Adducted thumb syndrome recessive form is a rare disease affecting multiple systems causing malformations of the palate, thumbs, and upper limbs. The name Christian syndrome derives from Joe. C. Christian, the first person to describe the condition. Inheritance is believed to be autosomal recessive,[1] caused by mutation in the CHST14 (carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14) gene.[2]
| Adducted thumb syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Christian syndrome, craniostenosis arthrogryposis cleft palate |
 | |
| Adducted thumb syndrome has a lysosomal recessive pattern of inheritance | |
| Causes | mutation in the CHST14 gene |
Signs and symptoms
editThis syndrome is characterised by typical facial appearance, slight build, thin and translucent skin, severely adducted thumbs, arachnodactyly, club feet, joint instability, facial clefting and bleeding disorders, as well as heart, kidney or intestinal defects. Severe psychomotor and developmental delay and decreased muscle tone may also be present during infancy. Cognitive development during childhood is normal.[3]
Cause
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Diagnosis
editThe syndrome is associated with microcephaly, arthrogryposis and cleft palate and various craniofacial, respiratory, neurological and limb abnormalities, including bone and joint defects of the upper limbs, adducted thumbs, camptodactyly and talipes equinovarus or calcaneovalgus. It is characterized by craniosynostosis, and myopathy in association with congenital generalized hypertrichosis.[4] Patients with the disease are considered intellectually disabled. Most die in childhood. Patients often have respiratory difficulties such as pneumonia, and from seizures due to dysmyelination in the brain's white matter.[5] It has been hypothesized that the Moro reflex (startle reflex in infants) may be a tool in detecting the congenital clasped thumb early in infancy. The thumb normally extends as a result of this reflex.[6]
Treatment
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Fitch N, Levy EP (1975). "Adducted thumb syndromes". Clin. Genet. 8 (3): 190–8. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1975.tb01493.x. PMID 1175322. S2CID 31187237.
- ^ "CHST14". National Center for Biotechnology Information database. NCBI. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, musculocontractural type – Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
- ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1008. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ Kunze J, Park W, Hansen KH, Hanefeld F (1983). "Adducted thumb syndrome. Report of a new case and a diagnostic approach". Eur. J. Pediatr. 141 (2): 122–6. doi:10.1007/BF00496805. PMID 6662143. S2CID 13243887.
- ^ Anderson TE, Breed AL (1981). "Congenital clasped thumb and the Moro reflex. (Letter)". The Journal of Pediatrics. 99: 664–665. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(81)80293-4.