Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabyow" (Somali: Aadan Cabdullaahi Nuur "Gabyoow", Osmanya Script: 𐒛𐒆𐒗𐒒 𐒛𐒛𐒁𐒆𐒚𐒐𐒐𐒖𐒔𐒘 N𐒙𐒙𐒇 "G𐒖𐒁𐒕𐒙𐒓"; 10 October 1920 – 5 June 2002). was a very senior Somali, Military Officer, Faction Leader, Politician, a leading member and one of the most powerful men in the Somali Democratic Republic.
Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabyow" "ادم عبد الله نور"جبيو 𐒛𐒆𐒗𐒒 𐒛𐒛𐒁𐒆𐒚𐒐𐒐𐒖𐒔𐒘 N𐒙𐒙𐒇 "G𐒖𐒁𐒕𐒙𐒓" | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Deputy Minister of Defence and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Somali National Army | |
| In office 31 May 1984 – 20 June 1986 | |
| President | Siad Barre |
| Preceded by | Omar Haji Mohamed |
| Succeeded by | Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan |
| Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the Somali National Army | |
| In office 20 June 1986 – 1 February 1989 | |
| President | Siad Barre |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Ali Samatar |
| Succeeded by | Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan |
| Minister of Information and Tourism | |
| In office 1 February 1989 – 21 April 1989 | |
| President | Siad Barre |
| Preceded by | Abdirashid Sheikh Ahmed |
| Succeeded by | Yassin Hajji Ismail |
| Minister of Presidential and Public Affairs | |
| In office 21 April 1989 – 24 July 1989 | |
| President | Siad Barre |
| Preceded by | Abdi Warsame Isaq |
| Succeeded by | Abdullahi Osoble Siad |
| Chairman of the Somali Patriotic Movement | |
| In office 12 April 1992 – 5 June 2002 | |
| Preceded by | Bashir Bililiqo |
| Succeeded by | Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 10 October 1920 Mado Gashi, Northern Frontier District |
| Died | 5 June 2002 (Aged 81) Nairobi, Kenya |
| Resting place | Bu'ale, Middle Juba, Somalia |
| Political party |  Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party  Somali Patriotic Movement |
| Relations | Bashir Bililiqo [son-in-law] |
| Alma mater |  Royal Military Academy Sandhurst  Odesa Military Academy |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom [1941-1963].  Kenya [1963-1969]. Somali Democratic Republic [1969-1990]. Somali Patriotic Movement [1991-2002]. |
| Branch/service | King's African Rifles  Kenya Defence Forces  Somali National Army Somali Patriotic Movement |
| Years of service | 1941-2002 |
| Rank |  Major General |
| Commands | Commander of the Lenet Military Training Academy [1953-1954]. Commander of the King's African Rifles [1958-1963]. Commander of the Ground Forces of the Kenya Defence Force [1963-1967]. Commander of the Training Department of the Ministry of Defence of Kenya [1967-1968]. Commander of the Halane Military Training School [1970-1973]. Commander of the Training Department of the Somali National Army [1973-1975]. Commander of the Strategy Department of the Somali National Army [1975-1979]. Director of the Ministry of Defence of Somalia [1979-1982]. Chairman of the Defence Committee of the Somali National Assembly [1982-1984]. |
| Battles/wars | |
Early years
editAden Abdullahi Nur "Gabyow" was born on 10 October 1920, in the district of Mado Gashi in the Northern Frontier District, which was under the British rule at that time. He was born to an Aulihan sub clan of the larger Ogaden, Darod clan. He received his primary education in Garissa the capital city of the Northern Frontier District.
In 1941, he joined the British Colonial Army in charge of the Horn of Africa, which was called the King's African Rifles in their third battalion, he was sent to training in the second capital of Uganda, Jinja, which was under the British colonial rule, where the colonial government gave him a very high level of training. After three years of training. In 1943, he was taken to Jigjiga, the capital city of the Ogaden, which was one of the cities under the British colonial rule, where the main base of the King's African Rifles was located, there he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant.
