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Adolphe Sax

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Antoine-Joseph "Adolphe" Sax (French: [ɑ̃twan ʒozɛf adɔlf saks]; 6 November 1814 – 7 February 1894)[a] was a Belgian inventor and musician who invented the saxophone in the early 1840s, patenting it in 1846. He also invented the saxotromba, saxhorn and saxtuba, and redesigned the bass clarinet in a fashion still used to the present day.[1][2] He played the flute and clarinet.

Adolphe Sax
Adolphe Sax
Sax in the 1850s
Born
Antoine-Joseph Sax

(1814-11-06)6 November 1814
Dinant, Provisional Government of Belgium (present-day Belgium)
Died7 February 1894(1894-02-07) (aged 79)
Paris, France
Burial placeMontmartre Cemetery (Cimetière de Montmartre), Paris, France[citation needed]
48°53′16″N 2°19′49″E / 48.88778°N 2.33028°E / 48.88778; 2.33028
Occupation(s)Inventor, musician, musical instrument designer
Known forInventor of the saxophone

Early life

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Antoine-Joseph Sax was born on 6 November 1814 in Dinant, in what is now Belgium, to Charles-Joseph Sax and his wife Marie-Joseph (Masson).[3] While his given name was Antoine-Joseph, he was referred to as Adolphe from childhood.[4][5] His father and mother were instrument designers themselves, who made several changes to the design of the French horn. Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age, entering two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of 15. He subsequently studied performance on those two instruments as well as voice at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.[4][5]

Sax faced many brushes with death. As a child, he once fell from a height of three floors, hit his head on a stone and was believed dead. At the age of three, he drank a bowl full of acidic water, mistaking it for milk,[6] and later swallowed a pin. He received serious burns from a gunpowder explosion and once fell onto a hot cast-iron frying pan, burning his side. Several times he avoided accidental poisoning and asphyxiation from sleeping in a room where varnished furniture was drying. Another time young Sax was struck on the head by a cobblestone and fell into a river, almost dying.[7]

His mother once said that "he's a child condemned to misfortune; he won't live". His neighbors called him "little Sax, the ghost".[7]

Career and later life

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After leaving the Royal Conservatory of Brussels, Sax began to experiment with new instrument designs, while his parents continued their business of making conventional instruments. Sax's first important invention was an improvement in bass clarinet design, which he patented at the age of 24.[8] He relocated permanently to Paris in 1842 and began working on a new set of valved bugles. While he did not invent this instrument, his examples were much more successful than those of his rivals and became known as saxhorns. Hector Berlioz was so enamoured of these that he arranged in February 1844 for one of his pieces to be played entirely on saxhorns.[9] They were made in seven different sizes and paved the way for the creation of the flugelhorn. Today saxhorns are sometimes used in concert bands, marching bands, and orchestras. The saxhorn also laid the groundwork for the modern euphonium.[10]

Sax also developed the saxotromba family, valved brass instruments with narrower bore than the saxhorns, in 1845, though they survived only briefly.[4]

The use of saxhorns spread rapidly. The saxhorn valves were accepted as state-of-the-art in their time and remain largely unchanged today. The advances made by Adolphe Sax were soon followed by the British brass band movement, which exclusively adopted the saxhorn family of instruments.[11] A decade after saxhorns became available, the Jedforest Instrumental Band (1854)[12] and The Hawick Saxhorn Band (1855) [13] were formed in the Scottish Borders.

The period around 1840 saw Sax inventing the clarinette-bourdon, an early unsuccessful design of contrabass clarinet. On 28 June 1846 he patented the saxophone, intended for use in orchestras and military bands.[14] By 1846 Sax had designed saxophones ranging from sopranino to subcontrabass, although not all were built. Composer Hector Berlioz wrote approvingly of the new instrument in 1842, but despite his support, saxophones did not become a standard part of the orchestra. Their ability to play technical passages easily like woodwinds yet project loudly like brass instruments led to their inclusion in military bands in France and elsewhere. Sax's reputation helped secure him a job teaching at the Paris Conservatory in 1857.[15]

He continued to make instruments later in life and presided over the new saxophone course at the Paris Conservatory. Legal troubles involving patents continued for over 20 years, with rival instrument makers attacking the legitimacy of his patents and Sax suing them for patent infringement. He was driven into bankruptcy three times: in 1852, 1873 and 1877.[7]

Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. In 1894 he died of pneumonia in Paris, in poverty,[16] and was interred in section 5 (Avenue de Montebello) at the Cimetière de Montmartre in Paris.

Honors and awards

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In his birthplace Dinant in Belgium the Mr Sax's House is dedicated to his life and saxophones.

Notes

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  1. ^ Many sources give alternative dates for Sax's death, mainly 3 and 7 February. A sign at Sax's grave in Montmartre says 7 February, for example. However, 4 February appears in Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians (8th ed., Nicolas Slonimsky); and in both the first and second editions of the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

References

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  1. ^ Rice, Albert R. (2016). "The bass clarinets of Adolphe Sax: his influence and legacy". Revue belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap. 70: 91–105. ISSN 0771-6788. JSTOR 26623035.
  2. ^ von Steiger, Adrian (2016). "Sax figures: can we deduce details of Adolphe Sax's instrument production from the sources?". Revue belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap. 70: 129–148. ISSN 0771-6788. JSTOR 26623037.
  3. ^ Fit for a King: An Ivory Clarinet by Charles Joseph Sax.
  4. ^ a b c Hubbard, W. L. (1910). The American History and Encyclopedia of Music. Toledo, Ohio: Squire Cooley. p. 454. ISBN 1-4179-0200-0.
  5. ^ a b Richard Ingham (1998). The Cambridge companion to the saxophone. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-521-59666-4.
  6. ^ Kochnitzky, L. (1949). Adolphe Sax and his Saxophone. Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-5-87233-344-9.
  7. ^ a b c Rémy, Albert. "Adolphe Sax". Ville de Dinant website. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  8. ^ Cottrell 2013, pp. 12–13.
  9. ^ Cottrell 2013, p. 18.
  10. ^ Boyd, Clark (3 December 2013). "Meet the 'dangerous Belgian' who invented the sax". The World. Public Radio International. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  11. ^ T. Herbert, The British Brass Band: a Musical and Social History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 4–5.
  12. ^ "Band Time Line".
  13. ^ "Hawick Saxhorn Band - Welcome to Hawick Saxhorn Band; our band was formed in 1855 and we are based in Hawick in the Scottish Borders. We are part of a tradition of music making dating back to 1809 wh - History".
  14. ^ Hart, Hugh (28 June 2010). "June 28, 1846: Parisian Inventor Patents Saxophone". Wired. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  15. ^ Fred L. Hemke, The Early History of the Saxophone, (DMA dissertation), University of Wisconsin, 1975, 249–250. OCLC 19033726 (all editions), OCLC 65652818 (all editions).
  16. ^ "Adolphe Sax Obituary". New-York Tribune. 10 February 1894. p. 12. Retrieved 6 November 2015 – via Newspapers.com.  
  17. ^ a b Cottrell 2013, p. 33.
  18. ^ "200 Belgian Francs banknote 1995 Adolphe Sax".
  19. ^ "Adolphe Sax's 201st Birthday".

Bibliography

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