (1912) is considered the movement's finest accomplishment.
Amongst the major acmeist poets, each interpreted acmeism in a different stylistic light, from Akhmatova's intimate poems on topics of love and relationships to Gumilev's narrative verse.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Baldick, Chris (2015). "Acmeism". The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms (Online Version) (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191783234.
- ^ Painter, K. (2012). "Acmeism". In Greene, Roland; et al. (eds.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-691-15491-6.
- ^ a b "Acmeist". Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, Ma: Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 9. ISBN 0-87779-042-6.
- ^ Poem for the Day, Two, The Nicholas Albery Foundation, Chatto and Windus, London ISBN 0-7011-7401-3
- ^ Cuddon, J.A. (1998). C.E. Preston (ed.). A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (4th rev. ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 0-631-20271-4.
- ^ Willhardt, Mark; Parker, Alan Michael, eds. (2001). Who's Who in Twentieth Century World Poetry. Who's Who Series. London: Routledge. p. 8. doi:10.4324/9780203991992. ISBN 0-415-16355-2.
- ^ Wachtel, Michael (2004). The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Poetry. Cambridge Introductions to Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-521-00493-4.
- ^ Poets, Academy of American. "poets.org". poets.org. Archived from the original on 2014-04-06. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
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