When he finished duty in Jigjiga, he was sent to Kismayo only to be sent back to Kenya when the British handed the territory over to Italy. Gabyow was among British troops who were sent to fight in Korea until 1952. He had previously fought in the Malayan Emergency. In 1952 he was sent to Britain and was among the African troops sent to Britain to attend the coronation Queen Elizabeth II.[1]
Career
editIn 1963, Gabyow became a platoon leader in the new Kenyan army but was reduced to a private forcing him to leave the army. In 1970 he made his way to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania from where he was transported to Mogadishu by the Somali embassy. Because of his experience fighting communists in Asia, he was sent to the Soviet Union for four years' training. He became head of a new police station and was later appointed head of Halane military training station in 1976. He was promoted to the rank of colonel the same year.[2]
After being the head of Halane military training station, General Adan Gabyow became Minister of Defence under Siad Barre. As a result of a conflict between him and Barre he was arrested and jailed in 1988.[2]
Foreign and Commonwealth Office files at Kew attest that Gen Aden Abdullahi Nur was relieved as Minister of Defence and appointed Minister of Tourism on 30 January 1989.[3]
Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM)
editSomali Patriotic Movement was formed in 1985 as a result of a split in the Somali Salvation Democratic Front by military dissidents hailing from Gabyow's own Ogaden. In 1988 they demanded the release of General Gabyow and encouraged officers from their Ogaden clan to resign. Their appeal led to the desertation of Colonel Ahmed Omar Jess. The sacking of Gabyow was the catalyst for a conflict that had been smouldering over a number of years.[4] In March 1989 soldiers of the Ogaden mutinied in Kismayo, and fighting continued until the government troops gained the upper hand in July.[5][6]
Civil War
editIn January 1991, the government of Siad Barre was toppled in Mogadishu by the Hawiye-dominated United Somali Congress. In February 1991 fighting erupted between the USC and the SPM in Afgoye. The defeated SPM were forced to flee south to Kismayo, where they joined up with other disparate Darod who had fled from Mogadishu. In April the same year, SPM lost control of the port city of Kismayo and the USC finally captured Kismayo at the end of the month, and the SPM/SNF were pushed south of Dhobley.[6]
Gabyow was finally released from prison when the USC overran the capital. Following the defeat of SPM, various Darod factions, including the SPM, SSDF and SNF regrouped under the banner of SPM. Gabyow was appointed the new chairman of SPM, taking over from Colonel Biliqo and Jess became the military commander. General Morgan was given charge of the police. The SPM recaptured Kismayo and Brava in June 1991.[6]
Following their defeat the various Darod factions, including the SPM (Ogaden), SSDF (Harti) and SNF (Marehan), regrouped under the banner of the SPM. Internal Darod conflicts over land were forgotten in the face of the anti-Darod rhetoric from Aideed, who proclaimed his intention of clearing all Darod from Somalia. Gabiyo was appointed the new chairman of the SPM, and Jess the military commander. General Morgan (Majeerteen and Barre's son-in-law) was given charge of the police. The election of Gabiyo as the chairman led to a rift between Gabiyo and Jess. It is suggested that Gabiyo was elected chairman to ensure the support of his Awlihan clan, who up until then had been supporting Jess.[6]
In June 1991, the SPM recaptured Kismayo and Brava. A second attempt to retake Mogadishu was again defeated by the USC. In December 1991, during the reelection of the SPM chairman, Gabiyo and Morgan combined forces to remove Jess's forces from Kismayo and Brava. Jess then went on to form an alliance with Aideed's USC, which became known as the Somali Liberation Army (SLA). Their combined forces managed to push Gabiyo and Morgan out of Kismayo and in April 1992 forced Barre into exile in Kenya. Following this victory Aideed and Jess formed the Somali National Alliance (SNA), combining with the SDM and the SSNM.[6]
In December 1991, during the reelection of the SPM chairman, Gabyow combined forces with Morgan who led SSDF/SPM to remove Jess' forces from Kismayo and Brava. Jess then formed an alliance with General Mohamed Farrah Aideed's USC. Their combined forces managed to push Gabyow and Morgan out of Kismayo, rendering Siad Barre to exile. As a result of a US-led UN sanctioned intervention in Somalia, Unified Task Force (UNITAF) took control of Kismayo. When the forces withdrew the city once again remained under control of an alliance of SPM/SSDF/SNF forces.[6]
Cairo Peace Conference
editGeneral Gabyow was among 25 delegates attending the Cairo Peace Conference in 1998. Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed and Gabyow stormed out of the Cairo talks and later announced their rejection of the Cairo declaration. Gabyow had long pointed an accusing finger at Hussein Aideed, son of Aideed who took over his father's position after he was killed in fighting between him and Ali Mahdi, and the Egyptian government for instigating violence in Kismayo, but both the Egyptian authorities and Aidid denied any involvement in the war-torn southern Somali port.[7]
Both General Morgan and Gabyow belong to the powerful Darod clan which felt marginalised by the political dominance of the Hawiye due to the legitimacy the Cairo declaration gave Somalia's two most powerful Hawiye - Hussein Farrah Aideed and Ali Mahdi Muhammad.[7] The Cairo declaration subsequently failed after signatories including Aideed's failure to disarm.[8]
In 2000, Gabyow was among several leaders calling for a federal system in Somalia.[9]
Death
editAden Abdullahi Noor "Gabyow", who had been suffering from several illnesses for a while, died on 5 June 2002 in Nairobi the capital city of Kenya, after contracting stroke diseases. His body was flown to the capital of the Middle Juba region Bu'ale, where he was given a national funeral attended by thousands of people.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bridges, Peter (2000). Safirka : an American envoy. Kent, Ohio [u.a.]: Kent State Univ. Press. ISBN 0873386582.
- ^ a b "Reference at somaliwide.net". Archived from the original on 6 November 2012.
- ^ TNA Kew probably FCO 31/5197.
- ^ Falola, Toyin; Oyebade, Adebayo O. (2010). Hot spot : Sub-Saharan Africa. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313359712.
- ^ "Reference at onwar.com".
- ^ a b c d e f "Kismayo Wars".[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Al-Ahram Weekly | Countdown to Baidoa". Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ "ECCP". Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ "Somali Regional Admiminstrations Call for Re-negotiations". Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2012.