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Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

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The Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI) was a Washington, D.C.–based think tank.

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution
AbbreviationAdTI
Named afterAlexis de Tocqueville
Formation29 July 1985 (1985-07-29)
Dissolved2007
Type501(c)(3)
HeadquartersNew York, NY
President
Ken Brown
Chairman
Gregory Fossedal

AdTI was named after the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville. Founded in 1988, its president was Ken Brown and its chairman was Gregory Fossedal. At its peak it had 14 full-time staff researchers. In 2006, the organization ceased most operations, issuing its last press release in 2007 to announce that its former chairman, Mike Gravel, was running for President of the United States.

Activities

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Intellectual property studies

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The AdTI published a series of studies beginning in 2002 on the theme of intellectual property in the software industry. The Institution authored Opening the Open Source Debate (June 2002), a report critical of Microsoft's open-source rivals. This report claimed that open source software was inherently less secure than proprietary software and hence a particular target for terrorists.

These studies culminated in Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code (prereleased May 2004), questioning the generally accepted provenance of Linux and other open source projects, and recommending that government-funded programming should never be licensed under the GNU General Public License but under the BSD license or similar licenses. While the book called for increased investment in open source development, it criticized what it called "hybrid" source models, in which true open source code is mixed with proprietary code, with the result that intellectual property rights are nullified.[2]

To illustrate potential problems with this approach, the book cited the case of Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux. It claimed Torvalds used source code taken from Minix, a small Unix-like operating system used in teaching computer science, to create Linux 0.01, on the theory that no mere student could write an entire Unix-like kernel single-handedly—although writing a kernel of similar size and capabilities is a standard part of many computer science degrees.[3][4][5] These claims have been seriously questioned, including by many of those quoted in support, such as Andrew S. Tanenbaum, author of Minix; Dennis Ritchie, one of the creators of Unix; and Richard Stallman, leader of the GNU project. Others have said that quotes attributed as being from an "interview with AdTI" were in fact from prerelease papers (Ilkka Tuomi) or from message board posts (Charles Mills, Henry Jones). Alexey Toptygin said he had been commissioned by Brown to find similarities between Minix and Linux 0.01 source code, and found no support for the theory that Minix source code had been used to create Linux[6];this study is not mentioned in the book.

It cited a number of arguments for the claim, including an email from Tanenbaum saying MINIX "was the base" Torvalds used to create Linux. Tanenbaum later published a refutation of the book's interpretation, wherein he recounted an interview with Ken Brown while the latter was researching the book, during which Tanenbaum had emphatically stated his belief that Torvalds wrote Linux single-handedly and provided examples of other people or small teams who had performed similar feats in the past.[7]

The AdTI was preparing a new study in November 2004, tentatively titled Intellectual Property Left, to argue that "the IT industry sector's reluctance to pursue rampant IP infringement against public domain software developers and users is going to precipitate billions of dollars in balance sheet downgrades by Wall Street."[8] The later papers stand in contrast to the Institution's 2000 paper, The Market Place Should Rule on Technology, which discusses Linux as a direct competitor to Microsoft Windows.

Other publications

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The AdTI produced a number of papers on education policy.[which?]

When the B-2 bomber program was threatened in 1995, the AdTI organised a letter to President Bill Clinton signed by seven former Pentagon chiefs: Dick Cheney, Caspar Weinberger, Frank Carlucci, Harold Brown, James Schlesinger, Donald Rumsfeld and Melvin Laird.[9]

The AdTI published Newt Gingrich's 2003 book, Saving Lives & Saving Money: Transforming Health and Healthcare.[10]

AdTI was a member organization of the Cooler Heads Coalition which asserts that "the science of global warming is uncertain" and is focused on "dispelling the myths of global warming by exposing flawed economic, scientific, and risk analysis".[11]

Funding

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Microsoft had been one of the Institution's backers for five years, although a Microsoft spokesman said they had not funded any specific research.[12][13]

References

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  1. ^ AdTI. "Mission". Archived from the original on June 1, 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ Brown, Kenneth (June 4, 2004). "Samizdat's critics... Brown replies". Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ "COMP_SCI 446: Kernel and Other Low-level Software Development | Computer Science | Northwestern Engineering". www.mccormick.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-13.
  4. ^ Hess, Rob; Paulson, Paul (2010-03-10). "Linux kernel projects for an undergraduate operating systems course". Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science education. SIGCSE '10. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 485–489. doi:10.1145/1734263.1734428. ISBN 978-1-4503-0006-3.
  5. ^ Cutler, Cody; Kaashoek, M. Frans; Morris, Robert T. (2018-10-08). "The benefits and costs of writing a POSIX kernel in a high-level language". Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. OSDI'18. USA: USENIX Association: 89–105. ISBN 978-1-931971-47-8.
  6. ^ "Language Log: From scratch". itre.cis.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-13.
  7. ^ Tanenbaum, Andy (May 20, 2004). "Some Notes on the "Who wrote Linux" Kerfuffle, Release 1.5". Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2015. I said that to the best of my knowledge, Linus wrote the whole kernel himself, but after it was released, other people began improving the kernel, which was very primitive initially, and adding new software to the system – essentially the same development model as MINIX. [...] By the time Linus started, five people or small teams had independently implemented the UNIX kernel or something approximating it, namely, Thompson, Coherent, Holt, Comer, and me. All of this was perfectly legal and nobody stole anything. Given this history, it is pretty hard to make a case that one person can't implement a system of the complexity of Linux, whose original size was about the same as V1.0 of MINIX.
  8. ^ Stapleton, Lisa (December 1, 2004). "ADTI: Ready for Round Three with Open Sourcers". Linux Insider. ECT News Network, Inc. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
  9. ^ "The Best Defense: The B-2 Bomber". OpenSecrets.org. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007.
  10. ^ Gingrich, Newt, Dana Pavey, and Anne Woodbury. Saving Lives & Saving Money: Transforming Health and Healthcare. Washington, DC: Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, 2003. ISBN 978-0-9705485-4-2
  11. ^ "The Cooler Heads Coalition". GlobalWarming.org. February 4, 2004. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006.
  12. ^ Lemos, Robert. "Linux makes a run for government". CNET.
  13. ^ Carney, Dan; Borrus, Amy; Greene, Jay (May 15, 2000). "Microsoft's All-Out Counterattack". BusinessWeek.com. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on January 18, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
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