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Agaw people

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The Agaw or Agew (Ge'ez: አገው, romanized: Agäw, modern Agew) are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the northern highlands of Ethiopia and neighboring Eritrea.[4] They speak the Agaw languages, also known as the Central Cushitic languages, which belong to the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family,[5] and are therefore closely related to peoples speaking other Cushitic languages.

Agaw
አገው
Agaw horsemen from Awi
Regions with significant populations
Horn of Africa
 Ethiopia899,416 (2007)[1]
 Eritrea100,000 (2012)[2]
Languages
Agaw • Amharic • Tigrinya
Religion
Christianity (Ethiopian Orthodox · Eritrean Orthodox · Catholic), Traditional religions, Judaism, Islam (Sunni)
Related ethnic groups

The Agaw peoples in general were historically noted by travelers and outside observers[6] to have practiced what some described as a “Hebraic religion”, though some also practiced Ethiopian Orthodoxy,[7] and many were Beta Israel Jews. Thousands of Agaw Beta Israel converted to Christianity in the 19th and early 20th century (both voluntarily and forcibly),[8] becoming the Falash Mura.

History

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15th century icon of Lalibela, the 12th century Zagwe King.

The Agaw are first mentioned in the third-century Monumentum Adulitanum, an Aksumite inscription recorded by Cosmas Indicopleustes in the sixth century. The inscription refers to a people called "Athagaus" (or Athagaous), perhaps from ʿAd Agaw, meaning "sons of Agaw."[9] The Athagaous first turn up as one of the peoples conquered by the unknown king who inscribed the Monumentum Adulitanum.[10] The Agaw are later mentioned in an inscription of the fourth century Ezana of Axum, known as the Ezana Stone. Here, they are referred to as "Atagaw," a name closely resembling the earlier mention.[9][11]

Cosmas Indicopleustes also noted in his Christian Topography that a major gold trade route passed through the region "Agau". The area referred to seems to be an area west of the Tekezé River and just south of the Semien Mountains, perhaps around Lake Tana.[9] He also makes a reference to a "governor of Agau", who was entrusted by Kaleb with the protection of the long-distance caravan routes from Agau. According to Taddesse Tamrat, Kaleb's governor of Agau probably has his seat of government in the area of Lasta, which would later serve as the center of the Zagwe dynasty.[12]

The Cushitic speaking Agaw formed and ruled during the Zagwe dynasty of Ethiopia from about 1137 to 1270. Post-contemporary sources would subsequently accuse the Zagwe of being usurpers and derided their achievements. The Zagwe rulers were deposed, and the throne was seized by a Semitic-speaking Amhara dynasty, which would claim to be a resumption of the Solomonic lineage of the pre-Zagwe Axumite Kingdom. Despite this, the new monarchs granted the Zagwe rulers and their descendants the title of Wagshum, allowing them to govern their native regions of Wag and Lasta.[13]

Language

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Bet Gabriel-Rufael church in Lalibela, one of several rock-hewn churches built by the medieval Zagwe dynasty

The Agaw speak the Agaw languages also known as the Central Cushitic languages which are a part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family.[14] Many also speak other languages such as Amharic, Tigrinya and/or Tigre.

Distribution

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The Agaw consist of several different linguistic groups, residing in scattered communities across a wide geographical area spanning from Eritrea to Gojjam. In their local traditions, they consistently point to Lasta as their origin of dispersal.[15]

These scattered enclaves include the Bilen in and around Keren, Eritrea; the Qemant people (including the now-relocated Beta Israel), who live around Gondar in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, west of the Tekezé River and north of Lake Tana; a number of Agaw live south of Lake Tana, around Dangila in the Agew Awi Zone of the Amhara Region; and another group live in and around Soqota in the former province of Wollo, now part of the Amhara Region, along with Lasta, Tembien, and Abergele.

Subgroups

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  • The Northern Agaw are known as Bilen.
  • The Western Agaw are known as Qemant.
  • The Eastern Agaw are known as Xamir.
  • The Southern Agaw are known as Awi.

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Census 2007" Archived March 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, first draft, Table 5.
  2. ^ "Bilen". Joshua Project. Venture Center. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  3. ^ Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1581120001.
  4. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010-04-06. ISBN 9780080877754. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  5. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010-04-06. ISBN 9780080877754. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  6. ^ Gamst, Frederick C. (1969). The Qemant - A Pagan-Hebraic Peasantry of Ethiopia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 29.
  7. ^ Gamst 1969, p. 30.
  8. ^ Gamst 1969, p. 119–121.
  9. ^ a b c Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encyclopaedia: A-C. p. 142.
  10. ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: an African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6.
  11. ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia (1270–1527). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-19-821671-8.
  12. ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p.50
  13. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (2001). The Ethiopians: A History. Wiley. p. 45. ISBN 0631224939.
  14. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010-04-06. ISBN 9780080877754. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  15. ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p.51
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